Module 4

20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 1

Two Dimensional Arrays: 2-D
• Two dimensional array is known as matrix.
• The array declaration is done with two subscripts.
• Its syntax is :
Data-type array-name[row][column];
• Total no. of elements in 2-D array is calculated as row*column
• Example:- int a[2][3]; It means the matrix consists of 2 rows and 3 columns
Total no of elements=row*column - 2*3 =6
• For example:- 20 2 7
8 3 15
11 12 9
20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 2
2-D Arrays
Array data in memory
with address
Array data or Array data positions
Matrix data

24 15 34

26 134 194

67 23 345

20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 3

Operations on 2-D arrays
• For processing 2-d array, two nested for loops are used.
• The outer for loop corresponds to the row and the inner for loop
corresponds to the column.
• For example int a[4][5];
To display or output the value in matrix form:
To Read or input the value: for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
{ for(j=0; j<5; j++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++) {
{ printf(“%d\t”, a[i][j]);
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]); }
} printf(“\n”);
} 20-10-2023 } Prof. Shilpa B V 4
Initialization of 2-d array
• 2-D array can be initialized as follows.
• Example:- int mat[4][3]={11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22};
• These values are assigned to the elements row wise, so the values of
elements after this initialization are
• Mat[0][0]=11, Mat[0][1]=12, Mat[0][2]=13
• Mat[1][0]=14, Mat[1][1]=15, Mat[1][2]=16
• Mat[2][0]=17, Mat[2][1]=18, Mat[2][2]=19
• Mat[3][0]=20, Mat[3][1]=21, Mat[3][2]=22

20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 5

Initialization of 2-d array
• While initializing the elements can be grouped row wise using inner braces.
• for example:- int mat[4][3]={{11,12,13},{14,15,16},{17,18,19},{20,21,22}};
• And while initializing , it is necessary to mention the 2nd dimension where
1st dimension is optional.
• Example : int mat[][3];
int mat[2][3];

• Whereas int mat[][];

int mat[2][]; are invalid

20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 6

Initialization of 2-d array
• If the array is initialized as
int mat[4][3] = {{11},{12,13},{14,15,16},{17}};

• Then the compiler will assume its all rest value as 0,which are not defined.
• Mat[0][0]=11, Mat[0][1]=0, Mat[0][2]=0
• Mat[1][0]=12, Mat[1][1]=13, Mat[1][2]=0
• Mat[2][0]=14, Mat[2][1]=15, Mat[2][2]=16
• Mat[3][0]=17, Mat[3][1]=0, Mat[3][2]=0

20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 7

Program to find sum of elements of a matrix
# include<stdio.h> for(i=0; i<n; i++)
void main() {
{ for(j=0; j<m; j++)
int a[10][10], n,m, sum=0, i,j; {
printf(“enter row and col size\n”); sum = sum +a[i][j]);
scanf(“%d%d”,&n,&m); }
printf(“Enter elements of array\n”); }
for(i=0; i<n; i++) printf(“\nSum of elements of array = %d\n”,sum);
{ }
for(j=0; j<m; j++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]);
}
20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 8
}
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10][10], row,col, sum=0, i,j;
• The input and sum
printf(“enter row and col size\n”); calculation can be
scanf(“%d%d”,&row,&col); combined in one nested
printf(“Enter elements of array\n”); loop itself.
for(i=0; i<row; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<col; j++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]);
sum = sum + a[i][j];
}
}
printf(“\nSum of elements of array = %d\n”,sum);
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}
# include<stdio.h>
Addition of two matrices
void main( ) if((row1 == row2) && ( col1 == col2))
{ {
int a[10][10], row1,col1, b[10][10], row2,col2; for(i=0; i<row1; i++)
int s[10][10], i,j; for(j=0; j<col1; j++)
printf(“enter row and col size of matrix 1\n”); s[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
scanf(“%d%d”,&row1,&col1); printf(“sum of two arrays is : \n);
printf(“enter row and col size of matrix 2\n”); for(i=0; i<row1; i++)
scanf(“%d%d”,&row2,&col2); {
printf(“Enter elements of matrix1\n”); for(j=0; j<col1; j++)

for(i=0; i<row1; i++) { printf(“%d\t”, s[i][j]); }

printf(“\n”);
for(j=0; j<col1; j++)
}
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]);
} // closing of if…
printf(“Enter elements of matrix2\n”);
else
for(i=0; i<row2; i++)
printf(“rows and columns do not match\n”);
for(j=0; j<col2; j++)
} // closing of main
20-10-2023
scanf(“%d”, &b[i][j]); Prof. Shilpa B V 10
 if(col1 == row2)
Matrix multiplication {
# include<stdio.h> for(i=0; i<row1; i++)
void main( ) for(j=0; j<col2; j++)
{ {
int a[10][10], row1,col1, b[10][10], row2,col2; p[i][j] = 0;
int s[10][10], i,j,k;
for(k=0; k<row2; k++)
printf(“enter row and col size of matrix 1\n”);
p[i][j] = p[i][j] + (a[i][k] * b[k][j]);
scanf(“%d%d”,&row1,&col1);
}
printf(“enter row and col size of matrix 2\n”);
printf(“Product of two arrays is : \n);
scanf(“%d%d”,&row2,&col2);
// display p matrix
printf(“Enter elements of matrix1\n”);
// Input matrix 1 elements
} // closing of if…
printf(“Enter elements of matrix2\n”); else
// Input matrix 1 elements printf(“rows and columns do not match\n”);
} // closing of main
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• Write a program to perform matrix subtraction
• Write a program to find sum of principle diagonal matrix
• Write a program to check if given matrix is Unit matrix or not
• Write a program to transpose the matrix – row to column, column to row

20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 12

Passing 2D arrays to functions
• 2D Array can be passed as an argument by call by reference, ie., the address
of the array is passed
• To pass multidimensional arrays to a function, only the name of the array is
passed to the function - similar to one-dimensional arrays
• In the function definition, when passing two-dimensional arrays, it is not
mandatory to specify the number of rows, but, the number of columns
should always be specified.

20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V 13

 Program to calculate the sum of array elements by passing
#include}

to a function
#include <stdio.h> void displayNumbers(int num[ ][2])
void displayNumbers(int num[2][2]); {
// code
void main( ) }
{
int num[5][5], n, m, i; OR

printf("Enter number of rows and columns:\n");

void displayNumbers(int n, int m,int num[2][2])
scanf(“%d%d”,&n,&m); {
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) printf("Displaying:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
{
{
for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j)
scanf("%d", &num[i][j]); {
printf("%d\n", num[i][j]);
}
}
displayNumbers(n,m,num); }
} 20-10-2023 Prof. Shilpa B V
} 14
 INTRODUCTION-Strings
● A string is a null-terminated character array. This means that after the last character, a
null character (‘\0’) is stored to signify the end of the character array.
● The general form of declaring a string is
char str[size];
● For example if we write, char
str[] = “HELLO”;
We are declaring a character array with 5 characters namely, H, E, L, L and O. Besides, a
null character (‘\0’) is stored at the end of the string. So, the internal representation of the
string becomes- HELLO’\0’. Note that to store a string of length 5, we need 5 + 1 locations
(1 extra for the null character).
The name of the character array (or the string) is a pointer to the beginning of the string.

str[0] 1000
H
str[1] 1001
E
str[2] 1002
L
str[3] 1003
L
str[4] 1004
O
str[5] 1005
Str[6] \0
1006
 READING STRINGS
If we declare a string by writing char str[100];

Then str can be read from the user by using three ways.

using getchar()function repeatedly

The string can be read using scanf() by writing scanf(“%s”, str);
The string can be read by writing gets(str);

Note: gets() takes the starting address of the string which will hold the input. The string inputted using
gets() is automatically terminated with a null character.
The string can also be read by calling the getchar() repeatedly to read a sequence of single characters
(unless a terminating character is entered) and simultaneously storing it in a character array.
i=0;
getchar(ch);
while(ch != '*’)
{
str[i] = ch;
i++;
getchar(ch);
}
str[i] = '\0';
 WRITING STRINGS
The string can be displayed on screen using three ways
● use printf() function
● using puts() function
● using putchar()function repeatedly
The string can be displayed using printf() by writing printf(“%s”, str);
The string can be displayed by writing puts(str);
The string can also be written by calling the putchar() repeatedly to print a sequence of single
characters
i=0;
while(str[i] != ‘\0’)
{
putchar(str[i]);
i++;
}