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1. BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA DR BGR GAUDJI UROLOGY STEVE BIKO ACADEMIC HOSPITAL

2. PROSTATE ANATOMY • Ant. Fibromusculartissue • peripheral zone (PIN,ASAP,CA) • central zone • transition zone (BPH,low grade cancers) • Peri-urethral zone

4. BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA • 17% of men age 50-59 (require Rx) • 27% of men age 60-69 (require Rx) • 35% of men age 70-79 (require Rx) • Some genetic and racial susceptibility to symptom severity (autosomal dominant) • Diet high in saturated fats, zinc and low in fruits and vegetables. • Sedentary life style.

5. BPHProposed Etiologies • Reawakening of the urogenital sinus(mullerian duct) • Alterations in the testosterone/estrogen balance • Induction of prostatic growth factors • Increased stem cells/decreased stromal cell death

6. BPHPathophysiology • Slow and insidious changes over time • Complex interactions between prostatic urethral resistance, intra-vesicalpressure, detrusor function, nerves damage.

7. BPH Pathophysiologyearly/late • Initial hypertrophydetrusordecompensationpoortonediverticulaformation increasing urine volume hydronephrosis upper tract dysfunction, renal failure .

8. BPH SYMPTOMSObstructive and Irritative • Hesitancy • Intermittency • Weak stream • straining • Terminal dribbling • Incomplete emptying • Nocturia • Frequency • Urgency • Urge incontinence • Dysuria

9. Other late presenting signs/symptoms • Abdominal/flank pain with voiding • Uremiafatigue,anorexia,somnolence • Hernias, hemorroids, bowel habit change • UTI’s • Bladder calculi • Hematuria

10. Other Relevant History • GU History (trauma,STD, PSHx) • Other disorders ( diabetes,parkinson dx) • Medications (anti-cholinergics) • Clinical performance status

11. BPHClinical Findings • Late signs of renal failure ( eg. anemia, HTN) • Abdominal examhydronephrosis/pyelonephritis • GU exam hernia, stricture, phimosis? • DRE a smooth enlargement, “non-palpable” nodularity with a loss of distinction between the lobes. A soft/firm consistency,underestimates enlargement .

12. BPH • Prostate : size , firm • Surface ,irregular , unequal lobes • Consistency , induration ? • Tenderness ? • Stony hard prostate • Any palpable nodular abnormality suggests cancer and warrants investigation

13. BPHClinical Evaluation: summary • IPSS Score to assess sx severity but NOT for DDX • DRE for prostate size, Surface , consistency, nodules, asymmetry, rectal tone and focused neuro exam • Abdominal/GU exam • Urea,Creat,Electrolytes , PSA(interpret carefully) • Uroflowmetry/residual urine measure • Upper tract evaluation if hematuria, increased creatinine • Ultrasound • Cystoscopy ? • Urine cytology?

15. BPH SYMPTOMSDifferential Diagnosis • Carcinoma of the prostate • Prostatitis • Urethral stricture • Carcinoma of the bladder • Bladder calculi • Neurogenic bladder

16. BPHNatural History • A progressive condition (usually) with histological onset in the 30’s and worse with age • A 50 yo has a 20-25% lifetime chance of needing a prostatectomy • A 40 yo who lives to 80 has a 30-40% chance of prostatectomy • But these numbers will change with new medical Rx and one third of patients improve on their own • Higher initial PSA’s predict faster growth and higher risk of acute urinary retention

17. BPH TREATMENT INDICATIONSAbsolute vs Relative • Severe obstruction • Urinary retention • Signs of upper tract dilatation and renal insufficiency • Moderate symptoms of prostatism • Recurrent UTI’s • Hematuria • Quality of life issues

18. ONE POSSIBLE APPROACH(use cautiously)

19. BPH TREATMENTNON-SURGICAL • Watchful waiting, AUA score < 7, 1/3 improve on own. • Herbal Phytotherapy (eg. Saw Palmetto) • Alpha-1-adrenergic antagonists (terazosin,doxazosin,tamsulosin,alfuzosin) • 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride,dutasteride) • Combination Rx most effective for most severe. • Medical Rx has likely reduced Medicare claims for BPH surgery by 50%.

20. BPH TREATMENTSurgical • Indicated for AUA/IPSS score >16 • Transurethral Prostatectomy(TURP): 18% morbidity with .2% mortality. 80-90% improvement at 1 year but 60-75% at 5 years and 5% require repeat TURP. • Transurethral Incision of Prostate (TUIP): less morbidity with similar efficacy indicated for smaller prostates. • Open Prostatectomy: indicated for glands > 60 grams or when additional procedure needed : stones ,diverticulum .

21. BPH TREATMENTNew Modalities • Minimally invasive: (Prostatic Stents,TUNA,TUMT, HIFU,Water-induced Thermotherapy) • Laser prostatectomy (VLAP ,HoLRP) • Electrovaporization (TUVP )

22. Prostatitis DR BGR GAUDJI UROLOGY STEVE BIKO ACADEMIC

23. Prostatitis Inflammation of prostate gland and surrounding tissue due to infection Acute or chronic Rare in young males Commonly associated with recurrent infections in persons >30 years of age Up to 50% of males develop some form of prostatitis

24. Prostatitis • Acute prostatitis • acute infectious disease • sudden onset • fever, tenderness, urinary symptoms, constitutional symptoms • Chronic prostatitis • recurring infection with same organism • incomplete eradication of bacteria • few prostate related symptoms • difficulty urinating, low back pain, perineal pressure

25. Pathogenesis and Etiology • Mechanism of prostate bacterial infection not well understood • Possible causes of prostate gland infection • intraprostatic reflux of urine • sexual intercourse • indwelling urethral and condom catheterization • urethral instrumentation • transurethral prostatectomy

26. Pathogenesis and Etiology • Functional abnormalities in bacterial prostatitis  • altered prostate secretory functions • normal prostatic fluid contains prostatic antibacterial factor • heat-stable, low-molecular-weight cation • zinc-complexed polypeptide • bactericidal to most urinary tract pathogens • antibacterial activity related to prostatic fluid zinc content • prostate fluid zinc levels and antibacterial factor activity diminished in prostatitis and elderly patients; not known whether changes are cause or effect of prostatitis

27. Pathogenesis and Etiology • Prostatic secretion pH altered in prostatitis • normal pH 6.6 to 7.6 • more alkaline with increasing age • alkaline pH of 7 to 9 with prostate inflammation • Changes suggest generalized prostate secretory dysfunction • can affect pathogenesis • can influence mode of therapy

28. Pathogenesis and Etiology • Gram-negative enteric organisms most frequent pathogens in acute bacterial prostatitis • E. coli predominant in 75% of cases • other frequently isolated gram-negative organisms • K. pneumoniae • P. mirabilis • less frequently • P. aeruginosa • Enterobacter spp. • Serratia spp. • gonococcal and staphylococcal prostatitis uncommon

29. Pathogenesis and Etiology • E. coli most common cause of chronic bacterial prostatitis • Other gram-negative organisms less common • Importance of gram-positive organisms in chronic bacterial prostatitis controversial; isolated in some studies • S. epidermidis • S. aureus • CMV, TB, CANDIDA

30. Prostatitis Clinical Presentation

31. Prostatitis: Clinical Presentation • Physical examination often normal • Acute bacterial prostatitis: diagnosis made from clinical presentation and significant bacteriuria • Chronic bacterial prostatitis: more difficult to diagnose and treat • typically recurrent UTI with same pathogen  • most common cause of recurrent UTI in males • clinical presentation varies widely • many adults asymptomatic

32. Prostatitis: Clinical Presentation • Quantitative localization culture is diagnostic standard for chronic bacterial prostatitis diagnosis • compare bacteria in sequential urine and prostatic fluid cultures • collect 1st 10 mL of voided urine (voiding bladder 1, or VB1): constitutes urethral urine • after ~200 mL of urine voided, collect 10-mL midstream sample (VB2): represents bladder urine • after voiding, massage prostate and collect expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) • void after prostatic massage; collect 10 mL of urine (VB3)

34. NIDDK Classification • Category 1: Acute bacterial prostatitis • Category 2: Chronic bacterial prostatitis • Category 3: Chronic abacterial prostatitis – chronic pelvic pain syndrome – 3A leukocytes in prostatic secretion or semen – 3B absence of inflammatory cells in prostate secretion or semen • Category 4: Asymptomatic patients with inflammation in the expressed prostatic secretion, semen, or in biopsied prostate tissue Class 4 patients require no treatment

35. Prostatitis: Clinical Presentation • Bacterial prostatitis diagnosis • number of EPS bacteria 10 times that of urethral sample (VB1) and midstream sample (VB2) • if no EPS available, urine sample following massage (VB3) should contain bacterial count 10-fold greater than VB1 or VB2 • If significant bacteriuria; ampicillin, cephalexin, or nitrofurantoin for 2 to 3 days to sterilize urine prior to study

36. Prostatitis Treatment

37. Prostatitis Treatment • Treatment goals same as for UTIs • Acute bacterial prostatitis responds well to empirical antimicrobial therapy • Antimicrobials penetrate the prostate: acute inflammatory reaction alters cellular membrane barrier between the bloodstream and prostate • Most patients managed with Per osantimicrobials • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole • fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin)

38. Prostatitis Treatment • Other effective agents • cephalosporins • β-lactam–β-lactamase combinations • IV therapy rarely necessary for total treatment • IV to PO sequential therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolones appropriate • consider PO conversion after patient afebrile for 48 hours or after 3 to 5 days of IV therapy

39. Prostatitis Treatment • 4 weeks of antibiotic therapy to reduce chronic prostatitis risk • May treat chronic prostatitis for 6 to 12 weeks • Initiate long-term suppressive therapy for recurrent infections • ciprofloxacin three times weekly • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole regular-strength daily • nitrofurantoin 100 mg daily

40. Prostatitis Treatment • Chronic bacterial prostatitis rarely cured • Bacteria persist in prostatic fluid despite antibiotic serum concentrations greater than minimal inhibitory concentrations • inability of antibiotics to reach sufficient concentrations in prostatic fluid • inability of antimicrobials to cross prostatic epithelium

41. Prostatitis Treatment • Factors that determine antibiotic diffusion into prostatic secretions • lipid solubility • degree of ionization in plasma • only unionized molecules cross prostatic cell lipid barrier • drug pKa determines fraction of unchanged drug • gradient of > 1 pH unit between separate compartments allows ion trapping • as unionized drug crosses into prostatic fluid, it becomes ionized • allows less drug to diffuse back across lipid barrier

42. Prostatitis Treatment • Fluoroquinolones best options for chronic bacterial prostatitis • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole also effective • sulfamethoxazole penetrates poorly; contributes little to trimethoprim efficacy • Initial therapy 4 to 6 weeks • longer treatment in some cases • if therapy fails, consider chronic suppressive therapy or surgery

43. Prostatitis Summary Acute bacterial prostatitis responds well to 4 to 6 weeks of empirical antimicrobial therapy Chronic bacterial prostatitis rarely cured Best option for chronic bacterial prostatitis: fluoroquinolones Long-term suppressive therapy needed for recurrent infections