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Concavity and the Second Derivative Test

Concavity and the Second Derivative Test. Determine the intervals on which the graphs of functions are concave upward or concave downward. Find the points of inflection of the graphs of functions. Use the Second Derivative Test to find the relative extrema of functions. Standard 4.5a.

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Concavity and the Second Derivative Test

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  1. Concavity and the Second Derivative Test Determine the intervals on which the graphs of functions are concave upward or concave downward. Find the points of inflection of the graphs of functions. Use the Second Derivative Test to find the relative extrema of functions. Standard 4.5a

  2. Concavity – the property of curving upward or downward Concave upward f’ is increasing

  3. f’ is decreasing Concave downward

  4. Definition of Concavity Let f be differentiable on an open interval I. The graph of f is Concave upward on I if f’ is increasing on the interval. Concave downward on I if f’ is decreasing on the interval.

  5. Test for Concavity Let f be a function whose second derivative exists on an open interval I. If f ´´(x) > 0 for all x in I, then f is concave upward on I. If f ´´(x) < 0 for all x in I, then f is concave downward on I.

  6. Determine the intervals on which the graph is concave upward or concave downward. 1. Locate the x-values at which f ´´(x) = 0 or f ´´(x) is undefined.

  7. Use these x-values to determine the test intervals. Test the signs of f ´´(x) in each test interval.

  8. Defintion of Point of Inflection If the graph of a continuous function has a tangent line at point where the concavity changes from upward to downward (or vice versa) then the point is a point of inflection.

  9. Property of Points of Inflection If (c, f(c)) is a point of inflection of the graph of f, then either f ´´(c) = 0 or f ´´(c) is undefined at c.

  10. Find the points of inflection of the graph. Possible inflection point

  11. Inflection point (4, 16)

  12. It is possible for the second derivative to be zero at a point that is not a point of inflection. * You must test to be certain that the concavity actually changes.

  13. Find the points of inflection and discuss the concavity of the graph of the function.

  14. Possible points of inflections: x = 0, x = 3 Inflection Point:

  15. Concave Upward f ´´(c) > 0 c If f ´(c) = 0 and f ´´(c) > 0, f (c) is a relative minimum

  16. Concave downward f ´´(c) < 0 c If f ´(c) = 0 and f ´´(c) > 0, f (c) is a relative minimum

  17. Second – Derivative Test • Let f ´(c) = 0 and let f ´´exist on an open interval containing c. • If f ´´(c) > 0, then f(c) is a relative minimum. • If f ´´(c) < 0, then f(c) is a relative maximum. • If f ´´(c) = 0 then the test fails. Use the First Derivative Test.

  18. Find the relative extrema using the Second-Derivative Test 1. Find the critical numbers. Critical Numbers

  19. 2. Find the second derivative. 3. Plug the critical numbers into the second derivative to determine relative extrema. Relative minimum (-1, 2) Test fails Relative maximum (1, 2) (0,0) is neither a relative max or a relative min

  20. Find the relative extrema using the Second-Derivative Test. Test fails Relative min (3,-26 ) (0,1) is neither a relative max or a relative min

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