Safety in Chemical Process Industries
Safety in Chemical Process Industries
Safety in Chemical Process Industries
process (eg a glovebox) 4. Partially enclose the process (eg with a fume cupboard) 5. Ensure good general ventilation
times, increase distance, reduce volumes 8. Personal protective equipment (as a last resort
for primary protection)
Fire Breakage of glassware Sharps Spillages Pressure equipment & gas cylinders Extremes of heat & cold Chemical hazards Biological hazards Radiation
First Aid
All laboratory workers should
with plenty of water for 10 minutes Control bleeding with direct pressure, avoiding any foreign bodies such as glass
Abhinav Jain
Conc. HCL
Safety Programs
System
Attitude Fundamentals
Experience
Time You
Flixborough Explosion
28 workers were killed and 36 injured on the site. 53 people were injured off-site. 1821 houses were damaged.
Process Equipment
18
Simplified flow diagram of cyclohexane oxidation plant after March 1974 (Whittingham, 2005)
(Whittingham, 2005)
Suffering
10 square miles were contaminated
250 cases of chloracne were reported Over600 people were evacuated
Causes
Trichlorophenol reactor went out of control
Heavy Rain
Preventive Measures
Proper containment systems
Fundamental engineering safety principles
Casualty
23 Deaths
314 injuries Capital losses of over $715 million
Causes
Product taken off valve was
removed DEMCO was open Lockout device was removed No permanent combustible gas detection and alarm system was located in the region of the reactors.
Preventive Measures
A double-block-and-bleed valving arrangement should
have been used Provision was made for the development, implementation, and enforcement of effective permit systems
Casualty
12 people died
Over 200 people get injured Half million people were evacuted
Causes
Leakage in Valve
Negligence
RISK ANALYSIS
situation Decision making to control such situation Evaluating effectiveness of control measures
Risk Analysis
Definition of Risk Analysis : Risk analysis is the process of gathering
data and synthesizing information to develop an understanding of the risk of a particular enterprise. Definition of QRA : QRA is the art and science of developing and understanding numerical estimates of the risk (i.e., combinations of the expected frequency and consequences of potential accidents) associated with a facility or operation. Risk analysis usually involves several of the five risk management activities shown in next slide.
better understanding of risk that will aid decision making. A second possibility is that, in some cases, QRA may be required by law, so you choose to do one. If you are performing QRA because you want to, then there may me several reasons: Underlying Motivation (It is simply a perception that a problem exists) Concerns (You concerns the safety & economic issue) Need (need for greater risk understanding) Information Requirement (You want to get the information by the means of QRA)
QRA
An absolute basis:
To determine whether the level of safety at a facility meets risk tolerance criteria If not, then change the faculty until it meets the tolerance criteria
A relative basis:
Shows difference between the levels of safety of one or more cases of interest It can be used to determine the most efficient way to improve safety
Reproducibility
Inscrutability