SWENG3101

Object Oriented Programming

Department of Software Engineering

AASTU
 Chapter 2
Basics of Java and Control Statements

2
 Outline
 Basics of Java Programming
 Conditional and Loops
 Arrays
 Core Classes of Java

3
 History of java
 Java is an object-oriented programming language.
 Java was developed by James Gosling and his team at
Sun Microsystems in California. Sun formally announced
Java at an industry conference in May 1995.
 In 1991 Sun funded an internal corporate research project
code-named Green. The language was based on C and C+
+ and was originally intended for writing programs that
control consumer appliances such as toasters, microwave
ovens, and others.
 The language was first called Oak, named after the oak tree
outside of Gosling’s office, but the name was already taken,
so the team renamed it Java.

4
 Java Application and Java Applet
 Java can be used to program two types of programs:
Applets and applications.
 Applets: are programs called that run within a Web
browser. That is, you need a Web browser to execute
Java applets.
 Applets allow more dynamic and flexible
dissemination of information on the Internet
 Java Application: is a complete stand-alone program
that does not require a Web browser.
 A Java application is analogous to a program we write
in other programming languages.

5
Typical Java Environment
 Java programs normally undergo five phases
 Edit
 Programmer writes program (and stores program on disk)
 Compile
 Compiler creates bytecodes from program
 Load
 Class loader stores bytecodes in memory
 Verify
 Verifier ensures bytecodes do not violate security
requirements
 Execute
 Interpreter translates bytecodes into machine language

6
 Cont’d…
Create/Modify Source Code

Source code (developed by the programmer)

Saved on the disk
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Source Code
}
}

Compile Source Code

Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM i.e., javac Welcome.java
to read and interpret, not for you to understand)
…
Method Welcome() If compilation errors
0 aload_0 stored on the disk
…
Bytecode
Method void main(java.lang.String[])
0 getstatic #2 …
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
5 invokevirtual #4 …
8 return Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome

Result

If runtime errors or incorrect result

7
Cont’d

8
Typical Java Environment(cont’d)

 Phase 1: Creating a Program

 consists of editing a file with an editor program (editor).
 You type a Java program (source code) using the editor, make
any necessary corrections and save the program.
 A file name ending with the .java extension indicates that the file
contains Java source code
 Phase 2: Compiling a Java Program into Bytecodes
 Use the command javac (the Java compiler) to compile a
program.
 E.g.: To compile a program called Welcome.java, you would
type javac Welcome.java in the command window of your
system

9
Typical Java Environment(cont’d)
 If the program compiles, the compiler produces a .class file called
Welcome.class that contains the compiled version of the program.
 The Java compiler translates Java source code into bytecodes that represent
the tasks to execute in the execution phase (Phase 5).
 Byte codes are executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 Virtual machine (VM) is a software application that simulates a computer, but
hides the under-lying operating system and hardware from the programs that
interact with the VM.
 Java’s bytecodes are portable. Unlike machine language, which is dependent
on specific computer hardware, bytecodes are platform-independent
instructions. That is why Java is guaranteed to be Write Once, Run
Anywhere.
 The JVM is invoked by the java command.
 For example, to execute a Java application called Welcome, you would type
the command java Welcome in a command window to invoke the JVM,
which would then initiate the steps necessary to execute the application. This
begins Phase 3.

10
Typical Java Environment(cont’d)

 Phase 3: loading: placing the program in memory before

executing it.
 The class loader takes the .class files containing the program’s
bytecodes and transfers them to primary memory.
 The .class files can be loaded from a disk on your system or over
a network (e.g., your local college or company network, or the
Internet).
 Phase 4: Bytecode Verification
 bytecode verifier examines their bytecodes to ensure that they
are valid and do not violate Java’s security restrictions.
 Java enforces strong security, to make sure that Java programs
arriving over the network do not damage your files or your
system (as computer viruses and worms might).

11
Typical Java Environment(cont’d)

 Phase 5: Execution
 The JVM executes the program’s bytecodes, thus performing the
actions specified by the program.
 In early Java versions, the JVM would interpret and execute one
bytecode at a time; Java programs execute slowly.
 Today’s JVMs typically execute bytecodes using a combination of
interpretation and so-called just-in-time (JIT) compilation.
 The JVM analyzes the bytecodes as they are interpreted, searching for
hot spots— parts of the bytecodes that execute frequently.

 Integrated development environment (IDE) combines

these steps into a single task.
 A graphical user interface is available for editing, compiling, linking,
and running the application.
 Example: NetBeans, Eclipse, Jbuilder, etc.

12
 Activity
 Describe:
 Compile time error
 Run-time error
 Logical error

 What is Java bytecode?

13
 Java Features
 Object Oriented
 Simple
 Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly simplified and
improved
 Architectural-neutral: Java compiler generates an architecture-
neutral object file format which makes the compiled code to be
executable on many processors
 Platform independent
 Portable
 Java promise: “Write once, run everywhere”.
 Multithreaded
 possible to write programs that can do many tasks simultaneously.

14
 Java Features(cont’d)
 Robust: measures how well the program runs under various
conditions.
 Java compilers can detect many problems that would first show
up at execution time in other languages.
 Java has a runtime exception-handling feature to provide
programming support for robustness.
 Distributed
 Java applications can open and access objects across the Net via
URLs with the same ease as when accessing a local file system.
 Both compiled and interpreted language.
 High Performance: With the use of Just-In-Time
compilers, Java enables high performance.
 Secure
15
 Java Program Structure
 In the Java programming language:
 A program is made up of one or more classes
 A class contains one or more methods
 A method contains program statements

 A Java application always contains a method called

main
 Java program processing starts from the main()

16
Java Program Structure(cont’d)

17
Java Program Structure(cont’d)

18
 First Java Program
 A simple code that would print the words Hello World.
public class MyFirstJavaProgram {
public static void main(String[ ] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

19
 Class Names and Identifiers
 Java is a case sensitive E.g. Hello is different from hello
 Class Names - For all class names the first letter shall be in Upper Case. If
several words are used to form a name of the class, each inner word's first
letter should be in Upper Case.
 Example class MyFirstJavaClass
 Method Names - All method names shall start with a lower case letter. If
several words are used to form the name of the method, then each inner
word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
 Example: public void myMethodName()
 Program File Name - Name of the program file should exactly match the
class name.
 Example: Assume 'MyFirstJavaProgram' is the class name. Then the file should
be saved as 'MyFirstJavaProgram.java'.

20
 Cont’d
 Names used for classes, variables and methods are
called identifiers.
 All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z),
currency character ($) or an underscore (_).
 After the first character identifiers can have any combination of
letters, digit, $, and _.
 A key word cannot be used as an identifier.
 Identifiers are case sensitive.
 Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value, __1_value
 Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary

21
 Java Keywords
 The following list shows the reserved words in Java.
These reserved words may not be used as constant
or variable or any other identifier names.

22
 Comments in Java
 E.g.
public static void main(String []args){
// This is an example of single line comment
/* This is also an example of
multline comment. */
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

23
 Java language vocabulary

Your programs will primarily consist of these plus identifiers (names) that you make up
24
 Variable
 A variable is a name for a location in memory
 You must declare all variables before they can be used. The
basic form of a variable declaration is:
 data type variable [ = value][, variable [= value] ...] ;
data type variable name

int total;
 E.g. int a, b, c; // Declares three ints, a, b, and c.
 int a = 10, b = 10; // Example of initialization
 byte B = 22; // initializes a byte type variable B.
 double pi = 3.14159; // declares and assigns a value of PI.
 char a = 'a'; // the char variable a is initialized with value ‘a’
 char tm = ‘\u2122’; // \u2122 is the trademark symbol

25
 Data Types
 There are two data types available in Java:
Primitive Data Types
Reference/Object Data Types

Data Size Range

Type
byte 1 byte Integers in the range of -128 to +128
short 2 bytes Integers in the range of -32,768 to +32,767
int 4 bytes Integers in the range of -2,147,483,648 to
+2,147,483,647
long 8 bytes Integers in the range of -9,223,372,036,854,775,808
to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float 4 bytes Floating-point numbers in the range of ±3.4x10-38 to
±3.4x1038 with 7 digits of accuracy
double 8 bytes Floating-point numbers in the range of ±1.7x10-308 to
±1.7x10308 with 15 digits of accuracy
char 2 bytes A single character
Boolean 1 byte true or false
26
 Constants
 A constant is an identifier that is similar to a variable
except that it holds the same value during its entire
existence
 Example:
 byte a = 68;
 char a = 'A'
 In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a
constant final int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;

27
 print and println Methods
 We can invoke the println method to print a character string
 The System.out object represents a destination (the monitor
screen) to which we can send output
System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.");

object method
information provided to the method
name
(parameters)

 The print method is similar to the println method, except

that it does not advance to the next line

 Therefore anything printed after a print statement will appear

on the same line
28
 Escape Sequence
 What if we wanted to print a the quote character?
 The following line would confuse the compiler
because it would interpret the second quote as the
end of the string
System.out.println ("I said "Hello" to you.");
 An escape sequence is a series of characters that
represents a special character
 An escape sequence begins with a backslash
character (\)
System.out.println ("I said \"Hello\" to you.");

29
Escape Sequence

30
 EscapeExample.java
public class EscapeExample{
public static void main( String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World");
System.out.println("two\nlines");
System.out.println("\"This is in quotes\"");
}
}
Output:
Hello World
two
lines
“This is in quotes”
31
 String
 A string of characters can be represented as a string literal by putting
double quotes around the text:
 Examples:
"This is a string literal."
"123 Main Street"
 There are close to 50 methods defined in the String class. We will
introduce some of them here:
 substring
 E.g. String text;
text = "Espresso";
System.out.print(text.substring(2, 7)); //char at end position is not included
 Output: press
 length
 Example
 text1 = ""; //empty string
 text2 = "Hello";
 text3 = "Java";
 text1.length( ) //output: 0
 text2.length( ) //output: 5
 text3.length( ) //output: 4
32
 String(cont’d)
 equals
 Returns true if the calling object string and the Other_String are equal. Otherwise,
returns false.
 Example
 String greeting = "Hello";
 greeting.equals("Hello") returns true
 greeting.equals("hello") returns false

 toLowerCase
 Convert to lowercase
 String greeting = "Hi Mary!";
 greeting.toLowerCase() returns “hi mary!".
 toUpperCase
 Convert to uppercase
 String greeting = "Hi Mary!";
 greeting.toUpperCase() returns "HI MARY!".

33
 String(cont’d)
 Indexof
 Locate the index position of a substring within another string
 Example
 text = "I Love Java and Java loves me.";
 text.indexOf("J") =7
 text.indexOf("love") =21
 text.indexOf("ove") =3
 String concatenation
 Use the plus symbol (+) for string concatenation
 string text1 = "Jon";
 string text2 = "Java";
 text1 + text2--------- "JonJava"
 text1 + " " + text2--------- "Jon Java"
 "How are you, " + text1 + "?"-------------- "How are you, Jon?"

34
 StringExample.java
public class StringExample{
public static void main(String[] args) {
String text1=“Hello", text2 = “World“;
String text3 = "I Love Java and Java loves me.";
System.out.println(text1.substring(1,3));
System.out.println(text2.length());
System.out.println(text3.indexOf("I"));
System.out.println(text1+" "+text2);
}
}
Output:?

35
Type Conversion/Casting
 A value in any of the built-in types we have seen so far can
be converted (type-cast) to any of the other types.
 For example:
(int) 3.14 // converts 3.14 to an int 3
(double) 2 // converts 2 to a double to give 2.0
 Integer division always results in an integer outcome.
E.g. 9/2 gives 4 not 4.5
E.g. 8.2/2=4.1 implicit conversion/promotion

36
 Java Basic Operators
 Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate
variables. We can divide all the Java operators into
the following groups:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators

37
 Arithmetic Operator

int quotient, remainder;

quotient = 7 / 3;
remainder = 7 % 3;
System.out.println("quotient = " + quotient);
System.out.println("remainder = " + remainder);

38
 Example
public class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a =10;
int b =20;
int c =25;
int d =25;
System.out.println("a + b = "+(a + b));
System.out.println("a - b = "+(a - b));
System.out.println("a * b = "+(a * b));
System.out.println("b / a = "+(b / a));
System.out.println("b % a = "+(b % a));
System.out.println("c % a = "+(c % a));
System.out.println("a++ = "+(a++));
39
 Example(cont’d)
System.out.println(“a-- = "+(a--));
// Check the difference in d++ and ++d
System.out.println("d++ = "+(d++));
System.out.println("++d = "+(++d));
}
}
 This would produce the following result:
 a + b = 30
 a - b = -10
 a * b = 200
 b/a=2
 b%a=0
 c%a=5
 a++ = 10
 a-- = 11
 d++ = 25
 ++d = 27
40
 The Relational Operator
 Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20

41
 Example
public class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a =10;
int b =20;
System.out.println("a == b = "+(a == b));
System.out.println("a != b = "+(a != b));
}
}

 This would produce the following result:

 a == b =false
 a != b =true

42
 The Logical Operators
 Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0

43
 Example
public class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
boolean t =true;
boolean f =false;
System.out.println("t && f = "+(t&&f));
System.out.println("t || f = "+(t||f));
System.out.println("!(t && f) = "+!(t && f));
}
}

 This would produce the following result:

 t && f =false
 t || f =true
 !(t && f)=true

44
The Assignment Operator

45
 Conditional Statements
 Two types:
 If statements
 Switch statements

 Syntax of if statements
if(expression){
//Statements will execute if the expression is true
}

46
 Example
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args){
int x = 10;
if( x < 20 ){
System.out.print("This is if statement");
}
}
}

Output
This is if statement

47
 if…else statement
 An if statement can be followed by an optional else
statement, which executes when the expression is
false.
if(expression){
//Executes when the expression is true
}else{
//Executes when the expression is false
}

48
 Example 1
public class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args){
int x = 30;
if( x < 20 ){
System.out.print("This is if statement");
}
else{
System.out.print("This is else statement");
}
}
}
Output:
This is else statement

49
 Example2
public class Test3 {
public static void main(String[] args){
int x = 30;
if( x == 10 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 10");
}
else if( x == 20 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 20");
}
else if( x == 30 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 30");
}
else{
System.out.print("This is else statement");
}
}
}
50
 Activity
 Write a java program to check whether a number is even or not
 Write a java program that reads two integers and displays in
ascending order.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TwoSort{
public static void main(String[] args){
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
int a= console.nextInt();
int b = console.nextInt();
if (b < a){
int t = a;
a = b;
b = t;
}
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
}
}

51
 Exercise
 Write a java program that displays the following
picture.

 Write a java program that arrange three numbers in

ascending order.

52
 Switch
 Handles multiple conditions efficiently.
switch(expression){
case value :
//Statements
break; //optional
case value :
//Statements
break; //optional
//You can have any number of case statements.
default : //Optional
//Statements
}

53
 Example
public class SwitchTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
char grade = 'C';
switch(grade){
case 'A' :
System.out.println("Excellent!");
break;
case 'B' :
System.out.println("Well done");
break;
case 'C' :
System.out.println("You passed");
break;
case 'D' :
System.out.println("You Failed");
case 'F' :
System.out.println("Better try again");
break;
default :
System.out.println("Invalid grade");
}System.out.println("Your grade is " + grade);
}
}
54
 Loop
 There may be a situation when we need to execute a
block of code several number of times, and is often
referred to as a loop.
 You can use one of the following three loops:
 while Loop
while (condition) {
statements
}
 for Loop
for (initialization; condition; update){
statements
}
 do...while Loop
do {
(statements )
} while ( boolean-expression ) );
55
 Example 1
 Displaying all squares of numbers 1 to 10
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=1;
while(i<=10){
System.out.println(i*i);
i++;
}
}

56
 Example 2: Nested loop
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 2; j < 4; j++) {
System.out.println (i + “ “ + j);
}
}

57
 Exercise
 Write a program to display sum of the first 100 integer
numbers using for loop.
 Write statements that can be used in a Java program to
read two integers and display the number of integers that
lie between them, including the integers themselves. For
example, four integers are between 3 and 6: 3, 4, 5, and 6.
 Write a program that reads an integer value and prints the
sum of all even integers between 2 and the input value,
inclusive. Print an error message if the input value is less
than 2.
 Write a java program that accepts integer value from a
user and display sum of each digit(E.g. input: 543, result:
5+4+3=12)
58
 Basic Classes
1. System: one of the core classes
 System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!" );
 System.out.print(“…”);
 System.exit(0);
 System.out.println("50 plus 25 is " + 50 + 25);

59
 Basic Classes(cont’d)
2. Scanner:
 The java.util.Scanner: for accepting input from console
 Methods: nextInt(), nextDouble(), nextLine(), next(), …
 E.g.:- Scanner s = new Scanner (System.in);
int x = s.nextInt();

60
 Example 1
import java.util.Scanner; // so that I can use Scanner
public class Age{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("How old are you? "); // prompt
int age = console.nextInt();
System.out.println("You'll be 30 in " + (30 - age) + " years.");
}
}
Output:
How old are you? 18
You’ll be 30 in 12 years

61
 Example 2
import java.util.*;
public class HelloName{
public static void main(String[] args){
Scanner input= new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What is your name? ");
String name = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("Hello there " + name + ", nice to meet you!");
}
}
Output:
What is your name? James
Hello there James, nice to meet you!
62
 Example3
import java.util.Scanner; // program uses class Scanner
// Addition program that displays the sum of two numbers.
public class AdditionExample{
// main method begins execution of Java application
public static void main( String[] args){
Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );
int number1; // first number to add
nt number2; // second number to add
int sum; // sum of number1 and number2
System.out.print( "Enter first integer: " ); // prompt
number1 = input.nextInt(); // read first number from user
System.out.print( "Enter second integer: " ); // prompt
number2 = input.nextInt(); // read second number from user
sum = number1 + number2; // add numbers
System.out.println( "Sum is “ + sum );
} // end method main
} // end class Addition

63
 Basic Classes(cont’d)
3. Math-Class
The java.lang.Math class contains methods for performing basic
numeric operations such as exponential, logarithm, square root,
and trigonometric functions
 Math.ceil(x) //Math.ceil(3.2) and Math.ceil(3.9) both return 4.0
 Math.floor(x) // Math.floor(3.2) and Math.floor(3.9) both return 3.0
 Math.pow(x,y) //Math.pow(4,2) returns 16.0
 Math.round(x) //Math.round(3.2) returns 3; Math.round(3.6) returns 4
 Math.max(x,y) // Math.max(1, 2) returns 2
 Math.sqrt(x) // Math.sqrt(4) returns 2.0
 Math.random(): a random floating point number between 0 and
1. generates a double value in the range [0,1)
 Eg: Math.random()*100
 Math.toDegrees(x);
 Math.PI
 Math.sin(x)
64
 Basic Classes(cont’d)
 Random is a class used to generate random numbers
between the given lists/ranges.
 Example:
import java.util.Random;
public class RandomExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double x []=new double[20];
Random r=new Random();
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
x[i]=r.nextInt(100);
System.out.println(x[i]);
}
}
}

65
 Arrays
 Stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the
same type.
 The index starts at zero and ends at length-1.

 To create an array of a given size, use the operator new:

 Data type arrayname[] = new dataType[size];
 E.g. int[] values = new int[5];
 The for loop is ideally suited for performing array
manipulations
 E.g. Int[] values = {9, 15, 18}; //initializing array
for (int i = 0; index < values.length; i++){
System.out.println(values[i]);
} 66
 Example
 Create an array with N random values
double[] a = new double[N];
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
a[i] = Math.random();
 Copy to another
double[] b = new double[N];
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
b[i] = a[i];
 Print array values, one per line
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
System.out.println(a[i]);
 Find the maximum of array values
double max = a[0];
for (int i = 1; i < N; i++)
if (a[i] > max) max = a[i];
 Matrix addition
double[][] c = new double[N][N];
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
c[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
67
 Cont’d
import java.util.*;
public class ArrayExample{
public static void main(String[] args) {
float x []=new float[5]; //array declaration
System.out.println("enter any five numbers");
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
x[i]=input.nexFloat();
sum =sum+x[i];
}
System.out.println("result="+sum);
}
}

68
 Activity
 What is wrong with the following?
 int[] temp = {7, 2, 1.5, 4};
 int[] temp= new int[5];
temp[] = {7, 5, 9};

 Write a program that prompts the user to enter two

lists of integers and displays whether the two are
identical

69
 Exercise: Array
1. Write a java program that accepts 5 integers and display
1. the smallest
2. only evens
3. Count only integers>50
2. Insert N-integers from the keyboard and calculate the sum and
average
3. Generate 5 random numbers between 10 and 20 and find the
smallest
4. Generate 5 random numbers between 1 and 50 and find the
largest two
5. Insert a string using Scanner and count the number of ‘a’ in the
string
6. Check if the inserted string is palindrome or not
70
 Array Lists
 An array list stores a sequence of values whose size can
change.
 Array lists can grow and shrink as needed.
 The ArrayList class supplies methods for common tasks, such as
inserting and removing elements.
 ArrayList class is contained in the java.util package
 Declaring Array Lists
 ArrayList<Type> names = new ArrayList<Type>();
 E.g. The following statement declares an array list of strings:
 ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<String>();

 To add elements, use add method

 names.add("Emily"); // Now names has size 1
 names.add("Bob"); // Now names has size 2
 names.add("Cindy"); // names has size 3
71
 Cont’d
 To obtain an array list element, use the get method
 E.g. String name = names.get(2);

 As with arrays, it is an error to access a nonexistent element

int i = names.size();
name = names.get(i); // Error
 The last valid index is names.size() - 1.

 To set an array list element to a new value, use the set

method:
 names.set(2, "Carolyn");

 To insert an element in the middle of an array list:

 names.add(1, "Ann");

 To remove an array list element, use remove method:

 names.remove(1);
72
 Cont’d
 You can use the enhanced for loop to visit all elements
of an array list. Example:
ArrayList<String> names =...;
for (String name : names){
System.out.println(name);
}
 This loop is equivalent to the following basic for loop:
for (int i = 0; i < names.size(); i++){
String name = names.get(i);
System.out.println(name);
}

73
 Example
 Storing input values
ArrayList<Double> inputs = new ArrayList<>();
while (in.hasNextDouble()){
inputs.add(in.nextDouble());
}
 Find the largest element
double largest = values.get(0);
for (int i = 1; i < values.size(); i++){
if (values.get(i) > largest){
largest = values.get(i);
}
}
 Print all values, marking the largest
for (double element : values){
System.out.print(element);
if (element == largest){
System.out.print(" <== largest
value");
}
System.out.println();
74
}
Cont’d
 Removing Matches
int i = 0;
while (i < words.size()){
String word = words.get(i);
if (word.length() < 4){
words.remove(i);
}
else{
i++;
}
}

75
 Lab Exercise
 Write a program that reverses the digits of a given
positive integer number entered from the
keyboard(don’t use array).
 Write a program that prompts the user to enter a
string and displays the number of vowels and
consonants in the string.
 Write a program that determines and print the number
of odd, even, and zero digits in an integer value read
from the keyboard
 Write a program that reads a string from the user and
prints it one character per line.

76