Dyeing and printing

SANALRAJ.M.K JWM/OFIL

Dyeing
DYEING: A process of coloring fibers, yarns, or fabrics with either natural or synthetic dyes. Some of the major dyeing processes are described below

Preparatory process to Dyeing

Scouring- to remove natural impurities like fats, oils, waxes by treating in 2% NAOH at high temperature. Grey souring- the alkali present in the yarn is removed by treating with mineral acid like Hcl or H2SO4. Desizing here the strach applied before weaving is removed by using chemical treatment.

Bleaching
Natural colouring matters are converted to colourless leuco compounds by nascent hydrogen or oxidised in to soluble colourless compound.

Mass colored or dope dyeing

Mass-Colored: A term to describe a manufactured fiber (yarn, staple, or tow) that has been colored by the introduction of pigments or insoluble dyes into the polymer melt or spinning solution prior to extrusion. Usually, the colors are fast to most destructive agents. This is also called dope dyeing

Yarn dyeing
Yarn Dyeing: The dyeing of yarn before the fabric is woven or knit. Yarn can be dyed in the form of skeins, muff, packages, cheeses, cakes, chain-wraps, and beams.

Dyes
DYES: Substances that add color to textiles. They are incorporated into the fiber by chemical reaction, absorption, or dispersion. Dyes differ in their resistance to sunlight, perspiration, washing, gas, alkalies , and other agents; their affinity for different fibers; their reaction to cleaning agents and methods; and their solubility and method of application

Acid dyes
Acid Dyes: A class of dyes used on wool, other animal fibers, and some manufactured fibers. Acid dyes are seldom used on cotton or linen since this process requires a mordant. Acid dyes are widely used on nylon when high wash fastness is required. In some cases, even higher Wash fastness can be obtained by after treatment with fixatives

Basic dyes
Basic Dyes: A class of positive-ioncarrying dyes known for their brilliant hues. Basic dyes are composed of largemolecule, water-soluble salts that have a direct affinity for wool and silk and can be applied to cotton with a mordant. The fastness of basic dyes on these fibers is very poor. Basic dyes are also used on basic-dyeable acrylics, modacrylics, nylons, and polyesters, on which they exhibit reasonably good fastness

Direct dyes
Direct Dyes: A class of dyestuffs that are applied directly to the substrate in a neutral or alkaline bath. They produce full shades on cotton and linen . Direct dyes give bright shades but exhibit poor wash fastness. Various after treatments are used to improve the wash fastness of direct dyes, and such dyes are referred to as after treated direct colors.

Disperse dyes
Disperse Dyes: A class of slightly water-soluble dyes originally introduced for dyeing acetate and usually applied from fine aqueous suspensions. Disperse dyes are widely used for dyeing most of the manufactured /synthetic fibers.

Metal & Sulfur dyes

Metallized Dyes: A class of dyes that have metals in their molecular structure. They are applied from an acid bath. Earlier this is used for dyeing drill fabrics. Sulfur Dyes: A class of water-insoluble dyes that are applied in a soluble, reduced form from a sodium sulfide solution and are then reoxidized to the insoluble form on the fiber. Sulfur dyes are mainly used on cotton for economical dark shades of moderate to good fastness to washing andlight. They generally give very poor fastness to chlorine. Umbrella cotton cloth is dyed by this.

Vat dyes
Vat Dyes: A class of water-insoluble dyes which are applied to the fiber in a reduced, soluble form (leuco compound) and then re-oxidized to the original insoluble form. Vat dyes are among the most resistant dyes to both washing and sunlight. They are widely used on cotton, linen ,rayon, and other cellulosic fibers.

Reactive dyes
Fiber-Reactive Dyes: A type of watersoluble anionic dye having affinity for cellulose fibers. In the presence of alkali, they react with hydroxyl groups in the cellulose and thus are liked with the fiber. Fiber-reactive dyes are relatively new dyes and are used extensively on cellulosics when bright shades are desired. These are used for dyeing curtain cloth.

Methods of dyeing
PADDING: The application of a liquor or paste to textiles either by passing the material through a bath and subsequently through squeeze rollers, or by passing it between squeeze rollers, the bottom one of which carries the liquor or paste

Contd
JET DYEING MACHINE: A hightemperature piece dyeing machine that circulates the dye liquor through a Venturi jet, thus imparting a driving force to move the fabric. The fabric, in rope form, is sewn together to form a loop

PRINTING
PRINTING: A process for producing a pattern on yarns, warp, fabric, or carpet by any of a largenumber of printing methods. The color or other treating material, usually in the form of a paste,is deposited onto the fabric which is then usually treated with steam, heat, or chemicals for fixation. Printing is called localised dyeing

Contd
Block Printing: The printing of fabric by hand, using carved wooden or linoleum blocks, as distinguished from printing by screens or roller Blotch Printing: A process wherein the background color of a design is printed rather than dyed.

Contd
Direct Printing: A process wherein the colors for the desired designs are applied directly to the white or dyed cloth, Examples are screen printing and roller printing

Contd
Discharge Printing: In white discharge printing, the fabric is piece dyed, then printed with a paste containing a chemical that reduces the dye and hence removes the color where the white designs are desired. In colored discharge printing, a color is added to the discharge paste in order to replace the discharged color with another shade. Eg: stencil printing

Contd
Resist Printing: A printing method in which the design can be produced: 1) by applying a resist agent in the desired design, then dyeing the fabric, in which case, the design remains white although the rest of the fabric is dyed; or (2) by including a resist agent and a dye in the paste which is applied for the design, in which case, the color of the design is not affected by subsequent dyeing of the fabric background. Eg; Batik, tie and dye

Contd
Roller Printing: The application of designs to fabric, using a machine containing a series of engraved metal rollers positioned around a large padded cylinder. Print paste is fed to the rollers and a doctor blade scrapes the paste from the unengraved portion of the roller. Each roller supplies one color to the finished design, and as the fabric passes between the roller and the padded cylinder, each color in the design is applied. Most machines are equipped with eight rollers, although some have sixteen rollers.

Contd
Screen Printing: A method of printing similar to using a stencil. The areas of the screen through which the coloring matter is not to pass are filled with a waterproof material. The printing paste which contains the dye is then forced through the untreated portions of the screen onto the fabric below.

Finishing
Crease resistant finish A certain crease resistance can be obtained by adding to fibres complex inorganic compounds of boron, as well as zinc and barium silicate. However, today the only products applied aresynthetic thermosetting resins eg:N.Nl.3dimethylol-4.5-dihydroxyethylenurea (DMDHEU) ammonium salts or complex compounds ,are used as catalysts.

Flame-retardant Treatments
ammonium salts, such as chloride, bromide and phosphate, applied in concentrations ranging from 10-20%, are very widely used. ammonium sulphamate, phosphates,dicyandiamide, and thiourea.
urea, guanidine, melamine, dicyandiamide, and nitrogenous resins such as ureaformaldehyde, melamineformaldehyde (the latter also increase the solidity to washing of the product) One process that has a particularly important application is the Proban process. This process exploits the copolymerisation of THPC and methylolmelamine to form a highly flame-repellent resin that contains phosphorous and nitrogen THPC-urea process (or process with melamine, dicyandiamide or guanidine). The fabric is impregnated with THPC and one of the above-mentioned nitrogenous substances. A good and wash-resistant effect is obtained.THPC-tetrakis hydroxymethylol phosphoriumChloride.

Water repellent finish

Evoral G20 Water proof finish Dipsanil-V Waxol-P

SOIL RELEASE treatment

These products are emulsions, based on polymers or copolymers of acrylic or metacrylic acids,or on the relative salts, as well as on additional ethylene oxide compounds, and fluoride compounds.

Anti-static Treatments

Anti Bacterial Finish

Triclosan (2,4,4-hydrophenyl trichloro (II) ether)

Extra points
Elastic is used in Lycra yarn Increasing the bulkiness of synthetic yarn is called texturising Wool protien is called Keratin Silk protien is called fibroin First regenerated fiber- Rayon First synthetic fiber- nylon Delustering agent used in the spinning solution of manmade fiber- titanium dioxide.

Kevlar comes under Aramid fibers Standard atmospheric conditionsRH-65+-2% Temp-27+-2oc