Chapter 3 Ego Defense Mechanisms
Chapter 3 Ego Defense Mechanisms
Chapter 3 Ego Defense Mechanisms
operates at the unconscious level of awareness, people are not aware of what they are doing and often need help to see the reality
Denial
Failure to acknowledge an unbearable condition; failure to admit the reality of a situation, or how one enables the problem to continue
Dissociation
Dealing with emotional conflict by a temporary alteration in consciousness or identity
Fixation
Immobilization of a portion of the personality resulting from unsuccessful completion of tasks in a developmental stage
Intellectualization
Introjection
Separation of the emotions of a painful event or situation from the facts involve; acknowledging the facts but not the emotions
Regression
Excusing own behavior to avoid guilt, responsibility, conflict, anxiety, or loss of self-respect
Moving back to a previous developmental stage in order to feel safe or have needs met
Resistance
Overt or covert antagonism toward remembering or processing anxietyproducing information
Sublimation
Substituting a socially acceptable activity for an impulse that is unacceptable
Suppression
Conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness
Undoing
Exhibiting acceptable behavior to make up for or negate unacceptable behavior
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)
American psychiatrist, believed that personality dynamics and disorders are caused primarily by social forces and interpersonal situations viewed loneliness as the most painful human experience emphasized that early relationship with the significant other as crucial for personality development and believed that healthy relationships were necessary for a healthy personality
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
Anxiety is an interpersonal phenomenon that is transmitted empathically from the significant other to the child, and also by perceived degrees of approval or disapproval felt by the child
all behavior is aimed at avoiding anxiety and threats to self esteem
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
ways to avoid anxiety:
good me focusing on positive attributes bad me hiding the negative aspects of ourselves
from others and even from ourselves
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Ivan Pavlov (1927)
is famous for investigating classical conditioning in which involuntary behavior or reflexes could be conditioned to respond to neutral stimuli
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
John B. Watson (1930)
rejected psychoanalysis and was seeking an objective therapy that did not focus on unconscious motivation he contended that personality traits and responses, adaptive and maladaptive, were learned conditioned Little Albert, a 9-month-old to be terrified at the sight of white fur or hair concluded that through behavioral techniques anyone could be trained to be anything, from a beggar to a merchant
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
B.F. Skinner (1938)
conducted research on operant condition in which voluntary behaviors are learned through consequences of reinforcement positive reinforcement a consequence that causes the behavior to occur more frequently negative reinforcement punishment, a consequence that causes the behavior to occur less frequently
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Behavioral Therapy/ Behavior Modification
uses basic tenets from each of the behaviorists attempts to correct or eliminate maladaptive behaviors or responses by rewarding or reinforcing adaptive behavior
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Systematic Desensitization
based on classical conditioning learned responses can be reversed by first promoting relaxation and then gradually facing a particular anxiety-provoking stimulus successful in extinguishing PHOBIAS
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Aversion Therapy
based on both classical and operant conditioning and is used to eradicate unwanted habits by associating unpleasant consequences with them ei disulfiram (Antabuse); people who take this medication and then ingest alcohol become extremely ill; with sex offenders who may receive electric shock in response to arousal from child pornography
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Biofeedback
is a technique in which individuals learn to control physiological responses such as breathing rates, heart rates, BP, brain waves, and skin temperature this control is achieved by providing visual and auditory biofeedback of the physiological response and then using relaxation techniques such as slow, deep breathing or meditation
COGNITIVE THEORY
Aaron T. Beck
develop a cognitive therapy approach with depressed patients, he became convinced that depressed people generally had standards patterns of negative and self-critical thinking
COGNITIVE THEORY
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
a commonly used effective and well research therapeutic tool based on both cognitive and behavioral theory and seeks to modify negative thoughts that lead to dysfunctional emotions and actions Goal: first to identify the negative patterns of thought that lead to negative emotions, once identified, they can be replaced with rational thoughts
COGNITIVE THEORY
ABCs of Irrational Belief a four-column format to record the precipitating event or situation, the resulting autonomic thought, the proceeding feelings and behaviors, and finally, a challenge to the negative thoughts based on rational evidence and thoughts
Activating Event Trent has been in counseling for depression. His therapists secretary called and canceled this weeks appointment.
Belief
My therapist is disgusted with me and wants to avoid me.
Consequences
Sadness, rejection, and hopelessness. Decides to call off work and return to bed.
Reframing
There is no evidence to believe that I disgust my therapist. Why would he have rescheduled if he really didnt want to see me?
COGNITIVE THEORY
Autonomic thoughts rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas cognitive distortion irrational because people make false assumptions and misinterpretations
Maintaining a negative view by rejecting information that supports a positive view as being irrelevant, inaccurate, or accidental Ive just been offered a job Ive always wanted. No one else must have applied
Exaggerating the importance of something or reducing the importance of something Im alone on Saturday night because no one likes me. When other people are alone, its because they want to be
An extreme form of magnification in which the very worst is assumed to be a probable outcome If I dont make a good impression on the boss at the company picnic she will fire me
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
a Swiss psychologist and researcher described cognitive development as a dynamic progression from primitive awareness and simple reflexes to complex thoughts and responses according to Piaget, our mental representations of the world, or schemata depend on the cognitive stage we have reached
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Sensorymotor Stage 0 to 2 years
begins with basic reflexes and culminates with purposeful movement, spatial abilities, and hand eye coordination 9 months, object permanence is achieved, peek-a-boo
HUMANISTIC THEORY
Carl Rogers (1961)
developed patient-centered psychotherapy technique that emphasized the role of the patient in understanding ones own problems, the role of the therapist is that of facilitator rather than director
HUMANISTIC THEORY
Abraham Maslow (1970)
known for developing a theory of personality and motivation based on a hierarchy of needs when lower level needs are met, higher needs are able to emerge
HUMANISTIC THEORY
SelfTranscendence needs: Self-Actualization needs: Becoming every ting one is capable of Esteem needs: self-esteem related to competency, achievement and esteem from others Belongingness and Love needs: Affiliations, affectionate relationships, love Safety needs: Security protection, stability, structure, order and limits
mental disorders are believed to have physical causes, therefore, mental disorders will respond to physical treatment 1950-chlorpromazine (thorazine), widely used for treatment of schizophrenia Biological therapy
psychopharmacology ECT talk therapy
EXISTENTIAL THEORIES
believe that behavioral deviations result when a person is out of touch with himself or herself or the environment
THANK YOU!
CHAPTER 3 UNIT TEST JANUARY 10 8am-9:15am 141 items
Multiple choice Matching type Identification Fill in the blanks enumeration