Digi Zap
Digi Zap
Digi Zap
Introduction
Subject Coordinator
Dr. Bhupendra Singh Kirar
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
E-Mail ID: bhup17@gmail.com
Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=cBu3VZwAAAAJ&hl=en
Scopus ID: 57195508883
Orchid ID: 0000-0002-0417-8709
Introduction- Digital Image
Processing
• Digital Image Processing
Subject Coordinator: Dr. Bhupendra Singh Kirar Subject Name & Code: DIP (CSE/IT-312) Semester: V 2
Necessity of Digital Image Processing?
• Subject Definition
• Vision is the most advanced of our senses, so it is not surprising that images
play the single most important role in human perception. However, unlike
humans, who are limited to the visual band of the electromagnetic (EM)
spectrum, imaging machines cover almost the entire EM spectrum, ranging
from gamma to radio waves.
• They can operate on images generated by sources that humans are not
accustomed to associating with images.
• These include ultrasound, electron microscopy, and computer generated
images.
• The area of image analysis (also called image understanding) is in between image processing
and computer vision.
What is Digital Image Processing?
Image acquisition is the first process. Acquisition could be as simple as being given an image that is
already in digital form. Generally, the image acquisition stage involves preprocessing, such as scaling.
Image enhancement is the process of manipulating an image so the result is more suitable than the
original for a specific application. The word specific is important here, because it establishes at the outset
that enhancement techniques are problem oriented. Thus, for example, a method that is quite useful for
enhancing X-ray images may not be the best approach for enhancing satellite images taken in the
infrared band of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image restoration is an area that also deals with improving the appearance of an image. However, unlike
enhancement, which is subjective, image restoration is objective, in the sense that restoration techniques
tend to be based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image degradation. Enhancement, on the
other hand, is based on human subjective preferences regarding what constitutes a “good” enhancement
result.
Color image processing is an area that has been gaining in importance because of the significant
increase in the use of digital images over the internet. Color is used also as the basis for extracting
features of interest in an image.
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Wavelets are the foundation for representing images in various degrees of resolution. In particular, this
material is used in the book for image data compression and for pyramidal representation, in which images are
subdivided successively into smaller regions. In addition to wavelets, a number of other transforms that are
used routinely in image processing will be discussed.
Compression, as the name implies, deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to save an image,
or the bandwidth required to transmit it. Although storage technology has improved significantly over the past
decade, the same cannot be said for transmission capacity. This is true particularly in uses of the internet,
which are characterized by significant pictorial content. Image compression is familiar (perhaps inadvertently)
to most users of computers in the form of image file extensions, such as the jpg file extension used in the
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) image compression standard.
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphological processing deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in the
representation and description of shape.
Segmentation partitions an image into its constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous
segmentation is one of the most difficult tasks in digital image processing. A rugged segmentation
procedure brings the process a long way toward successful solution of imaging problems that require
objects to be identified individually. On the other hand, weak or erratic segmentation algorithms almost
always guarantee eventual failure. In general, the more accurate the segmentation, the more likely
automated object classification is to succeed.
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Feature extraction almost always follows the output of a segmentation stage, which usually is raw pixel
data, constituting either the boundary of a region (i.e., the set of pixels separating one image region from
another) or all the points in the region itself. Feature extraction consists of feature detection and feature
description.
Feature detection refers to finding the features in an image, region, or boundary. Feature description
assigns quantitative attributes to the detected features. For example, we might detect corners in a region,
and describe those corners by their orientation and location; both of these descriptors are quantitative
attributes.
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image pattern classification is the process that assigns a label (e.g., “vehicle”) to an object based on its
feature descriptors. we will discuss methods of image pattern classification ranging from “classical”
approaches such as minimum-distance, correlation, and Bayes classifiers, to more modern approaches
implemented using deep neural networks. In particular, we will discuss in detail deep convolutional neural
networks, which are ideally suited for image processing work.
modules.
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
So far, we have said nothing about the need for prior knowledge or about the interaction between the
knowledge base and the processing modules in Fig. 1.23. Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into
an image processing system in the form of a knowledge database. This knowledge may be as simple as
detailing regions of an image where the information of interest is known to be located, thus limiting the
search that has to be conducted in seeking that information. The knowledge base can also be quite complex,
such as an interrelated list of all major possible defects in a materials inspection problem, or an image
database containing high-resolution satellite images of a region in connection with change-detection
applications. In addition to guiding the operation of each processing module, the knowledge base also
controls the interaction between modules.
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain Colour & Description
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain Colour
Image & Description
Image
Compression
Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain Colour & Description
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Morphologic
Image
al
Restoration
Processing
Image
Segmentatio
Enhancemen
n
t
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain & Description
Colour
Image
Image
Compression
Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Components of an Image
Processing System
Components of an Image Processing System
Applications and Research
Topics
of
Digital Image Processing
Document Handling
Signature Verification
Biometrics
Fingerprint Verification / Identification
Fingerprint Identification Research at
UNR
Object Recognition
Object Recognition Research
Indexing into Databases
• Shape content
Indexing into Databases (cont’d)
• Color, texture
Target Recognition
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