21ECO101T

SHORT RANGE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

A
A
A
R
N

D
LE
LE
LE
Dr. D. Tharani
ECE
 SHORT RANGE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Unit-4 – Wireless standards

1 FCC Regulations, Terms and definitions
2 Nomenclature for defining Emission, modulation and transmission
3 Technical Background to the WPAN Concept, Regulation and Standardization
Issues, European Consortium: Overview
4 Millimeter-Wave Applications and Services
5 PAN scenarios in the IST Magnet project, Typical LDR services connected to the
IST-FP6 MAGNET project
6 Frequency Regulation and Standardization Issues - Optional UM4 usage models
issued from the IEEE802.15.3c TGh, Flexible antenna gain,
7 60 GHz regulation status for wireless transmissions

8 Channel Propagation Characterization and Modeling, 60 GHz Propagation

Measurements, Propagation Channel Characterization
9 Multipath Propagation Modeling

Ref[3] chapter 18, 19, 20

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Regulations

• Title 47 of the United States Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter

I, sets out the FCC Rules and Regulations relating to radio and
telecommunication equipment.
• These requirements are both technical and administrative.
• The regulations are divided into parts, each part dealing with a particular class
of equipment.
• Most of the short-range devices that we are concerned fall under Part 15,
which among other things details the requirements for low-power, unlicensed
devices.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Regulations-Terms and definitions

• Assigned frequency band

• The frequency band within which the emission of a station is authorized
• Carrier Power (of a radio transmitter)
• average power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during
one radio frequency cycle taken under the condition of no modulation (RR).
• Duplex operation
• Operating method in which transmission is possible simultaneously in both
directions of a telecommunication channel.
• International telecommunication union (ITU)
• An international organization within the United Nations System where governments
and the private sector coordinate global telecom networks and services.
• Effective radiated power (e.r.p.) (in a given direction).
• The product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to a half-
wave dipole in a given direction.
• Equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.)
• The product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain in a given
direction relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or isotropic gain).
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Regulations-Terms and definitions
• Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) (of radio frequency energy) applications.
Operation of equipment or appliances designed to generate and use locally
radiofrequency energy for industrial, scientific, medical, domestic or similar purposes,
excluding applications in the field of telecommunications.
• Interference. The effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of emissions,
radiations, or inductions upon reception in a radiocommunication system, manifested by
any performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be
extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy.
• Gain of an antenna. The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, of the power required at
the input of a loss free reference antenna to the power supplied to the input of the
given antenna to produce, in a given direction, the same field strength or the same
power flux-density at the same distance. When not specified otherwise, the gain refers
to the direction of maximum radiation. The gain may be considered for a specified
polarization.
• Radio: general term applied to the use of radio waves
• Radio communication: telecommunication by use of radio waves
• Radiation: outward flow of energy from any source in the form of radio waves
Nomenclature for defining Emission, modulation and transmission
Nomenclature for defining Emission, modulation and transmission
Nomenclature for defining Emission, modulation and transmission
Technical Background to the WPAN Concept -Regulation and Standardization Issues
• The concept of WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) is a technical framework for
creating short-range wireless networks designed for personal and small-scale
communication.
• The most common and well-known WPAN technology is Bluetooth, which allows devices
to connect and exchange data over a short range.
• WPANs have many practical applications, including wireless headphones, keyboards, and
IoT (Internet of Things) devices.
• Short-Range Communication: WPANs are designed for short-range communication,
typically within a range of a few meters up to about 100 meters. This short-range nature
is essential for personal and small-scale device connections, reducing interference and
power consumption.
• Frequency Bands: WPAN technologies operate in various frequency bands, depending
on the region and specific standard. For instance, Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz
ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band. Other WPAN technologies, like Zigbee,
may use the 2.4 GHz or 915 MHz bands.
• Topology: WPANs often use a point-to-point or point-to-mu ltipoint topology,
where one device (e.g., a smartphone) connects to multiple peripheral devices (e.g., a
mouse, keyboard, or wireless headphones).
• Data Rate: WPANs offer varying data rates, with newer versions providing higher
speeds. For example, Bluetooth 5 can offer data rates of up to 2 Mbps.
• Low Power: Many WPAN technologies are designed to be energy-efficient, making them
suitable for battery-operated devices, such as wearables and IoT sensors.
Technical Background to the WPAN Concept -Regulation and Standardization Issues
2002 FCC regulation parts permitted UWB radio communication systems to operate as
license-exempt short range systems in the {3.1–10.6} GHz band
•starting point of standardization activities concerning WPAN communications
for telecommunication applications

2005 Wi-Media alliance used the fast track procedure of the ISO/IEC ECMA
organization  UWB OFDM based proposal to the ECMA Technical Committee
2003 IEEE802.15.3 SIG was created to deal with 60 GHz radio communications
*TG-Task Group, *SIG-Special Interest Group, *IEC-International Electrotechnical
Commission , *ECMA- European Computer Manufacturers Association
European Consortium: Overview
• 1996, several European consortiums have been formed to define 60 GHz WPAN/WLAN
systems.
• Within the IST MAGNET project [2002–2005], milimeter wavelength UWB-OFDM
systems have been designed and evaluated by France Telecom R&D to achieve bit rates
up to 1 Gbps over 528 MHz subchannels.
Millimeter-Wave Applications

• Millimeter-wave (mm Wave) technology refers to the use of radio frequencies in the
30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz) range.
• 5G and Beyond: Millimeter-wave bands are being utilized in 5G networks to provide
high-speed, low-latency connectivity, particularly in densely populated urban areas.
• Wireless Backhaul: mm Wave technology is used for wireless backhaul to connect cell
towers and support high-capacity data transmission for cellular networks.
• Short-Range Communications: mm Wave can enable high-speed, short-range
wireless communications for applications like data transfer, augmented reality (AR),
and virtual reality (VR).
• Imaging and Sensing: mm Wave is used for imaging and sensing applications,
including security scanners, autonomous vehicles (LiDAR), and industrial
automation.
• Satellite Communications: Some satellite communication systems use millimeter-
wave frequencies to provide high data throughput.
• Point-to-Point Links: mm Wave technology can create high-capacity point-to-point
links for various purposes, such as connecting buildings or establishing temporary
Millimeter-Wave Applications and Services
• Millmeter-wave application and services are directed towards WPAN applications
covered by the IST-MAGNET project.
• With the IST-MAGNET project, a Personal Network (PN) concept network has been
introduced to establish communications between users.
• A PN is a federation of several PAN networks based on peer-to-peer architectures,
flexible air interfaces (AI) to cover a large bit rate range and common convergence layer
to select the most appropriate AI in compliance with the expected QoS and radio
coverage.
• A core PAN is centered on each user and is connected to several devices each bearing a
dedicated service or several services into a single radio link (Private PAN).
• Several core PANs communicate together in a multi-PANs manner, using either common
devices or dedicated FEDNET (Federation of Network) architectures
PAN scenarios in the IST Magnet
Three MAGNET PAN scenarios are defined:
1. A Private PAN (P-PAN) is core PAN associated to a user enable to establish communications with
dynamic/static collection of personal devices around a person (core PAN). The P-PAN is designed as
‘personal wireless bubble’ where the BAN is a particular case of P-PAN.
2. A PAN is a P-PAN enable to communicate with remote foreigners linked to other P-PANs through
common devices.
3. A multi-PAN is a communication system where several PAN communicate together using the
FEDNET concept.
Typical LDR services connected to the IST-FP6 MAGNET project

Low Data Rate (LDR)

Characteristics of 60 GHz frequency band
The 60 GHz frequency band is an unlicensed millimeter-wave range that can deliver
impressive speeds and high throughput, particularly in Line of Sight (LOS) scenarios.

• Unlicensed and Interference Free • Shorter Range

• This spectrum spans 57 GHz - 64 GHz and is widely • The maximum distance
available, especially when compared to the 2.4 that 60 GHz links can
and 5 GHz bands. You can divide this 7 GHz of cover is approximately 2-
spectrum into channels ranging from 1 to 2 GHz 3 kilometers (or 1.5-1.8
wide. miles) because the 60
• Massive Throughput GHz signal is absorbed by
• Some products currently available on the market oxygen in the
can achieve throughput ranging from 1 to 7 Gbps atmosphere.
within this frequency band.
• Line of Sight
• Because 60 GHz uses a highly focused, small
beam width, Line of Sight between links is crucial..
• Rain Fade
• Anticipate rain signal degradation for 60 GHz
connections, especially when they are pushing the
limits of their range.
Applications of 60 GHz
• Gigabit Backhaul
• The impressive combination of high aggregate speeds and minimal latency in 60
GHz products makes them a great choice for network backhaul, especially over
shorter distances.
A backhaul is a combination of
copper, fiber, or wireless links
that connect core (backbone)
networks with subnetworks
utilized by end users to access
the web
• Faster Point to Multipoint Systems
• The need for higher data throughput has prompted service providers to go beyond
just using 60 GHz for Point-to-Point connections; they are also harnessing its
potential to deliver faster speeds to multiple client locations when needed.

• Video Surveillance
• In security applications where wired camera connections may not
be feasible, organizations are using 60 GHz technology to actively
connect remote video cameras.
• Links are installed to support 4k video, reliably delivering the
required throughput for a large number of cameras in a system
Frequency Regulation and Standardization Issues
• Harmonization of regulations for license-exempt operations in the 60 GHz range between
Europe, Asia, the United States, Canada and Australia.
Optional UM4 usage models issued from the IEEE802.15.3c TG
Flexible antenna gain
60 GHz regulation status for wireless transmissions.
• {54.25–66} GHz band is split into several parts dedicated to separate services
{54.25– WPANs does not cause
harmful
58.2} GHz interference with
intersatellite
communications.

{58.2–59} military
and {64– applications
65} GHz
bands

{59–64} WPAN mobile and fixed

links
{65–66} applications
GHz
bands

{61–61.5} industrial, require special

scientific and authorization
GHz band medical (ISM)
applications

{57–64} addressed for

GHz band license
radio
exempt

applications.

•military applications in some special bands involve

forbidden bands. The associated spectrum allocation
is denoted Europe_2
60 GHz regulation status for wireless transmissions.

USA and {57.05– unlicensed

Canada 64} GHz wireless
applications

Japan and {59–66} unlicensed

Korea GHz low-power
radio stations

Korea- {57–64} indoor

Millimeter GHz WPANs and
Wave point-to-point
band outdoor radio
links
Frequency
Study
Group
(MWFSG)

Australia {59.4– Low

62.9} Interference
GHz Potential
Devices
(LIPDs)
Channel Propagation Characterization and Modeling- 60 GHz Propagation
Measurements

• 60 GHz multipath propagation channel has been investigated by France Telecom R&D
through the RNRT COMMINDOR project, the IST-MAGNET project and IEEE802.15.3c
TG.
• France Telecom has carried out many measurements to characterize the 60 GHz
multipath channel in the time and spatial/angular domains.
• Siemens carried out 60 GHz dedicated measurements published through IEEE802.15.3c
TG that lead to similar 60 GHz propagation characteristics.
• Additionally, material measurements have been assessed to provide transmission and
reflection coefficients used in a ray-tracing model.
• Due to oxygen and water vapor absorption, the 60 GHz band experiences significant
attenuation over longer distances.
• Measurement and modeling must account for these effects, which can be influenced
by weather conditions.
• Parameters measured are;
 Tx antenna beam width
 Rx antenna beam width
 Tx antenna gain
 Rx antenna gain

Beam width is the aperture angle from where most of the power is radiated.
Propagation Channel Characterization
• France Telecom carried out measurements to specify path-loss attenuation, multipath
channel and spatial variations of the millimeter-wave channel in indoor environments.
• Residential and office environments have been considered.
• Vertical polarization has been mainly studied.
• Wideband selectivity parameters of the channel have been evaluated upon the
 Average Power Delay Profile (APDP) of the channel P(τ ):
average power of the received signal in terms of the delay with respect to the first
arrival path in multi- path transmission
 RMS delay spread σDS:
metric used to characterize the multipath propagation delay in a wireless channel. It
quantifies the amount of delay dispersion experienced by a signal as it propagates
through different paths from transmitter to receiver.
 delay window Wx% associated with the centered window containing x% energy of
the APDP of the channel,
 delay interval Iy corresponding to the delay duration associated to a dynamic range
set to y dB on the APDP and
 coherence bandwidth Bc-x of the channel:
statistical measurement of the range of frequencies over which the channel can be
considered "flat"
Propagation Channel Characterization
• The coherence bandwidth is simply deduced from the FFT transform applied on the
APDP under Wide Sense Stationnary Uncorrelated Scaterrers (WSSUS) assumptions.
• Bc-x is the frequency spacing associated with power level x of the normalized
correlation coefficient.
• Qx corresponds to the cumulative distribution function associated with Prob {X < x}.
• Siemens published similar propagation characteristics where the impact of antenna was
analyzed.
Multipath Propagation Modeling, France Telecom Propagation Channel Models
• In radio communication, multipath is
the propagation phenomenon that results
in radio signals reaching the
receiving antenna by two or more paths.
• Causes of multipath atmospheric
ducting, ionospheric
reflection and refraction,
and reflection from water bodies and
terrestrial objects such as mountains and
buildings.
• When the same signal is received over
more than one path, it can
create interference and phase shifting of
the signal.

FIR filter
In signal processing, a finite impulse
response filter is a filter whose impulse
response is of finite duration, because
it settles to zero in finite time.
Multipath Propagation Modeling, France Telecom Propagation Channel Models
• The UWB/WB propagation channel model developed by France Telecom differs from the
classical tapped delay line model approach.
• The proposed model resorts from a two-dimensional multirate filter applied on selected
measured Channel Impulse Responses (CIRs) of the channel issued from a statistical
analysis of the selectivity parameters of the channel.
• The model generates a time-variant filter with the simulated system using the system
bandwidth to filter the channel and carries out a conversion rate using an optimized
interpolator-decimator filter.
• This modeling approach has been primarily introduced for WLANs at 5 GHz and extended
to many other applications.
• Actually, we use this concept to model the UWB channel.
• The main advantage results in a realistic representation of the channel in connection
with measurements in the face of stochastic models.
Multipath Propagation Modeling, France Telecom Propagation Channel Models

• Tsig is the sampling period of the communication system

• b(k, n) are the coefficients of the baseband equivalent measured impulse response of the
Channel
*CEPD-Canal Enregistré de Propagation Déterministe