Semantics
Semantics
Semantics
O Lexicology
O Study of the vocabulary of a language and the
development of lexicon.
O Differences between:
O Morpheme grammatical words O Lexeme meaning of the word O Sememe extended meaning O e.g.
Morpheme ball Grammatical words noun naming an object or thing Lexeme Meaning word the round object used in games Sememe Extended meaning (a) formal/social event/dance, (b) part of palm or foot joining the fingers.
O Collocation
O Some words are most commonly found paired with
other words, to create a semantic unit or lexeme. Thus false is often found together with passport, teeth or promise. These pairs are known as collocations. They are very helpful in establishing the meanings of the words in the pair. O e.g.
O They baked all the letters and served them for tea. O They baked all the cakes and served them for tea.
O Denotation
O Strict definition of a word, the class of things
meanings of words
cat denotation connotation home denotation connotation Four-legged , furry , purry animal Stealthy, spiteful, calculating, quiet Shelter and place of refuge Protection, affection, love, peace, happiness
O Semantics
O The study of the linguistics meaning of morphemes,
individual words . O Philosophers study the meaning of sentences by approaching this meaning via reference and truth condition
O Reference study of what objects linguistics
expressions O Truth condition conditions under which a statement can be judged true or false.
linguistic expression O Related to non-literal meaning and implied or pragmatic meaning which is outside the domain of semantics.
O Linguistic-sense
O Literal meaning of a linguistic expression as part
O Types of linguistic-sense
O Polysemy O Words with many meanings. O Example: O Light - i. illuminating force
ii not heavy iii with not much luggage iv come down from flight and settle
O Synonymy O Words with same senses/ values O Not always a complete identity O Factors that tend to tis non-identicalness of meanings O Grammatical O Emotive O Stylistic (formality) O Dialectal (cultural) O Chronological (time based) O coverage./range O Stylistic factors
O Hyponymy
O Hyponymy is an inclusive relationship where some
lexemes are co-hyponyms of another that includes them. As cutlery includes knife, fork, spoon (but not teacup) these are co-hyponyms of the parent or superordinating term. This traditional term denotes a grouping similar to a semantic field. So cod, guppy, salmon and trout are hyponyms for fish, while fleet has the hyponyms battleship, aircraft carrier, cruiser, destroyer and frigate
O Antonymy
O Words that have opposite meanings O Antonymity gradable antonyms (big/small,
good/bad) O Complementarity binary antonyms ( male/female, alive/dead) O Converseness converse antonyms ( buy/sell, push/pull)