Bending strength.pptx
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Bending strength, also called flexural strength, is the ability of a material to resist bending forces. It is measured in megapascals (MPa) using a three-point or four-point bending test where a material is supported at two points and a load is applied at the center or additional points. The bending strength can be calculated using an equation that considers the length, breadth, and distance of the material. This property must be considered when designing medical equipment as the selected material must have appropriate bending strength for the application, such as bone implants, dental implants, cardiovascular valves, and surgical instruments.
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WHO data show that almost all of the global population (99%) breathe air that exceeds WHO guideline limits and contains high levels of pollutants, with low- and middle-income countries suffering from the highest exposures.
Air quality is closely linked to the earth’s climate and ecosystems globally. Many of the drivers of air pollution (i.e. combustion of fossil fuels) are also sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Policies to reduce air pollution, therefore, offer a win-win strategy for both climate and health, lowering the burden of disease attributable to air pollution, as well as contributing to the near- and long-term mitigation of climate change.
INVESTIGATION OF PUEA IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS USING ENERGY DETECTION IN D...
INVESTIGATION OF PUEA IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS USING ENERGY DETECTION IN D...csijjournal Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA) is one of the major threats to the spectrum sensing in cognitive
radio networks. This paper studies the PUEA using energy detection that is based on the energy of the
received signal. It discusses the impact of increasing the number of attackers on the performance of
secondary user. Moreover, studying how the malicious user can emulate the Primary User (PU) signal is
made. This is the first analytical method to study PUEA under a different number of attackers. The
detection of the PUEA increases with increasing the number of attackers and decreases when changing the
channel from lognormal to Rayleigh fading.
Design of cannal by Kennedy Theory full problem solved
Design of cannal by Kennedy Theory full problem solvedEr. Gurmeet Singh Design of cannal by Kennedy Theory
By Er Gurmeet Singh
G.C.E.T JAMMU
CONTACT: Gurmeet.b.tech@gmail.com
The Golden Gate Bridge a structural marvel inspired by mother nature.pptx
The Golden Gate Bridge a structural marvel inspired by mother nature.pptxAkankshaRawat75 The Golden Gate Bridge is a 6 lane suspension bridge spans the Golden Gate Strait, connecting the city of San Francisco to Marin County, California.
It provides a vital transportation link between the Pacific Ocean and the San Francisco Bay.
UNIT_2_ DIAGNOSTICS- UNIT II BIOMECHANICAL THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENT
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms Unit 5
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Brute Force
Greedy Algorithms
Divide-and-Conquer
Dynamic Programming
Reduction / Transform-and-Conquer
Backtracking and Branch-and-Bound
Randomization
Approximation
Recursive Approach
What is an algorithm?
An Algorithm is a procedure to solve a particular problem in a finite number of steps for a finite-sized input.
The algorithms can be classified in various ways. They are:
Implementation Method
Design Method
Design Approaches
Other Classifications
In this article, the different algorithms in each classification method are discussed.
The classification of algorithms is important for several reasons:
Organization: Algorithms can be very complex and by classifying them, it becomes easier to organize, understand, and compare different algorithms.
Problem Solving: Different problems require different algorithms, and by having a classification, it can help identify the best algorithm for a particular problem.
Performance Comparison: By classifying algorithms, it is possible to compare their performance in terms of time and space complexity, making it easier to choose the best algorithm for a particular use case.
Reusability: By classifying algorithms, it becomes easier to re-use existing algorithms for similar problems, thereby reducing development time and improving efficiency.
Research: Classifying algorithms is essential for research and development in computer science, as it helps to identify new algorithms and improve existing ones.
Overall, the classification of algorithms plays a crucial role in computer science and helps to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of solving problems.
Classification by Implementation Method: There are primarily three main categories into which an algorithm can be named in this type of classification. They are:
Recursion or Iteration: A recursive algorithm is an algorithm which calls itself again and again until a base condition is achieved whereas iterative algorithms use loops and/or data structures like stacks, queues to solve any problem. Every recursive solution can be implemented as an iterative solution and vice versa.
Example: The Tower of Hanoi is implemented in a recursive fashion while Stock Span problem is implemented iteratively.
Exact or Approximate: Algorithms that are capable of finding an optimal solution for any problem are known as the exact algorithm. For all those problems, where it is not possible to find the most optimized solution, an approximation algorithm is used. Approximate algorithms are the type of algorithms that find the result as an average outcome of sub outcomes to a problem.
Example: For NP-Hard Problems, approximation algorithms are used. Sorting algorithms are the exact algorithms.
Serial or Parallel or Distributed Algorithms: In serial algorithms, one instruction is executed at a time while parallel algorithms are those in which we divide the problem into subproblems and execute them on different processors.
Practice Head Torpedo - Neometrix Defence.pptx
Practice Head Torpedo - Neometrix Defence.pptxNeometrix_Engineering_Pvt_Ltd About
Practice Head is assembled with Practice Torpedo intended for carrying out exercise firings. It is assembled with Homing Head in the forward section and oxygen flask in the rear section. Practice Head imparts positive buoyancy to the Torpedo at the end of run. The Practice Head is divided into two compartments viz. Ballast Compartment (Houses Light Device, Depth & Roll Recorder, Signal Flare Ejector, Discharge Valve, Stop Cock, Water discharge Valve, Bellow reducing Valve, Release Mechanism, Recess, Bypass Valve, Pressure Equalizer, Float, Sinking Plug etc.) which provides positive buoyancy at the end of run by discharging water (140 ltrs.) filled in the compartment and Instrument compartment (dry), houses (safety & recovery unit and its battery, combined homing and influence exploder equipment, noise maker, bollards & safety valve etc.) The recess in Ballast compartment houses the float which gets inflated at the end of run to provide floatation to the surfaced Torpedo. Several hand holes/recesses are provided on the casing/shell of Practice Head for assembly of the following components:-
a) Signal Flare Ejector Assembly
b) Depth and Roll Recorder Assembly
c) Light Device
d) Pressure equalizer
e) Drain/Discharge Valve assembly
f) Bollard Assembly
g) Holding for Floater/Balloon Assembly
h) Sinking Valve
i) Safety Valve
j) Inspection hand hole
Technical Details:
SrNo Items Specifications
1 Aluminum Alloy (AlMg5)
Casing Body Material: AlMg5
• Larger Outer Diameter of the Casing: 532.4 MM
• Smaller Outer Diameter of the Casing: 503.05 MM
• Total Length: 1204.20 MM
• Thickness: 6-8 mm
• Structural Details of Casing: The casing is of uniform outer dia for a certain distance from rear side and tapered from a definite distance to the front side. (Refer T-DAP-A1828-GADWG-PH- REV 00)
• Slope of the Tapered Portion: 1/8
• Mass of Casing (Without components mounting, but including the ribs and collars on the body): 58.5 kg
• Maximum External Test Pressure: 12 kgf/cm2
• Maximum Internal Test Pressure:-
i. For Ballast Compartment: 2 kgf/cm2
ii. For Instrument Compartment: 1 kgf/cm2
• Innerspace of casing assembly have 2 compartments:-
i. Ballast Compartment and
ii. Instrument Compartment
• Cut outs/ recesses shall be provided for the assembly of following components.
a) Signal Flare Ejector Assembly
b) Depth and Roll Recorder Assembly
c) Light Device
d) Pressure Equalizer
e) Drain/ discharge valve assembly
2 Front Side Collar Material: AlMg5
• Maximum Outer Diameter: 500 MM
• Pitch Circle Diameter: 468 MM
• All Dimensions as per drawing T-DAP-A1828-MDWG-C&R-REV-00
Application:
In a torpedo, the ballast components and instrument compartment play crucial roles in maintaining stability, control, and overall operational effectiveness. The ballast system primarily manages buoyancy and trim, ensuring that the torpedo maintains a stable trajectory underwater.
IoT-based-Electrical-Motor-Fault-Detection-System.pptx
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Introduction to Safety, Health & Environment
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Sorting Algorithms: Bubble Sort, Selection Sort,
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Internal and external sorting,
Bubble Sort,
Selection Sort,
Von karman Equation full derivation .pdf
Von karman Equation full derivation .pdfEr. Gurmeet Singh Von karman Equation full derivation
By Er. GURMEET SINGH
G.C.E.T JAMMU
Contact: gurmeet.b.tech@gmail.com
M.tech Transportation Engineering
Bending strength.pptx
- 1. Bending strength Bashar Shareef Ahmed Wael Hussein Hashim
- 2. Bending strength • Bending strength or flexural strength, is the ability of a material to resist a force which tries to bend the material. Denoted by sigma, and measured by Mpa.
- 3. How-to-measure • It’s often measured using a three-point or four-point bending test. • In a three-point bending test. The material is applied to one axial load at it’s center, and supported at 2 points. • The four-point test contains the same concept, except the load are applied at 2 additional points, to create a more uniform stress distribution.
- 4. Mathematical approach • It can be measured easily by the following equation: • where: • L: length of material • b:breadth of material • d: distance
- 5. Designing considerations • This material-property is an essential thing to be considered when designing medical equipment some of them are: • 1-material selection: choosing of material is crucial. The material must be biocompatible, corrosion-resistant, possess appropriate mechanical properties, including bending strength. • 2- design and testing: in designing devices, a device must be designed to maximize bending strength, and to distribute load evenly across the structure of that device.
- 6. considerations • 3- manufacturing and quality control: manufacturing process of medical devices and implants should be carefully controlled to ensure that the final product meet the required specifications, including bending strength.
- 7. applications • it’s a very important property for materials used in implants and medical devices, used to evaluate the ability of a material to withstand bending loads: • 1-Bone implants: plates, rods, screws, and etc, all are materials require high consideration for the value of the bending strength. • 2-dental implants: which are used to replace missing teeth and must be able to withstand bending stresses caused by chewing and biting. • 3-cardiovascular valves: some of people are born or may gain distorted heart valve, which may result in the implantation of heart valves-
- 8. applications • - which would be replaced by a surgery. • 4- surgical instruments: such as scissors, forceps and retractors must withstand relatively high bending force without breaking or deforming, especially during surgery, which can be a life-threatening problem.