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    W7 Linear Equations

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    Danny Manno
    The document discusses linear systems of equations and methods for solving them. It covers determining matrices, inverses of matrices using determinants and Gauss-Jordan elimination. It also describes using Gauss elimination to solve systems of equations represented by augmented matrices and back substitution. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving systems of 2x2, 3x3 and larger matrices.

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    W7 Linear Equations

    Uploaded by

    Danny Manno
    77 views36 pages
    The document discusses linear systems of equations and methods for solving them. It covers determining matrices, inverses of matrices using determinants and Gauss-Jordan elimination. It also describes using Gauss elimination to solve systems of equations represented by augmented matrices and back substitution. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving systems of 2x2, 3x3 and larger matrices.

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    The document discusses linear systems of equations and methods for solving them. It covers determining matrices, inverses of matrices using determinants and Gauss-Jordan elimination. It also describes using Gauss elimination to solve systems of equations represented by augmented matrices and back substitution. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving systems of 2x2, 3x3 and larger matrices.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    77 views36 pages

    W7 Linear Equations

    Uploaded by

    Danny Manno
    The document discusses linear systems of equations and methods for solving them. It covers determining matrices, inverses of matrices using determinants and Gauss-Jordan elimination. It also describes using Gauss elimination to solve systems of equations represented by augmented matrices and back substitution. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving systems of 2x2, 3x3 and larger matrices.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    Centre for Computer Technology

    ICT114 Mathematics for Computing


    Week 7

    Linear System of Equations

    Objectives
    Determinant

    of a Matrix Inverse of a Matrix Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss Jordan Method Solution of Equations using Gauss Elimination Method Summary
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Determinant of a Matrix
    Determinants

    are mathematical objects that are very useful in the analysis and solution of System of Linear Equations Only square matrices (no. of rows = no. of columns) have determinants. The determinant of a (square) matrix is a scalar.
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.com Copyright Box Hill Institute

    Determinant of a Matrix
    For a 2 X 2 matrix A with elements

    the determinant of the matrix is

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Determinant of a Matrix
    For a 3 X 3 matrix (shown below) the determinant of the matrix is

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Determinant of a Matrix
    For a k X k matrix, A (expanded by minors) the determinant of the matrix is

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Some Properties
    det(I)

    = 1 for any identity matrix I. det(AB) = det(A) det(B) det(AT ) = det(A) If the determinant of a matrix is 0, it is said to be singular. If the determinant is 1, the matrix is said to be unimodular.
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Inverse of a Matrix
    The inverse of a square matrix A , is a matrix A-1 such that

    where I is the identity matrix A square matrix A has an inverse only if it is nonsingular i.e. det IAI 0.
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Inverse of a Matrix
    For a 2 X 2 matrix, A with elements the determinant of the matrix is

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Inverse of a Matrix
    For a 3 X 3 matrix A, the inverse is given by

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Gauss Jordan Method


    One

    more method to find the Inverse of a matrix is by using the Gauss Jordan method. For a n X n square matrix A, we consider the matrix

    where I is the identity matrix


    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Gauss Jordan Method


    A series of row operations are performed to obtain the matrix in the form

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Gauss Jordan Method


    The Matrix B is the inverse of A

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Example Gauss Jordan Method


    To find the Inverse of the matrix A

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    matrix A, augmented by the 3x3 identity matrix. The first pivot encircled in red Next pivot on "3" in the (2,2) position below, encircled in red

    row operations required for the first pivoting

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    the result of performing the previous operation , so the pivot (2,2 position) is now "1"

    row operations required for the second pivoting

    The result of the second pivoting is below. We now pivot on the element in the (3,3) position, encircled in red below

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    the result of performing the previous operation, so the pivot (3,3 position) is now "1" row operations required for the third pivoting The result of the third (and last) pivoting is below

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Therefore the inverse of the matrix A-1 is

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Question
    Find the inverse of the matrix 2 -1 0 -1 2 -1 0 -1 2

    A=

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    The inverse of the matrix is A-1 0.7500 0.5000 0.2500 0.5000 1.0000 0.5000 0.2500 0.5000 0.7500

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Solution of Equations
    Suppose, we have to solve the equations: 2x +3y = 7 .. (1) 3 x + 4 y = 10 .. (2) By (1) * 3 .. 6 x + 9 y = 21 and (2) * 2 .. 6 x + 8 y = 20 By subtraction, y= 1 On substitution value of y in (1), x=2
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Solution of Equations
    Another method to solve the equations: 2x +3y = 7 .. (1) 3 x + 4 y = 10 .. (2) Divide (1) by 2 .. 1 x + 1.5 y = 3.5 Multiply (3) by 3 and subtract from (2) 0 x - 0.5 y = - 0.5 . (3) . (4)

    Divide (4) by 0.5 0 x + 1 y = 1 . (6) Multiply ((6) by 1.5 and subtract from (3) 1x +0 y=2 . (5) Hence, x=2 and y =1

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Linear System of Equations


    Consider the system of equations a11x1+a12x2+a13x3 = b1 a21x1+a22x2+a23x3 = b2 a31x1+a32x2+a33x3 = b3 The above can be represented in the form of a matrix Ax = b
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Linear System of Equations


    Ax=b a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 x1 b1 x2 = b2 x3 b3

    The solution of the above system of equations is x = A-1b


    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Gauss Elimination Method


    For a system of equations with k variables the matrix will be of the form

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Gauss Elimination Method


    The Augmented Matrix is of the form

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Gauss Elimination Method


    A series of elementary row operations are performed on the augmented matrix to obtain a matrix in the form

    Solve the equation of the kth row for xk, then substitute back into the equation of the (k-1)st row to obtain a solution for xk-1, etc.
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Gauss Elimination Method


    If a series of elementary row operations are continued on the augmented matrix to obtain a matrix in the form 1 0 0 0 0..0 b1 0 1 0 0 0..0 b2 0 0 1 0 0..0 b3 . 0 0 0 0 0..1 bk b1 is the solution for x1, b2 for x2, bk for xk
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Solution of Equations
    Find the solution to the following set of equations x + y + 2z = 8 -1x - 2y + 3z = 1 3x - 7y + 4z = 10

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Therefore the solution to the set of equations is x = 3, y = 1, z = 2


    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Question
    Find the solution to the system of equations using gauss elimination method -3x + 2y - 1z = -1 6x 6y + 7z = -7 3x 4y + 4z = -6

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    The solution of the system of equations is x = 2, y = 2, z = -1

    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    Summary

    For the above matrix, perform a series of row operations to obtain the matrix in the form The matrix B is the inverse of the matrix
    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    March 20, 2012

    Summary
    A

    x=b a11 a12 a13 x1 b1 a21 a22 a23 x2 a31 a32 a33 x3 = b2 b3

    The solution of the above system of equations is x = A-1b


    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

    References
    Gerald

    W. Recktenwald, Numerical Methods with MATLAB, Implementation and Application, Prentice Hall Solving Linear Systems of Equations, Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University, Mechanical Engineering Department, [email protected] http://mathworld.wolfram.com
    March 20, 2012

    http://mathworld.wolfram.comCopyright Box Hill Institute

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