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ES-Q2-M5

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MODULE 5

DATING THE
EARTH
GROUP 5
VOCABULARY
Relative Dating: A method to arrange geological events and rock formations in a
sequence.

 Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers (strata) and their sequence.

 Stratum(plural:strata): Also known bedding of rocks; layer of sedimentary rock

 Stratification: The layered structure of sedimentary rocks, formed by the deposition


of sediments in distinct layers.

 Absolute Dating: A technique that provides specific age ranges for samples,
including radiocarbon dating for organic materials.

 Radiocarbon Dating: A specific method of absolute dating that uses the decay of
carbon-14 to determine the age of organic materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000
AGE OF EARTH
 Aristotle (384-322 BC): Believed in the
perpetual existence of Earth.
 Lucretius (15 BC-99 BC): Suggested a finite
1
Earth's age based on the absence of historical
records before the Trojan War.
 James Ussher (17th century): Estimated the
Earth's creation date to be around 4004 BC.
 Nicolas Steno (17th century): Developed
the concept of horizontal strata deposition.
 James Hutton (18th century): Proposed the
principle of uniformitarianism, suggesting that
geological processes operate consistently over
RELATIVE AGE
Relative dating is used to arrange geological
events, and the rocks they leave behind, in a
sequence. The method of reading the order is
called stratigraphy (layers of rock are called
strata). Relative dating does not provide actual
numerical dates for the rocks. Sedimentary
rocks have bedding, a kind of planar feature in
the rock. A layer of sedimentary rock that is
visually separable from other layer is a bed or
stratum/ strata.
How Stratified rocks are formed?
Stratification is a layered
structure formed by the
deposition of sedimentary rocks.
Changes between strata are
interpreted as the result of
fluctuations in the intensity and
persistence of the depositional
agent, e.g., currents, wind, or
waves, or in changes in the
source of the sediment.
Geologists use principles to
determine relative age:

1. Principle of 4. Principle of
superposition inclusion
2. Princple of 5. Principle of
original fossil
horizontality succession
3. Principle of cross- 6. Principle of
cutting unconformities
relationships
Principle of
superposition
states that in an
undisturbed sequence
of stratified rocks, each
layer is older than the
one above it and
younger than the one
below it.
Principle of
original
horizontality
states that sediments that
are deposited in flat
layers. Thus, if the rock
still maintains its
horizontal layers, it
means that it is not yet
disturbed and still has
its original horizontality
Principle of
cross-cutting
relationships
states that when a fault or a
dike – a slab of rock that
cuts through another rock –
or when magma intrudes to
the rock, that fault or
magma intrusions is
younger than the rock.
Principle of
inclusion
states that a
rock mass that
contains pieces
of rocks, called
inclusions, is
younger than
other rock
masses.
Principle of
fossil succession
( also known as the law of faunal
succession), . states that fossils appear in a
specific order in rock strata, and that this order
can be used to determine the relative age of the
rocks. Fossils closer to the surface are younger
than fossils deeper in the rock strata.
Principle of
unconformities
Unconformities are breaks in
the sedimentary rock record
that separate two rock layers
of different ages. They can be
caused by a period of time
when sediment deposition
stopped or was not
continuous, or when an area
of rock was eroded before a
new layer of sediment
accumulated.
Absolute Dating
VS
Radiocarbon
Absolute Dating
Absolute dating in geology is
a method for determining
3
the age of a material in
years. It involves measuring
the physical properties of an
object and using those
measurements to calculate
Radiocarbon Dating
Also known as carbon-14(isotope
of carbon) dating, this is an
absolute dating method that can
determine the age of organic
materials up to 60,000 years old.
It compares the ratio of carbon-14
to nitrogen-14 in a sample to
determine how much time has

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