Procedure, Function, Trigger

PL/SQL
PROCEDURE
Procedure
• Procedure is a group of SQL statements which can be
executed repeatedly.
• It is very useful as it reduces the need for rewriting SQL
queries.
The procedure contains a header and a body.

• Header: The header contains the name of the procedure and
the parameters or variables passed to the procedure.
• Body: The body contains a declaration section, execution
section and exception section similar to a general PL/SQL
block.
• A procedure may or may not return any value.

Syntax for creating procedure:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE

procedure_name [(parameter_name [IN | OUT
| IN OUT] type [, ...])]
{IS|AS}
BEGIN
< procedure_body >
END procedure_name;
Procedure Code:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings

AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!');
END;
/
Output:
Procedure created.
Executing Stored Procedure
You can call procedure in two ways-
 Using the EXECUTE keyword

Ex- EXECUTE greetings;
Output-
Hello World!
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Calling the name of the procedure from a PL/SQL block

 Ex-
BEGIN
Greetings();
END;
/
Output-
Hello World!
OUTPUT: Procedure created.
For calling the procedure created following code will
be executed:
OUTPUT:
Enter value for x: 10
Enter value for y: 20
Sum of two nos= 30
PL/SQL procedure successfully created.
Deleting Stored Procedure
• DROP is used to delete Procedure.
Syntax:
DROP PROCEDURE procedure_name;
Ex:
DROP PROCEDURE greetings;
PL/SQL Function
• The PL/SQL Function is very similar to PL/SQL

Procedure.
• The main difference between procedure and a
function is, a function must always return a
value, and on the other hand a procedure may or
may not return a value.
• Except this, all the other things of PL/SQL
procedure are true for PL/SQL function too.
Creating Function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sum(a int, b int)
RETURN int IS
BEGIN
RETURN (a+b);
END;
/
OUTPUT –
Function Created.
Executing Function
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(‘Result is: ' || sum(50,90));
END;
/
OUTPUT –
Result is: 140
PL/SQL function successfully completed.
OUTPUT : Function created.
Deleting a Function
• DROP is used to delete function.
Syntax:
DROP FUNCTION function_name;
Ex:
DROP FUNCTION sum;
PL/SQL Trigger
• Triggers are stored programs, which are automatically executed or
fired when some event occurs.
• Trigger is invoked by Oracle engine automatically whenever a
specified event occurs. Trigger is stored into database and invoked
repeatedly, when specific condition match.
• Triggers are written to be executed in response to any of the

following events.
1. A database manipulation (DML) statement (DELETE, INSERT, or
UPDATE)
2. A database definition (DDL) statement (CREATE, ALTER, or DROP).
3. A database operation (SERVERERROR, LOGON, LOGOFF, STARTUP, or
SHUTDOWN).
Triggers can be defined on the table, view, schema, or database with

which the event is associated.
Types Of Triggers In PL/SQL
The triggers can be categorized based on parameters. Types of
triggers are listed below:
1) Categorization on the trigger level.
a) ROW Level trigger: It fires for every record that got affected
with the execution of DML statements like INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE etc.It always use a FOR EACH ROW clause in a
triggering statement.
b) STATEMENT Level trigger: It fires once for each statement
that is executed.
2) Categorization of the trigger timing.

c) BEFORE trigger: It fires before executing DML statement.
d) AFTER trigger: It fires after executing DML statement.
e) INSTEAD OF trigger: It is a special type of trigger and it gets
executed for each record that got updated by a DML
statement.
3) Categorization of the trigger event.
a) DML trigger: It fires with the execution of every DML

statement(INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
b) DDL trigger: It fires with the execution of every DDL
statement(CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE).
c) DATABASE trigger: It fires with the execution of every
database operation which can be LOGON, LOGOFF,
SHUTDOWN, SERVERERROR etc.
• CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name − Creates or
replaces an existing trigger with the trigger_name.
• {BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF} − This specifies when the
trigger will be executed. The INSTEAD OF clause is used for
creating trigger on a view.
• {INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE} − This specifies the
DML operation.
• [OF col_name] − This specifies the column name that will be
updated.
• [ON table_name] − This specifies the name of the table associated
with the trigger.
• [REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n] − This allows you to refer
new and old values for various DML statements, such as INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE.
• [FOR EACH ROW] − This specifies a row-level trigger, i.e., the
trigger will be executed for each row being affected. Otherwise the
trigger will execute just once when the SQL statement is executed,
which is called a table level trigger.
• WHEN (condition) − This provides a condition for rows for which
the trigger would fire. This clause is valid only for row-level triggers
The following example shows how to create database trigger -
Assume two table,temp1 and temp2,having single column.

create table temp1 (describe varchar(50));
create table temp2 (describe varchar(50));
create or replace trigger ABC

before insert
on temp1
begin
insert into temp2 values('Test trigger');
end;
OUTPUT - Trigger created.
insert into temp1 values(‘Learning trigger');

select * from temp1; OUTPUT - Learning trigger
select * from temp2; OUTPUT - Trigger created
Deleting a Triggers
• Triggers can be deleted using DROP command.
Syntax:
DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;
Ex:
DROP TRIGGER abc;
The End !

Procedure, Function, Trigger

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Procedure, Function, Trigger

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PL/SQL

The procedure contains a header and a body.

• A procedure may or may not return any value.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings

 Using the EXECUTE keyword

Calling the name of the procedure from a PL/SQL block

• The PL/SQL Function is very similar to PL/SQL

• Triggers are written to be executed in response to any of the

Triggers can be defined on the table, view, schema, or database with

2) Categorization of the trigger timing.

a) DML trigger: It fires with the execution of every DML

Assume two table,temp1 and temp2,having single column.

create or replace trigger ABC

insert into temp1 values(‘Learning trigger');

• Triggers can be deleted using DROP command.

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