• Creating and

accessing list
• List Operations
• Working with list
• List functions and
Methods
• Is a container that are used to store a list of values
of any type
• List is mutable type i.e. we can change value in
place without
creating a fresh list
• List is a type of sequence like tuples and string but
in differs them in the way that lists are mutable
but string and tuples are immutable
• List are created using SQUARE BRACKETS
([])
• Some
• [ ] of the examples#ofempty list :
lists are
• [1,2,3] # list of integers
• [10,20,13.75,100.5,90] # list of
integers and float
• [“red”,"green”,"blue”] # list of string
• [“E001”,"Rakesh”,1,90 # list of mixed
000.5] value # list of
• ["A‟, "B‟, "C‟] characters
• To create a list the following syntax we need
to follow:
• ListName = [ ] Or
• ListName = [ value1, value2,…..]
• For example
• Family = [“father”,"mother","bro”,”sis”]
• Student = [1,"Aman”,"XI",3150]
• The above construct is known as list display
construct
• Consider more examples
• EMPTY LIST
• L=[] Or
• LONG LIST
•L =
[1,2,3,44,55,66,77,88,99,4,3,5,6,7,88,100,30
0
12,13,14,56,78]
• NESTED LIST
• L = [1,2,4,[100,200,300], 20]
• The above code will create List L with 5
elements because it will count
[100,200,300] as one element. Now L[3] is
list of 3 elements
• To print if we write : L[1] it will display 2
• We can use the following
syntax:
• ListName = list(sequence)
• For example (with
string)
• L1 = list("welcome‟)
• >>>L1
• ["w‟,‟e‟,‟l‟,‟c‟,‟o‟,‟m‟,‟
e‟]
• With tuple
• T = ("A‟,‟B‟,‟C‟,‟D‟)
• We can also create list of single characters or
single digits through keyboard input:
For example:
>>> list1 = list(input("Enter list
elements‟))
>>> list1
From the above code whatever values we will
enter will be of STRING type. To store list of
integers through input in python we can use
eval() to convert the list items to integers
>>> list1 = eval(input(“enter list to
• eval("5+10‟) 1
5
• Y = eval(“2*5”)
• print(Y) 10

• Num = eval(input(“enter any value “))

• print(Num, type(Num))
• Output will be 20 (if input is 20) and <class
„int‟>

• Eval wil not only convert the values to int type but
also interpret the value as intended type i.e. if
you enter float value it will convert it to float or if
it is list or tuple it will convert it.
>>> list1 = eval(input(“Enter
values :”))
>>> enter values:
[10,20,30]
>>> list1
[10,20,30]
• Similarity with strings:
• Just like string, every individual elements of lists
are accessed from their index position which is
from 0 to length-1 in forward indexing and from -1
to –length in backward indexing.
• For example
• Fruits =
[“mango”,”apple”,"guaua”,"pomegranate","c
herry”]
• In above
0
list1 items2 from mango
3
to cherry
4
are 0 to
4 Mango
and from cherry to mango will be -1 to -5
Apple Guaua Pomegranate cherr
y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
• If list element is large, it will store the
reference in the list and the values
will be stored somewhere else.

• List elements are accessed just like

string like str[2] means character at
2nd index List1[2] means elements at
2nd index and List1[1:3] means all
items between index 1 to 2
 • Another similarities are :
Length : the same len() function we can use on list
to find out number of elements in the list
Indexing and Slicing
Membership operators (in and not
in) Concatenation and replication
operators + and *
• Accessing individual elements:
•• >>>
>>> a[1]
a = [1,2,3,4,5]
#2
• >>> a[3] #4
• >>> a[-2] #4
• >>> a[5] #
Error
• Although there are many similarities in
String and List but there are many
difference between them also and the main
difference is Strings are immutable
whereas Lists are mutable

• >>> student =
[1,‟Akash‟,‟XIA‟,3150]
• >>> student[3]=6300
• >>> student
• [1,‟Akash‟,‟XIA‟,6300]
• Just like String , We can use “for” loop to traverse
the list.

val = [10,20,30,50,100]
for i in val:
print(i)

Program to print list elements along with their index

(both +ve,-ve)
val = [10,20,30,50,100]
length = len(val)
for i in range(length):
print ("At Index ", i," and index ",i-
• Python allows us to use all the relational operators on
list like ==, >=,
<=,!=,>,<
• Python will compare individual elements of each list.
>>> L1=[1,3,5]
>>> L2=[1,3,5]
>>> L3=[1,5,3]
>>> L1==L2
True
>>> L1==L3
False
>>> L1<L2
False
>>> L1<L3
True
>>> L4=[1,3,6]
>>>L1<L4
True
Comparison Result Reason

[1,2,8,9] <[9,1] True 1<9

[1,2,8,9]<[1,2, True 8<9

9,1]
[1,2,8,9]<[1,2, True 8<9
9,10]
[1,2,8,9]<[1,2, False 9<4 is false
8,4]
• Joining List
• Jointing the 2 list is very easy, we can use
(+) to join 2 or
more list
• Fruits=[“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”]
• Veg=[“spinach”,”carrot”,”potato”]
•• Fveg
Fveg = Fruits + Veg
# [“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”,
“spinach”,”carrot”,”potato”]

• Remember: you can only add list with

another list not with int, float, complex,
or string type.
• Repeating of Replicating List
• Repeating any list is very easy, we can use
(*)
• Fruits=[“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”]
• Fruits*2
#[“apple”,”mango”,”grapes”,“apple”,”mango”,”gr
• String slicing
apes”]
• Listname[start # from start index to
:End] end-1 index
val = [10,20,30,40,1,2,3,100,200]
print(val[0:3])
print(val[3:8])
print(val[-4:-
1]) val2 =
val[2:-2]
print(val2)
print(val2[0:])
print(val[::-1])
val[5]=101
val = [10,20,30,40,1,2,3,100,200]
print(val[3:50])
print(val[-20:4])
print(val[10:20])

Step slicing in
List
val =
[10,20,30,40,1,2,3,100,
200]
print(val[0:9:2]) #
10,30,1,3,200
val =
[10,20,30,40,1,2,3,100,200]
print(val[2:9:3])
print(val[::3])
print(val[::-2])
 c

val =
[10,20,30,40,1,2,3,100,200,10,20,30,11,12,15,17,19,90,77,35]
slice1 =
val[5:15:2]
slice2 =
val[::4] sum =
0
for x in slice1:
print(x,
"==",en
d='')
sum+=
x
print("Sum of
slice1
elements are
",sum)
items=["One","Two","Three
","Four"] items[0:2]=[1,2]
for i in items:
print(i,end
=' ')
items[0:3]="Fan
tastic" print()
for i in
items:
print(
i,end=' ')
>>> items=[1,2,3,4]
>>>
>>> # [1,2,3,‟h‟,‟e‟,‟l‟,‟l‟,‟o‟], it
items[3:]=“hello”
items will work because string is
also a as:
But if you try to assign sequence
items[3:] = 100 # Error

If we pass index which is more than highest

range, then Python will use next position
after the highest index for e.g.
>>> items[100:200]=[111,222]
Python will append these values to the
end of list
>>>items
[1,2,3,‟h‟,‟e‟,‟l‟,‟l‟,‟o‟,111,222]
• So far we have worked with How the Lists are
declared, How to access individual elements of
List, How to perform Slicing and so on, Now we
are going to deal with basic operation on list like :
Appending, Updating, Deleting items from List

• Appending elements to a List : appending means

adding new items to the end of list. To perform
this we use append() method to add single item
to the end of the list.
>>> Items = [10,20,30]
>>> Items.append(40)
>>> Items # [10,20,30,40]
• Updating elements
of a list
ListName[index] = new
value
Items =
[10,20,30,40]
Items[3] = [10,20,30,
100 Items 100]
• Deleting items from a List: to delete items from
list we will use del statement. To delete single
item give index, and to delete multiple items
use slicing
• Deleting single elements of a list
Items = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
del items[2]
Items [10,20,40,50,60,70]

• Deleting multiple elements of a list

• Items = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
• del items[0:3]
• Items [40,50,60,70]
• If we use del items then it will delete all the elements
and the list
too i.e. now no list with the name items will exist in
• We can also use pop() to remove single elements,
not list slices. It not only deletes elements but
also returns it. Both del and pop() are same
except pop() deletes and return the deleted
value.
>>>Items = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
>>>Items.pop() # if no index is passed last
item will be deleted
70
>>>Items.pop(2) 30

We can also store the deleted

values by pop() as:
N1 = items.pop()
N2 = items.pop(3)
• Sometimes we need to make a
copy of a list and we generally
do this by assignment as :
a = [10,20,30]
b=a
But this will not make b as duplicate
list of a ; rather just like python does it
will make b to point to where a is
pointing i.e. both will refer to same
memory address
>>> # means b is nothing
but
a
„alias‟ of a
10,20,10
>>> a[2]=100
>>> 0
b #
• But if we don‟t want copy like this and we
want to modify each list separately, then we
have to use list() to create a copy of list and
both can be modified without affecting
other.
>>>a = [10,20,30]
>>>b =
list(a)
a[2]=100
>>>a
[10,20,100
]
>>>b
[10,20,30]
• Python provides many built-in functions and
methods for list manipulation.
• The syntax of using list functions is :
• ListObjectName.functionName()
• There are many list functions like:
• index()
• append()
• extend()
• insert()
• pop()
• remove()
• clear()
• count()
• reverse()
• sort()
• This function is used to get the index of first
matched item from the list. It returns index
value of item to search.
• For example
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,50,20]
>>> L1.index(20)
1 # item first matched at index 1
Note: if we pass any element which is not in
the list then index function will return an
error: ValueError: n is not in the list
>>> L1.index(100) #Error
• This function is used to add items to the end of the
list.
• For example
>>> family=[“father”,”mother”,”bro”,”sis”]
>>> family.append(“Tommy”)
>>> family
[“father”,”mother”,”bro”,”sis”,
”Tommy”]
Note: append() funtion will add the new item but not
return any value. Let us#understand this:
Empty will not store any
>>> L1=[10,20,30] item of L1
>>> L2
>>> L2=L1.append(40)
>>> L1
[10, 20, 30,
40]
• This function is also used for adding multiple
items. With extend we can add only “list” to any
list. Single value cannot be added using
extend()
• For example
>>> subject1=["physics","chemistry","cs"]
>>> subject2=["english","maths"]
>>> subject1.extend(subject2)
>>> subject1
['physics', 'chemistry', 'cs', 'english', 'maths']
Note: here subject1 will add the contents of
subject2 in it without effecting subject2
Like append(), extend() also does not return
any value.
>>> subject3 = subject1.extend(subject2)
• append() allows to add only 1 items to a
list, extend() can add multiple items to a
list.
>>> m1=[1,2,3,4]
>>> m2=[100,200]
>>> m1.append(5)
>>> m1
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> m1.append(6,7)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#16>", line
1, in <module>
m1.append(6,7)
>>> m1.append([6,7])
>>> m1
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, [6, 7]]
>>> len(m1) 6
Now let us see
extend() function
>>> m2 [100, 200]
>>>
m2.extend(300)

Traceback (most
recent call last):
>>>
m2.extend([300,40
>>> m2
0])
[100, 200, 300,
400]
>>>
len(m2)
4
• This function is used to add elements to list like
append() and extend(). However both append() and
extend() insert the element at the end of the list. But
insert() allows us to add new elements anywhere in
the list i.e. at position of our choice.
ListObject.insert(Position,item)

>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,50]
>>> L1
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
>>> L1.insert(3,35)
>>> L1
[10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 50]
>>>
>>>
L1=[10,20,30,40,5
0]
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
>>> L1
>>> L1.insert(0,5) #beginn
>>> L1 ing
[5,10, 20, 30, 40,
50] #la
>>> st
L1.insert(len(L1),10
0)
>>> L1
[5,10, 20, 30, 40,
50,100]
>>> L1.insert(-
• We have read about this function earlier, it is used
to remove item from list.
ListObject.pop([i # if index is not passed last item
ndex]) will be deleted
>>>
L1=[10,20,30,40,50]
>>> L1.pop()
50
>>> val = L1.pop(2)
>>> val
30
>>> L1 [10,
20, 40]
>>>
• The pop() method raises an exception(run
time error) if
the list is already empty.
>>> L1= [ ]
>>> L1.pop()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#19>", line 1, in
<module> L1.pop()
IndexError: pop from empty list
pop() function is used to remove element whose
position is given, but what if you know the value to be
removed, but you dont know its index or
position in the list? Answer is: remove()
It remove the first occurance of given item from the list
and return error if there is no such item in the list. It
will not return any value.
>>> L1.remove(5)
>>> L1
[1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 3, 7]
>>> L1.remove(3)
>>> L1
[1, 7, 9, 11, 3, 7]
>>> L1.remove(10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in
ValueError: list.remove(x):x not in list
<module> L1.remove(10)
This function removes all the
items from the list and the list
becomes empty list.
List.clear()
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,50]
>>> L1.clear()
>>> L1
[]
Note: unlike ‘del listname’ statement,
clear() will removes only the elements
and not the list. After clear() the list
object still exists as an empty list
This function returns the count of the item
that you pased as an argument. If the given
item
>>> is not in the list, it returns zero.
L1=[10,20,30,40,20,30,1
00]
>>>
L1.count(20)
2
>>>
L1.count(40)
1
>>>
This function reverses the items in the list.
This is done i place
i.e. It wil not create a new list . The syntax to
use reverse() is:
>>> L1=[10,20,30,40,20,30,100]
>>> L1.reverse()
>>> L1
[100, 30, 20, 40, 30, 20, 10]
>>> L2=[11,22,33]
>>> #
>>> L3=L2.reverse() #it will not return any
L3 empt
value
[] y
This function sorts the items of the list,
by default increasing order. This is done «in
place» i.e. It does not create new list.
>>> L1=[10,1,7,20,8,9,2]
>>> L1.sort()
>>> L1
[1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20]
>>> L2=['g','e','a','c','b','d']
>>> L2.sort()
>>> L2
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'g']
>>> L1.sort(reverse=True) # for
descending order
>>>L1
[20, 10, 9, 8, 7, 2, 1]