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Aldehydes and Ketones. Nomenclature Properties Preparation reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Characteristic reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Carbanion related reactions Spectroscopy. Aldehydes and Ketones. Nomenclature IUPAC Common Properties. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones.
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Aldehydes and Ketones • Nomenclature • Properties • Preparation reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • Characteristic reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • Carbanion related reactions • Spectroscopy
Aldehydes and Ketones • Nomenclature • IUPAC • Common • Properties
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones • Oxidation reactions • Hydrolysis of Geminal Dihalides • Hydration of Alkynes • Reactions with Acid Derivatives and Nitriles • Reaction with Carboxylic Acids • Reaction with Thioacetals
Aldehydes/Ketones via Oxidation Reactions • From Alcohols via PCC • From Alkenes via Ozonolysis • From Glycols via Periodic Acid Cleavage
Hydrolysis of Geminal Dihalides Formation of Aldehydes or Ketones
Hydration of Alkynes • Markovnikov Addition • Anti-Markovnikov Addition
Reactions with Acid Halides • Aldehydes via Selective Reduction • Lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride • Rosenmund reduction • Ketones via Friedel-Crafts Acylation • Ketones via reaction with Organometallics • Gilman reagent (organocuprates)
Aldehydes from Acid Chlorides • Lithium tri-t-butoxyaluminum hydride reduction • Rosenmund reduction
Aldehydes from Esters and Amides Diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAH or DIBAL-H)
Ketones via Reaction with Organometallics Use of Lithium dialkylcuprates
Reactions with Nitriles • Grignard Addition to give Ketones • DIBAH Addition to give Aldehydes
Ketones from Carboxylic Acids Attack by Alkyl Lithium reagents
Ketones from Thioacetals • Thioacetal formation from an aldehyde precursor • Alkylation of the thioacetal intermediate using alkyl lithium reagents • Hydrolysis of the alkylated thioacetal to give ketone product
Characteristic Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • Reduction reactions • Alcohol formation • Alkane formation • Oxidation reactions • Nucleophilic addition reactions • Grignard additions to form alcohols • Addition of water (hydration) to form gem-diols • Addition of alcohols to form acetals/ketals • Addition of HCN to form cyanohydrins • Addition of ammonia and ammonia derivatives
Reduction Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • Alcohol formation • Hydrogenation • Hydride reduction • Alkane formation • Clemmensen reduction • Wolff-Kishner reduction
Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones • Conversion of Aldehydes to Carboxylic acids • Oxidation of Aromatic Aldehydes/Ketones to Benzoic acid derivatives • Haloform reaction of methyl carbonyls • Periodic acid cleavage of vicinal dials/diketones
Carbanion Related Reactions • Aldol Condensation • Self vs. Crossed • Claisen Condensation • Self vs. Crossed • Dieckmann cyclization • Reformatsky Reaction • Wittig Reaction • Carbanion Alkylations/Acylations/Conjugate Addition reactions
Aldol Condensations • Self Condensation • Crossed Condensation
Claisen Condensations • Self vs. Crossed Condensation • Dieckmann Condensation
Wittig Reaction Phosphonium salt formation Ylide formation Alkene formation
Carbanion Alkylation/Acylation/Conjugate Addition Reactions • Malonic Ester Synthesis • Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis • Stork Enamine Synthesis • Michael Addition / Conjugate Addition
Malonic Ester Synthesis Formation of alkylatedacetic acid derivatives
Malonic Ester Synthesis Acylation/Hydrolysis/Decarboxylation
Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis Formation of alkylated acetonederivatives
Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis Formation of acylated acetonederivatives
Stork Enamine Synthesis Formation of Alkylated Aldehydes/Ketones
Stork Enamine Synthesis Formation of AcylatedAldehydes/Ketones
Michael Donors Michael Acceptors Michael Addition
Michael Addition Robinson Annulation
Direct vs. Conjugate Addition to Unsaturated Carbonyl Systems
Spectroscopy of Aldehydes and Ketones • Mass Spectrometry • Infrared Spectroscopy • Pmr Spectroscopy • Cmr Spectroscopy