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Digital Image Processing (ECE 501)
Introduction
Subject Coordinator Dr. Bhupendra Singh Kirar Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering E-Mail ID: bhup17@gmail.com Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=cBu3VZwAAAAJ&hl=en Scopus ID: 57195508883 Orchid ID: 0000-0002-0417-8709 Introduction- Digital Image Processing • Digital Image Processing
Subject Coordinator: Dr. Bhupendra Singh Kirar Subject Name & Code: DIP (CSE/IT-312) Semester: V 2 Necessity of Digital Image Processing?
Interest in digital image processing methods stems from two principal
application areas:
• Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation, and
• Processing of image data for tasks such as storage, transmission, and
extraction of pictorial information. Digital Image Processing
• Subject Definition
• Digital Image Processing
• Digital • Image • Processing
• In means processing the image data in digital domain.
• Processing may be in application specific manner.
What is Digital Image Processing?
• An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f (x, y), where x
and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. • When x, y, and the intensity values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image.
• The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by
means of a digital computer. • Note that a digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location and value. These elements are called picture elements, image elements, pels, and pixels. • Pixel is the term used most widely to denote the elements of a digital image. What is Digital Image Processing? What is Digital Image Processing? What is Digital Image Processing? What is Digital Image Processing?
• Vision is the most advanced of our senses, so it is not surprising that images play the single most important role in human perception. However, unlike humans, who are limited to the visual band of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, imaging machines cover almost the entire EM spectrum, ranging from gamma to radio waves.
• They can operate on images generated by sources that humans are not accustomed to associating with images. • These include ultrasound, electron microscopy, and computer generated images.
• Thus, digital image processing encompasses a wide and varied field of
applications.
• The area of image analysis (also called image understanding) is in between image processing and computer vision. What is Digital Image Processing?
•The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be broken up
into low-, mid- and high-level processes What is Digital Image Processing?
The continuum from image processing to computer vision a useful paradigm
is to consider three types of computerized processes are: low-, mid- and high- level processes
• Low-level processes involve primitive operations such as image
preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening. A low level process is characterized by the fact that both its inputs and outputs are images.
• Mid-level processing of images involves tasks such as segmentation
(partitioning an image into regions or objects), description of those objects to reduce them to a form suitable for computer processing, and classification (recognition) of individual objects. A mid-level process is characterized by the fact that its inputs generally are images, but its outputs are attributes extracted from those images (e.g., edges, contours, and the identity of individual objects). What is Digital Image Processing?
• Higher-level processing involves “making sense” of an ensemble of
recognized objects, as in image analysis, and, at the far end of the continuum, performing the cognitive functions normally associated with human vision. The Origins of Digital Image Processing The Origins of Digital Image Processing The Origins of Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image acquisition is the first process. Acquisition could be as simple as being given an image that is already in digital form. Generally, the image acquisition stage involves preprocessing, such as scaling.
Image enhancement is the process of manipulating an image so the result is more suitable than the original for a specific application. The word specific is important here, because it establishes at the outset that enhancement techniques are problem oriented. Thus, for example, a method that is quite useful for enhancing X-ray images may not be the best approach for enhancing satellite images taken in the infrared band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image restoration is an area that also deals with improving the appearance of an image. However, unlike enhancement, which is subjective, image restoration is objective, in the sense that restoration techniques tend to be based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image degradation. Enhancement, on the other hand, is based on human subjective preferences regarding what constitutes a “good” enhancement result.
Color image processing is an area that has been gaining in importance because of the significant increase in the use of digital images over the internet. Color is used also as the basis for extracting features of interest in an image. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Wavelets are the foundation for representing images in various degrees of resolution. In particular, this material is used in the book for image data compression and for pyramidal representation, in which images are subdivided successively into smaller regions. In addition to wavelets, a number of other transforms that are used routinely in image processing will be discussed.
Compression, as the name implies, deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to save an image, or the bandwidth required to transmit it. Although storage technology has improved significantly over the past decade, the same cannot be said for transmission capacity. This is true particularly in uses of the internet, which are characterized by significant pictorial content. Image compression is familiar (perhaps inadvertently) to most users of computers in the form of image file extensions, such as the jpg file extension used in the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) image compression standard. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphological processing deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in the representation and description of shape.
Segmentation partitions an image into its constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous segmentation is one of the most difficult tasks in digital image processing. A rugged segmentation procedure brings the process a long way toward successful solution of imaging problems that require objects to be identified individually. On the other hand, weak or erratic segmentation algorithms almost always guarantee eventual failure. In general, the more accurate the segmentation, the more likely automated object classification is to succeed. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Feature extraction almost always follows the output of a segmentation stage, which usually is raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a region (i.e., the set of pixels separating one image region from another) or all the points in the region itself. Feature extraction consists of feature detection and feature description.
Feature detection refers to finding the features in an image, region, or boundary. Feature description assigns quantitative attributes to the detected features. For example, we might detect corners in a region, and describe those corners by their orientation and location; both of these descriptors are quantitative attributes. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image pattern classification is the process that assigns a label (e.g., “vehicle”) to an object based on its feature descriptors. we will discuss methods of image pattern classification ranging from “classical” approaches such as minimum-distance, correlation, and Bayes classifiers, to more modern approaches implemented using deep neural networks. In particular, we will discuss in detail deep convolutional neural networks, which are ideally suited for image processing work. modules. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
So far, we have said nothing about the need for prior knowledge or about the interaction between the knowledge base and the processing modules in Fig. 1.23. Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an image processing system in the form of a knowledge database. This knowledge may be as simple as detailing regions of an image where the information of interest is known to be located, thus limiting the search that has to be conducted in seeking that information. The knowledge base can also be quite complex, such as an interrelated list of all major possible defects in a materials inspection problem, or an image database containing high-resolution satellite images of a region in connection with change-detection applications. In addition to guiding the operation of each processing module, the knowledge base also controls the interaction between modules. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Representation Problem Domain Colour & Description Image Image Compression Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Representation Problem Domain Colour Image & Description Image Compression Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Representation Problem Domain Colour & Description Image Image Compression Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Representation Problem Domain & Description Colour Image Image Compression Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Representation Problem Domain & Description Colour Image Image Processing Compression Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Problem Domain Representation
& Description Colour Image Image Processing Compression Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Representation Problem Domain & Description Colour Image Image Compression Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Representation Problem Domain & Description Colour Image Image Compression Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic Image al Restoration Processing
Image Segmentatio Enhancemen n t
Image Object Acquisition Recognition
Representation Problem Domain & Description Colour Image Image Compression Processing Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing Components of an Image Processing System Components of an Image Processing System Applications and Research Topics of Digital Image Processing Document Handling Signature Verification Biometrics Fingerprint Verification / Identification Fingerprint Identification Research at UNR Object Recognition Object Recognition Research Indexing into Databases • Shape content Indexing into Databases (cont’d) • Color, texture Target Recognition Click to edit Master title style
Interpretation of aerial photography is a problem
domain in both computer vision and registration. Autonomous Vehicles Traffic Monitoring Face Detection Face Recognition Face Detection/Recognition Research at UNR Facial Expression Recognition Face Tracking Face Tracking (cont’d) Hand Gesture Recognition • Smart Human-Computer User Interfaces • Sign Language Recognition Human Activity Recognition Medical Applications Morphing Inserting Artificial Objects into a Scene Companies In this Field In India • Sarnoff Corporation • Kritikal Solutions • National Instruments • GE Laboratories • Ittiam, Bangalore • Interra Systems, Noida • Yahoo India (Multimedia Searching) • nVidia Graphics, Pune (have high requirements) • Microsoft research • DRDO labs • ISRO labs THANK
