Text Book: Electronic Communication System

by Kennedy and Davis

Reference Text: Modern Digital and Analog
Communication System by B.P. Lathi
(Soft/photo copy will be provided)



Explain the principles of a communication
systems
Discuss the nature of information, different types
of signals involved and their characteristics
Make the distinction between Analog and Digital
communication systems
Determine the need of modulation and
differentiate various type of modulation
techniques in time, frequency domain
Important steps in analog to digital conversion,
PCM, PAM, PPM etc


Basic Communication System (Chp 1 Kennedy)

Concept of time and frequency domain

Different types of Signals (Chp 2 Reference)

Baseband vs Passband Communication

Modulation and its needs (Chp 1 Kennedy)

5
How do you want to send
data/information to
someone who is far from
you?

6
Communication : To transfer information from one place to
another
7
1837 Samuel Morse invented telegraph.
1858 First telegraph cable across Atlantic (Canada Ireland)
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
1988 Heinrich Hertz introduce electromagnetic field theory.
1897 Marconi invented wireless telegraph.
1906 Radio communication system was invented.
1923 Television was invented.
1938 Radar and microwave system was invented for World War II.
1950 TDM was invented.
1956 First telephone cable was installed across Atlantic.
1960 Laser was invented
1962 Satellite communication
1969 Internet DARPA
1970 Corning Glass invented optical fiber.
1975 Digital telephone was introduced.
1985 Facsimile machine.
1988 Installation of fiber optic cable across Pacific and Atlantic.
1990 World Wide Web and Digital Communication.
1998 Digital Television.
8

The Real Aim
If the information that you want to send is your voice, how to
make sure that what you are saying is understood by your friend?
Basic Parts of a Communication System
9
Transmitter
Transmission
Medium
Receiver
Input
Transducer
Output
Transducer
Noise
wired / wireless
m
tx
(t)
s(t) r(t)
p
tx
(t)
n(t)
m
rx
(t) p
rx
(t)
s(t) Input signal; audio, video, image, data etc.
m
tx
(t) Modulating signal; input signal that has been converted to electrical
signal.
p
tx
(t) Modulated signal transmit by the transmitter.
n(t) Noise signal.
p
rx
(t) Modulated signal receive by the receiver.
m
rx
(t) Modulating signal at the receiver.
r(t) Output signal.
11
Input Transducer convert input signal, s(t) in electrical forms. eg:
microphone.

Transmitter involve modulation process convert modulating
signal, m
tx
(t) to modulated signal, p
tx
(t). And finally transmit the
signal.

Transmission medium connecting the transmitter and the receiver
that enable the modulated signal, p
tx
(t) propagate through the
medium.

Receiver receive the modulated signal, p
rx
(t) and then convert the
signal to modulating signal, m
rx
(t) through the process called
demodulation.

Output Transducer convert the modulating signal, m
rx
(t) to its
original forms (output signal), r(t) that is useful to the users. eg:
loud speaker.
12
Twisted pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Coaxial


Fiber Optic


Waveguide
100 Mbps is how many bits per sec?

Which is bigger:
10,000 Mbps, 0.01Tbps or 10Gbps?
Wireless channel capacity:


Data
(nonelectrical)
Electrical
Waveform
Without any shift in the range of frequencies of the signal
The signal is in its original form, not changed by modulation.

Baseband is the original information that is to be Sent.

It starts from zero and to some specific frequency

WHAT IS BASEBAND ?

After modulation, the original baseband
signal is moved to a range of frequency which
far more higher than the baseband signal

So its a range of frequency shifted after
modulation

MODULATION IS THE PROCESS OF
CHANGING SOME PROPERTYOF THE
INFORMATION SOURCES INTO SUITABLE
FORM FOR TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE
PHISICAL MEDIUM/CHANNEL

Process of coverting baseband signal into
passband signal is called modulation

It is performed in the Transmitter by
a device called Modulator.

16
Transmitter
Carrier
Information to
be transmitted
(Baseband signal)
Transmitted
signal
Channel
Received
signal
Receiver
Recovery of
information


18


Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Phase Modulation (PM)
19


20

Channel assignment (various information
sources are not always suitable for direct
transmission over a given channel)

Efficient Utilization of bandwidth and
multiplexing

Reduce noise &interference

Reduction in antenna size


21

DEMODULATION IS THE REVERSE PROCESS
OF MODULATION BY CONVERTING THE
MODULATED INFORMATION SOURCES BACK
TO ITS ORIGINAL INFORMATION (IT
REMOVES THE INFORMATION FROM THE
CARRIER SIGNAL).

It is performed in the Receiver by
a device called Demodulator.


22


IT CONSISTS OF ALL FREQUENCIES
CONTAINED IN THE WAVEFORM AND
THEIR RESPECTIVE AMPLITUDE IN THE
FREQUENCY DOMAIN.

23
24
1
0
0
M
H
z

Waveguide Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair
Cable
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Optical Fiber
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A
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Line-of-sight
radio
Skywave
radio
Groundwave
radio
Wavelength
Frequency
designations
Transmission
media
Propagation
modes
Representative
applications
Frequency
Laser beam
100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 10
-6
m
T
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IT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
HIGHEST FREQUENCIES AND THE LOWEST
FREQUENCIES OF THE INPUT SIGNAL
FREQUENCIES (f
B
= 2f
m
).

The bandwidth of a communication signal >
bandwidth of the information signal.

26

If human voice frequencies contain
signals between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz,
a voice frequency channel should have
bandwidth equal or greater than 2700
Hz.

a communication channel cannot propagate a
signal that contains a frequency that is
changing at a rate greater than the Channel
Bandwidth.


27
Lecture 27 28
Signal
Source
Modulator
Power
Amplifier
Antenna
Block diagram
In Modulator the audio modulates the RF
amplitude
Modulator
Low-pass
filter
AF
amplifier
Microphone
RF
oscillator
Power
amplifier
Lecture 27 30
The modulator converts the frequency of the
input signal from the audio range (0-5kHz) to
the carrier frequency of the station (i.e..
605kHz-615kHz)
frequen
cy
5kH
z
Frequency domain
representation of input
Frequency domain
representation of output
frequen
cy
610k
Hz
Lecture 27 31
RF
Amplifier
IF
Mixer
IF
Amplifier
Envelope
Detector
Audio
Amplifier
Antenna
Speaker
A signal g(t) in the interval
t1 s t s t1+T0 can be represented by

=
+ + =
1
0 0 0
) sin( ) cos( ) (
n
n n
t n b t n a a t g e e
0 1 1
T t t t + s s
}
+
=
0 1
1
) (
1
0
0
T t
t
dt t g
T
a
}
+
=
0 1
1
) cos( ) (
2
0
0
T t
t
n
dt t n t g
T
a e
}
+
=
0 1
1
) sin( ) (
2
0
0
T t
t
n
dt t n t g
T
b e
T0 = 2t / e0
Or, in the compact form





If g(t) is even then bn = 0 for all n
If g(t) is odd then an=0 for all n.

=
+ + =
1
0 0
) cos( ) (
n
n n
t n C C t g u e
;
2 2
n n n
b a C + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

n
n
n
a
b
1
tan u
0 1 1
T t t t + s s
C0 = a0

;
The frequency e0= 2t/T0 is called the
fundamental frequency and the multiple of this
frequency ne0 is called the nth harmonic.
FS of g(t) is equal to g(t) over the interval t1 s t
s t1+T0 only.
The FS for all t is a periodic function of period
T0 in which the segment of g(t) over the interval
t1 s t s t1+T0 repeats periodically.
If the function g(t) itself is periodic with period
T0 then the FS represents g(t) for all t.








Dn is related to Cn and un as


| Dn | is called the amplitude spectrum of the signal.
Z Dn is called the phase spectrum of the signal.
They provide a frequency-domain representation of the
signal.



=
=

=
+ = =
) 0 (
0
0 0
) (
n
n
t jn
n
n
t jn
n
e D D e D t g
e e
dt e t g
T
D
T
t jn
n
}

=
0
0
) (
1
0
e
n n n
C D D
2
1
| | | | = =

0 1 1
T t t t + s s
n n n
D D u = Z = Z