BLACK HOLES

INDEX
INTRODUCTION TO BLACK HOLES
WHAT ARE BLACK HOLES
HOW ARE BLACK HOLES
CREATED
TYPES OF BLACK HOLES
PARTS OF BLACK HOLES
TERMS RELATED TO BLACKHOLES
END OF BLACKHOLE
 INTRODUCTION

 Objects whose gravitational fields are too

strong for light to escape were first considered
in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-
Simon Laplace.
 They calculated the mass and size, which is
now called the “Event Horizon”.
 Later, in 1915, Einstein predicted the existence
of black holes with his General relativity theory.
 In 1967, John Wheeler, an American
theoretical physicist, applied the term of black
holes to what it means now.
 WHAT ARE BLACK HOLES?
 A black hole is a great amount of matter packed in a
very small area. It is a place in space which has
such a big gravitational field, that nothing, not even
light can escape.
 Scientist cant directly observe black holes, and the
only way to perceive them is by detecting their effect
on other matter nearby.
 As the attracted matter accelerates and heats up, it
emits X-rays that radiate into space, emitting
powerful gamma rays burst, which devour nearby
stars.
 Since the Milky Way contains over 100 billion stars,
our home galaxy must harbor some 100 million
black holes.
 HOW ARE BLACK HOLES CREATED
(STELLAR BLACK HOLES)
 Black holes are created is from dying stars. Inside a star, the
nuclear fuel of a star and its own gravity collide, this creates
stability.
 But when it runs out of nuclear fuel, gravity compresses the
star.
 The outer layers explode into a supernova, and the centre
implodes. After that, a black holes is created.
 For smaller stars, the new core will become a neutron star or
a white dwarf.
 Stellar black holes then consume the dust and gas from their
surrounding galaxies, which keeps them growing in size.
 1931: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar calculated, using
special relativity, that a star above a certain limiting mass
(now called the Chandrasekhar limit at 1.4 Solar Mass) has no
stable solutions.
 TYPES OF BLACK HOLES(BASE
ON SIZE)
• MINIATURE BLACK HOLES: These type of
black holes have event horizons as atomic
particles. Physicists suggest that these were
created during Big Bang. Miniature black holes
were created more than 10 billion years ago,
and they compressed into a really small point,
which later exploded and created a massive
explosion.
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK
HOLES
These enormous black holes are millions or
even billions of times as massive as the sun
but are about the same size in diameter.
Such black holes are thought to lie at the
center of pretty much every galaxy,
including the Milky Way: SAGITTARIUS A*.
They gather mass from the dust and gas
around them, allowing them to grow to
even more enormous sizes.
Supermassive black holes may be the result
of hundreds or thousands of tiny black
holes that merge.
INTERMEDIATE BLACK HOLES
Research has revealed the possibility that midsize,
or intermediate, black holes (IMBHs) could exist.
Such bodies could form when stars in a cluster
collide in a chain reaction.
Several of these IMBHs forming in the same
region could then eventually fall together in the
center of a galaxy and create a supermassive
black hole.
Research, from 2018, suggested that these IMBHs
may exist in the heart of dwarf galaxies (or very
small galaxies).
BASED ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 SHWARZSCHILD BLACK HOLE: No charge,
or rotation, the simplest type of black hole that
exist.
 REISSNER-NORDSTROM BLACK HOLE: No
rotation, but has electrical charge.
 KERR-NEWMAN BLACK HOLE: Has charge
and rotates.
 KERR BLACK HOLE: Rotates but has no
charge
 WHITE HOLES
 White holes are
theoretical cosmic
regions that function in
the opposite way to
black holes. Just as
nothing can escape a
black hole, nothing can
enter a white hole.
 It cannot absorb matter
only expulse it.
 White holes were long
thought to be a figment
of general relativity born
from the same equations
as black holes.
WORMHOLE(EINSTEIN-
ROSEN BRIDGE)
• Wormhole is combination of black
hole and white hole.
• A wormhole is a speculative
structure linking disparate points
in spacetime.
• Theoretically, a wormhole might
connect extremely long distances
such as a billion light years, or short
distances such as a few meters, or
different points in time, or
 EVENT HORIZON
 The event horizon of a black hole is a
boundary in space-time where light and
matter can only enter the black hole.
 Matter and light falling inwards pass the
event horizon and can only move towards
the center of the black hole.
 Nothing escapes the event horizon once
it is within.
 Some theories say only radiation can
escape this area
 ERGOSPHERE
The ergosphere is an
ellipsoidal region located just
outside the black hole, such
as the poles which touch the
event horizon.
The ergosphere is a region in
which an effect known as
frame-dragging occurs.
In this process, space-time is
dragged in the direction of
the rotating black hole at
speeds greater than the
speed of light in the
observable universe.
Since the ergosphere is
situated outside the event
horizon, one can still
• ACCRETION DISK: Forms around
the black hole consisting of
matter that forms an cloud
around the black hole.
• Matter in the disk gradually falls
into the black hole and the
accretion disk is visible as long as
the black hole has a continual
source of matter.
• PHOTON SPHERE: A region
where photons are forced to
travel in orbits around the black
hole due to the gravitational
influence of the black hole.
• The orbits are not very stable so
any minor disturbance can cause
the photons to either escape
from the sphere or cause an
inward spiral passing the event
horizon and eventually reaching
the center of the black hole.
 SINGULARITY
 The singularity is the center of the black
hole where space-time becomes
infinitely curved. The singularity is
infinitely dense and the laws of physics
break down here as matter reaches its
presence.
 Theoretically, singularity has no volume
 For non-rotating black holes the
singularity takes the shape of a single
point, whereas for rotating black holes, it
forms a ring singularity.
RELATIVISTIC JETS
Super-massive black holes in the centers of some
active galaxies create powerful jets of radiation
and particles travelling close to the speed of light.
Instead of falling into the black hole, a small
fraction of particles get accelerated to speed
almost as great as the speed of light and spew out
in two narrow beams along the axis of rotation of
the black hole.
These jets are believed to be the sources of the
fastest-travelling particles in the Universe --
cosmic rays/gamma ray bursts.
These jets are also called as death rays as jets
eventually get strong enough to blow gas out of
the galaxy and shut off the formation of new stars!
 TERMS RELATED TO BLACK
HOLE
 SCHWARZSCHILD RADIUS: This is the event
horizon’s radius. It is the radius at which
escape velocity is equal to speed of light. Its
formula is given by: R=2GM/c^2.
 SPAGHETTIFICATION: This term refers to the
effect a black hole imposes on a body or
matter. This term was given by Stephen
Hawkin, where he compared this effect of
spaghettis, saying that you are stretched
and you turn so thin that you break apart
and transform into matter.
DO BLACK HOLE DIE?
 HAWKING RADIATION AND INFORMATION
PARADOX

 One of the unusual occurrences within a black

hole is the paradox of information.
 This paradox states that physical information
within a black hole would be lost and, as a
consequence, many different physical states
would evolve into the same state.
 The principle accepted by most scientists is
that any information of a given physical
system at a given point in time will determine
its state at another time.
 Black holes seem to violate this principle.
 Stephen W. Hawking proposed in 1974 that subatomic
particle pairs (photons, neutrinos, and some massive
particles) arising naturally near the event horizon may
result in one particle’s escaping the vicinity of the
black hole while the other particle, of negative energy,
disappears into it.
 Hawking radiation reduces the mass and rotational
energy of black holes and is therefore also theorized to
cause black hole evaporation.
 Because of this, black holes that do not gain mass
through other means are expected to shrink and
ultimately vanish.
 For all except the smallest black holes, this would
happen extremely slowly.
 The radiation temperature is inversely proportional to
the black hole's mass, so micro black holes are
predicted to be larger emitters of radiation than larger