BSSSIG: BSS Signalling Overview: 1 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number
BSSSIG: BSS Signalling Overview: 1 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number
BSSSIG: BSS Signalling Overview: 1 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number
Module Objectives
After completing the module, the student will be able to: Explain the need for signaling in telecommunication networks Describe ISO/OSI protocol model Use protocol analyzer (in practice) to open traces and show signaling messages
What is signaling
Signaling definition
In telecommunication, signaling is
defined as the exchange of information between involved points in the network (switches or endpoints) that sets up, controls, and terminates each telephone call. Signaling is usually transferred from one point to the other in separate, dedicated channels.
shooting
Vendor
De
bugging
Diagnose Transmission
Network Perfor
mance
8 Nokia Siemens Networks BSSSIG / Author / May 2008 / Document Number
series of layers. Each layer only uses the functions of the layer below, Each layer only exports functionality to the layer above. The group of these layers is known as a 'protocol stack' or 'stack'. Exceptions to stacks are called fast path and include aspects of several layers.
4. Transport
3. Network 2. Data Link 1. Physical
10
1. Physical
11
1. Physical
12
1. Physical
13
1. Physical
14
1. Physical
15
1. Physical
16
1. Physical
17
1/2
7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data Link
1. Physical
18
1/2
7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data Link
1. Physical
19
1/2
7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data Link
1. Physical
20
2/2
7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data Link
Functions of Transport Layer (cont.): Segmentation and reassembly: a message is divided into
transmittable segments, each having a sequence number. Connection control: The transport layer can be either connectionless or connection-oriented. A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at the destination machine. A connection-oriented transport layer makes a connection with the transport layer at the destination machine first before delivering the packets.
1. Physical
21
1. Physical
22
1. Physical
23
1. Physical
24
25
26
Layer 5 to 7
Layers 5 to 7 are usually represented and designed together because often the
application also defines new formats and different ways of keeping track of sessions. That is the reason why the application layer is often represented near the transport layer
27
Headers
Every protocol has its own headers and footers (or trailers) From the application layer to the physical layer, many headers and footers are
added by every layer.
Header
28 Nokia Siemens Networks BSSSIG / Author / May 2008 / Document Number
DATA
Footer
Data units
At every layer data units, or PDU (protocol data units) assume a different name: Data Segment Packet Frame Bits
29
A useful parallel
Here is a useful parallel
between ISO/OSI network layers and sending a snail mail from company to company.
30
31
32
NetHawk
Nokia co-operates with another
Finnish company, vendor of protocol analyzers: NetHawk. The NetHawk GSM Analyzer is an effective and easy-to-use PC-based protocol analyzer for real-time monitoring and analysis of GSM, GPRS and EDGE networks. Learning how to use NetHawk is the best way to learn signaling for Nokia customers because: The layout is similar to Nokia
service terminal extension for signaling. The software can be used freely in off-line mode without the NetHawk interface adapters.
33
How to start
For on-line monitoring you need a laptop
equipped with a NetHawk N2 or a desktop equipped with a NetHawk NAP card. Cards should be connected to patch panels (or DDF) with proprietary cables. Extensions can easily deteriorate the signal. Impedance of the card should match the one of the monitored cable (75-120). Impedance is set to HIGH not to disturb the communication. It is set to LOW to divert signaling to the interface only (simulation). Every card has its own HW id and SW id.
34
The software
Both for on-line monitoring and for off-line
use, a software is needed. In case of on-line monitoring, the SW id of the installed software should match the SW id of the card in use. The Protocol Info tab shows the specifications used to decode the messages. These protocols should match the one used in the network element in order to look at signaling closer to the real one.
35
User interface
The user interface is made of A menu bar A toolbar with configurable buttons A monitoring window A status bar with clickable indicators.
36
To work on-line
The first thing to check when working
on-line is if the signal is good or not (open the State Monitor window) If not check the cables and the HW options of each connection. Monitoring should be the same as in
the N2 hardware card. HIGH is normal use. Interface mode should be E1 in Europe Condensed mode is not influent SPEC should be ITU-T in Europe Pointcode should be 14 in Europe 3GPP should be the same as in NE Increasing the AGC maximum value can decrease the CRC warnings. AGC is one per NAP card and is automatically set.
37
In any case
Both for on-line and off-line monitoring
it is possible to specify the detail shown per each layer. Both for on-line and off-line monitoring it is possible to specify which connection to monitor and what protocol stack assume is flowing through it.
38