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    Werners Coordination Theory_DMKI

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    Werners Coordination Theory_DMKI

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    Werners Coordination Theory_DMKI

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    of 8

    Werner’s Coordination

    Theory

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    1
    DMKI
    Werner’s Coordination Theory
    The advanced brilliant theory to explain the bonding and
    characteristics of the complex compounds had been delivered
    by the Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry, Professor Alfred
    Werner in 1893 (when he was only 26).
    The theory is known as the Coordination Theory of Complex
    Compunds and based upon the certain assumptions that are
    summarized below:
    DMKI 2
    Werner’s Coordination Theory-Continued
    In coordination compounds metals possesses
    two types of linkages (valences)-
    Primary and Secondary.
     The primary valences are normally ionizable
    and can be balanced by negative ions.
     The secondary valences are non-ionizable
    and can be balanced by negative, neutral or
    positive ions. The balancing of the secondary
    valency is mandatory. The balancing
    molecules or ions are called ligand. Usually,
    secondary valency is equal to the
    coordination no. of the metal atom and fixed
    for a definite metal.
    DMKI 3
    Werner’s Coordination Theory-Continued
     Every complex compound has a metal
    atom situated at the center of a
    coordination sphere. The secondary
    valences are directed in space within the
    coordination sphere of the metal atom.
     The coordinated groups (secondary
    valences or ligands) are arranged in
    symmetrical manner in space. The
    fulfillment of the coordination number
    (secondary valences or ligands) appears
    to be the essential criterion in complex
    compunds.
    DMKI 4
    Werner’s Coordination Theory-Continued

    Thus, if the coordination no. is six (06) then the


    secondary valences are directed to the six corners
    of a regular octahedron; for coordination no. four
    (04) , the secondary valences will occupy the four
    corners of a square plane or a tetrahedron
    depending on the nature of the metal ion and
    ligand. So, the postulates also predicts the
    existence of isomerism (geometrical and optical) of
    the complex compounds which are experimentally
    proved.
    DMKI 5
    Werner’s Coordination Theory-Continued

    • Co(III)’s primary valency is


    shown by broken line. So, its
    primary valency is 3 (oxidation
    number). Three chloride ions
    fulfill this.
    • Co(III)’s secondary valency is
    shown by solid line. Six (06)
    ammonia fulfill this. So, the
    secondary valency of Co(III) is
    6.
    DMKI 6
    Werner’s Coordination Theory-Continued

    Ammonia molecules enter to the coordination sphere of


    Co(III) (that’s why Cl- can not enter to the coordination sphere
    of Co(III)) and connected directly to the Co(III) as ligands. Cl -
    exists far apart from the metal and thereby reactive ad ionize
    in aqueous solution . So, for this complex, two types of ions
    can be seen in aqueous solution: [Co(NH3)6]3+ and 3Cl-. And,

    CoCl3.6NH3 can be written as [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 .


    DMKI 7
    Limitations of Werner’s Coordination
    Theory

    • It failed to explain why all elements don't form coordination


    compounds.

    • It failed to explain the directional properties of bonds in


    coordination compounds.

    • It does not able to explain the color, magnetic and optical


    properties shown by the coordination compounds.

    DMKI 8

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