Creating

EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
using
ARDUINO
 What is
Arduino
Open Source electronic
prototyping platform based on
flexible easy to use hardware
and software.
 Arduino platform
- A physical Input/Output board
(I/O) with a programmable
Integrated Circuit (IC).
 HISTORY
Arduino project was made by
a team of students and teachers
from the
Interaction Design Institute Ivrea
(IDII).

http://interactionivrea.org/en/index
.asp
 HISTORY

Gianluca Martino, David Mellis,

David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,
Massimo Banzi et Nicholas
Zambetti.
 HISTORY
The inspiration come
from processing, a
programation
language developed
in 2001 by Casey
Reas and Ben Fry,
two students of John
Maeda from M.I.T.
ADVANTAGES

• Simple to use
• Cheap
• Open Source
• Multi-platforms
 PHILOSOPHY
& COMMUNITY
Arduino project is based on a principle of
open Source which has help it to have a
quick development. Thanks to a
community who work on the software and
hardware.

There are several tools to share and

learn:
- Blog (http://blog.Arduino.cc/)
- Forum (http://forum.Arduino.cc/)
 Arduino IDE

How to
get
started?
 Arduino IDE
Go to Arduino Website and download it.
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
 Arduino IDE

Scroll down then you will see

this
 Arduino IDE
Extract the file then
double click the
arduino.exe
 Arduino IDE
Arduino IDE splash screen
Arduino IDE
menus
Verify: This allows you to compile your code to
code the Arduino understands. Any mistakes you
have made in the syntax of your code will be show
in the info panel
• Upload: This does the same as verify but will then
send your code to your Arduino if the code is
verified successfully
• Serial Monitor: This will open a window that
allows you to send text to and from an Arduino. We
will use this feature in later lectures.
Serial Monitor
Code area: This is where you will type all your
code
Info panel: This will show any errors during
compiling or uploading code to your Arduino
 By far one of the most valuable part
of the Arduino software is its vast
library of example programs. All
features of the Arduino are
demonstrated in these.

 Optional libraries usually add their

own examples on how to use them.

 Arduino shields will often come with

their own libraries and therefore their
own examples.

 If these examples don’t cover what

you need….Google it!
Before we begin coding
 Arduino Language
 A program or code
written for Arduino is
called a "sketch”.

 Arduino programs
are written in C or
C++.
Structure of an Arduino
“sketch”
 Example

int onBoardLED;

void setup()
{
//Arduinos have an on-board LED on pin 13
onBoardLED = 13;
pinMode(onBoardLED, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(onBoardLED, HIGH);
delay(500); //delay measured in milliseconds
digitalWrite(onBoardLED, LOW);
delay(500);
}
 Arduino Sketch
 Users only need to define two
functions to make a runnable
cyclic executive program:
 setup(): a function run once at the
start of a program that can initialize
settings
 loop(): a function called repeatedly
until the board powers off
How Arduino sketch
Works?
 Terminologies
 pinMode() – Define your pin as an
input or output.
 digitalWrite() – Send a binary
value (high/low) to a pin.
 digitalRead() – Read a binary
value (high/low) from a pin.
 analogRead() – Read an analogic
value (from 0 to 1024)
 analogWrite() – Send an analogic
value (from 0 to 255) to a pin.
 delay() – Arduino clock with an
interval count in milliseconds.
 Basic
Electrical
Knowled
ge
 Basic Electrical Knowlege
 Each electronic component has a schematic
symbol, which is a simplified drawing of the
part. For resistors the symbol looks like this:
 Basic Electrical Knowlege

The LED symbol has an arrow thing

going on. This is the direction in which
current flows. The little arrows that are
coming out of the symbol indicate that
this is a diode that emits light.
 Basic Electrical Knowlege
The only thing we need to do now is
indicate how the LED and resistor are
hooked up and show the 5V and
ground connections.

Next to symbols, we often write

important information like what the
resistor value is, what color and size
the LED should be, and the voltage
associated with the power supply.
LED
BREADBOARD
External LEDs
PWM – Pulse width
modulation
PWM allows you to create a fake
analogue signal by toggling a pin
high and low. The amount of overall
time the pin spends high effects the
average voltage of the signal.
This works well for dimming LEDs
so long as the frequency of pulses
is faster than the eye can pick up
An Arduino UNO can only do PWM
on pins:
3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11
 PWM Example

int ledPin;
void setup()
{
ledPin = 10;
//Note that PWM doesn't need a pinMode
}
void loop()
{
analogWrite(ledPin, 50);
delay(500);
analogWrite(ledPin, 255);
delay(500);
}
 First Interaction
 Plug your LED just like the image as shown
below and connect the USB connector from
Arduino board to your computer.
Writing a Code
 pinMode()
Configures the specified pin to behave
either as an input or an output.
Syntax
pinMode(pin, mode);
Parameters
pin: the number of the pin
whose mode you wish to set.
mode: INPUT, OUTPUT, or
INPUT_PULLUP.
 digitalWrite()
Write a HIGH or a LOW
value to a digital pin If the
pin has been configured as
an OUTPUT with pinMode(),
its voltage will be set to the
corresponding value: 5V (or
3.3V on 3.3V boards) for
HIGH, 0V (ground) for LOW.
 digitalWrite()
Syntax
digitalWrite(pin,
value)

Parameters
pin: the pin number
 digitalRead()
If the pin is
configured as an INPUT,
reading a HIGH value
with digitalRead() will
enable an internal 20K
pull-up resistor. Reading
LOW will disable the
pull-up.
 digitalRead()
Syntax
digitalRead(pin,
value)

Parameters
pin: the pin number
 delay()
Pauses the program for the amount of time
(in miliseconds) specified as parameter.
(There are 1000 milliseconds in a second.)
 Syntax
delay(ms);

 Parameters
ms: the number of milliseconds to
pause (unsigned long)
 Returns
none
 Blink w/o Delay
This sketch will cause the LED to turn ON
and OFF every 1 second without using delay
func.
 millis()
Returns the number of milliseconds since
the Arduino board began running the
current program. This no. will overflow (go
back to zero), after approximately 50 days.
 Syntax
millis();

 Parameters
None
 Returns
Number of milliseconds since the
program started (unsigned long)
 micros()
Returns the number of microseconds since
the Arduino board began running the current
program. This no. will overflow (go back to
zero), after approximately 70 minutes.

 Syntax
micros();

 Parameters
None
 Returns
Number of microseconds since the
program started (unsigned long)
 millis() and micros()
Note: there are 1,000
microseconds in a
millisecond and
1,000,000
microseconds in a
second.
 4. Fade In
This sketch will gradually light up the
LED
 5. Fade Out
This sketch will gradually fade the light of LED
 Fade in and out
This sketch will fade in and out the LED
like a HeartBeat.
 analogWrite()
Writes an analog value (
PWM wave) to a pin. Can be
used to light a LED at
varying brightnesses or drive
a motor at various speeds.
The frequency of the PWM
signal on most pins is
approximately 490 Hz.
 analogWrite()

On the Uno and similar

boards, pins 5 and 6
have a frequency of
approximately 980 Hz.
Pins 3 and 11 on the
Leonardo also run at 980
Hz.
 analogWrite()
 On most Arduino boards (those w/
the ATmega168 or ATmega328),
this function works on pins 3, 5,
6, 9, 10, and 11. On the Arduino
Mega, it works on pins 2 - 13 and
44 - 46. Older Arduino boards
with an ATmega8 only support
analogWrite() on pins 9, 10, and
11.
 analogWrite()
You do not need to call pinMode() to
set the pin as an output before calling
analogWrite().

 Syntax
analogWrite(pin, value)
 Parameters
pin: the pin to write to.
value: the duty cycle: between 0
(always off) and 255 (always on).
 Serial
Used for communication between
the Arduino board and a
computer or other devices. All
Arduino boards have at least one
serial port (also known as a UART
or USART): Serial. It
communicates on digital pins 0
(RX) and 1 (TX) as well as with
the computer via USB.
 7. Hello World (Serial)
You may open your Serial Monitor to check
the data/char being sent.
 7. Hello World (Serial)
This sketch will send characters to
the pc via Serial.
Exercises