piaget ppt.docx

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Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who studied cognitive development in children. Through observing his own children, he developed a stage theory of cognitive development consisting of 4 stages: sensorimotor (birth to age 2), preoperational (ages 2 to 7), concrete operational (ages 7 to 11), and formal operational (age 11 into adulthood). Key aspects of cognitive development according to Piaget include schemas, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration as children adapt their understanding of the world.

INTRODUCTION
Piaget was born in Switzerland in the late 1800s and was a precocious
student, publishing his first scientific paper when he was just 11 years
old.
Much of Piaget's interest in the cognitive development of children was
inspired by his observations of his own nephew and daughter. These
observations reinforcedhis budding hypothesis that children's minds were
not merely smaller versions of adult minds.
Instead, he proposed,intelligence is something that grows and develops
through a series of stages.
Based on his observations,he concluded that children were not less
intelligent than adults, they simply think differently.
Piaget's stage theory describesthe cognitive developmentof
children. Cognitive developmentinvolves changes in cognitive process
and abilities.
THE STAGES
Through his observations of his children, Piagetdeveloped astage theory
of intellectual development that included four distinct stages:
1.Sensorimotor Stage
Ages: Birth to 2 Years
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
 The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations
 Children learn about the world through basic actions such as
sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
 Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot
be seen.
 They are separate beings from the people and objects around them
 They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the
world around them
2.Preoperational Stage

Ages: 2 to 7 Years
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
 Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and
pictures to represent objects.
 Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see
things from the perspective of others.
 While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still
tend to think about things in very concrete terms.
3.The Concrete Operational Stage
Ages: 7 to 11 Years
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes
 During this stage,children beginto thinking logically about concrete
events
 They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the
amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny
glass, for example
 Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very
concrete
 Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific
information to a general principle
4.The Formal Operational Stage
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
 At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think
abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
 Abstract thought emerges
 Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical,
social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract
reasoning
 Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle
to specific information
 Important Concepts of piaget’s Theory

 To better understand some of the things that happen during
cognitive development, it is important first to examine a few of the
important ideas and concepts introduced by Piaget.
 The following are some of the factors that influence how children
learn and grow:
 Schemas
 A schema describes both the mental and physical actions involved
in understanding and knowing. Schemas are categories of
knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world.
 Assimilation
 The process of taking in new information into our already existing
schemas is known as assimilation.
 Accommodation
 Another part of adaptation involves changing or altering our existing
schemas in light of new information, a process known as
accommodation. Accommodation involves modifying existing
schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new
experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this
process.
 Equilibration
 Piaget believed that all children try to strike a balance between
assimilation and accommodation, which is achieved through a
mechanism Piaget called equilibration.

Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who developed a theory of cognitive development in children. Through observing his own children and nephew, he concluded that a child's cognition develops through four distinct stages - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational - rather than children simply having smaller versions of adult minds. In each stage, children demonstrate new cognitive abilities and ways of thinking as their brains mature. Piaget believed cognitive development involves changes in how children understand the world through assimilating new information into existing mental frameworks and accommodating those frameworks based on new experiences.

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This presentation offers a comprehensive overview of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in the management of burn patients. It begins with an introduction to burns and their classification, including types and degrees, followed by an in-depth look into the pathophysiological changes associated with major burn injuries. Key clinical considerations such as fluid and electrolyte balance, macronutrient and micronutrient requirements, and methods of nutritional support (oral, enteral, and parenteral) are discussed. The presentation also addresses wound care, ancillary interventions, and the use of pharmacologic agents aimed at mitigating the hypermetabolic response seen in severe burns. Important assessment tools like the Rule of Nines for estimating Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) affected, as well as formulas such as the Curreri formula for caloric needs and protein requirement calculations based on TBSA, are included to guide individualized nutrition planning. This educational module is ideal for clinical nutrition students, dietitians, and healthcare professionals involved in burn care and rehabilitation.

A discussion on maize transformation during the last two decades (2002–2022):...Advances in Agriculture and Biology

Abstract Over the past decades, improvements in plant biotechnology have been used to produce genetically modified maize cultivars that have the potential to tolerate various stresses and as a result maize production has increased in the world. GM maize varieties having various traits i.e. disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance denote 30% of the world’s maize cultivated area. Genetic transformation in maize has been successfully achieved for the development of trait specific genotypes. Traditionally, some barriers in maize tolerance to certain traits still exist that can never be accomplished and to fill this gap, maize biotechnology has developed and commercialized GM maize varieties as an alternative to conventional breeding methods. Though various stresses i.e. biotic and abiotic can affect maize production but among other abiotic stresses, drought is a major issue that directly disrupts maize yield and productivity across the globe. Drought tolerant gene isolation and their transformation into maize are the key steps towards technological improvements. Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation in maize is widely used for the stable integration and transient expression pattern through optimized tissue culture protocols. This review mainly represents updated success in gene transformation in maize in the last two decades in terms of achievements, their uses and future prospects of GM maize cultivars. © 2023 The Author(s) Keywords: Gene transformation, Genotypes, GM maize, Optimized protocols, Prospects, Traits Citation: Zia, M. A., Shoukat, S., Arif, M., Ahmad, B., Nawaz, A. F., Bahadur, A., Zakria, M., Khan, H. S., Khan, S., Suleman, M., & Ali, S. (2023). A discussion on maize transformation during the last two decades (2002–2022): An update on present trends and future prospects. Advances in Agriculture and Biology, 6(1), 1-10. Introduction General importance of maize genome under drought stress Zea mays is diploid having 2n = 20, and x = 10. Thus, 10 chromosomes are present in the maize genome. The maize genome also contains jumping genes, called transposons. Transposons cause many genetic changes in the genome of maize, which can be beneficial in the field of corn production. According to the maize genome annotations, there are 39000–42000 protein coding genes representing as a whole about 800–1700 genes taking part in the selection of domestication. Further improvement could be possible to find more related genes in maize through NGS and other related advanced biotechnology applications (Springer et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019a). Maize after wheat and rice is the third most important cereal crop in the world (Batool et al., 2019; Noor et al., 2021; Aslam et al., 2021; Iqbal et al., 2022; Raza et al., 2023). Globally maize is a major crop but some abiotic stress factors like drought had significantly affected their yield (Campos et al., 2004). Drought stress losses 20–25% of maize production

The role of dietitians in Hospital and CommunitySarumathi Murugesan

This presentation highlights the diverse and essential roles of dietitians in both clinical (hospital) and community environments. It begins by outlining the core responsibilities of clinical dietitians, such as nutritional assessment, dietary planning, therapeutic nutrition, enteral and parenteral nutrition, and collaboration with multidisciplinary healthcare teams. In the community setting, the focus shifts to preventive care, nutrition education, public health campaigns, and management of nutrition-related diseases at the population level. The dietitian’s involvement in maternal and child health programs, school meal planning, elderly care, and rural outreach initiatives is also discussed. The presentation also emphasizes the importance of communication, counseling skills, and cultural competence, alongside emerging roles in research, food service management, and policy development. This is an ideal educational tool for nutrition and dietetics students, interns, and healthcare professionals looking to understand the multifaceted impact of dietitians in promoting health and managing diseases across different settings.

Medicinal Botany and It's scope and HistoryNistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India

2025 Insilicogen Company English BrochureInsilico Gen

Organic certification, inspection, NPOP, PGS, ICSShreya750543

Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic certification is a procedure by which a third party gives written assurance that a product, process or service in conformity with certain standards.Participatory guarantee system is quality assurance initiatives. It emphases the participation of stakeholders, including producers and consumers a long supply chain. National standards for production, processing, labeling, storage and transport of organic products. An internal control system (ICS) is a documented quality assurance system that allows the external certification body to delegate the annual inspection of individual group members to an identified body/unit within the certified operator.

Arecibo Wow! I: An Astrophysical Explanation for the Wow! SignalSérgio Sacani

The Ohio State University Big Ear radio telescope detected in 1977 the Wow! Signal, one of the most famous and intriguing signals of extraterrestrial origin. Characterized by its strong relative intensity and narrow bandwidth near the 1420 MHz hydrogen line, its source has never been detected again despite numerous follow-up attempts. Arecibo Wow! is a new technosignature project using archived data from the Arecibo Observatory. Here we present our first results of drift scans made between February and May 2020 at 1420 MHz. The methods, frequency, and bandwidth of these observations are similar to those used to detect the Wow! Signal. However, our observations are more sensitive, have better temporal resolution, and include polarization measurements. We report the detection of narrowband signals (∆ν ≤ 10 kHz) near the hydrogen line similar to the Wow! Signal, although twoorders of magnitude less intense and in multiple locations. Despite the similarities, these signals are easily identifiable as small interstellar clouds of cold hydrogen (Hi) in the galaxy. We hypothesize that the Wow! Signal was caused by a sudden brightening of the hydrogen line in these clouds triggered by a strong transient radiation source, such as a magnetar flare or a soft gamma repeater (SGR). A maser f lare or superradiance mechanisms can produce stimulated emission consistent with the Wow! Signal. Our hypothesis explains all observed properties of the Wow! Signal, proposes a new source of false positives in technosignature searches, and suggests that the Wow! Signal could be the first recorded event of an astronomical maser-like flare in the hydrogen line.

Earth-like planet predictor: a machine learning approachSérgio Sacani

Context. Searching for planets analogous to Earth in terms of mass and equilibrium temperature is currently the first step in the quest for habitable conditions outside our Solar System and, ultimately, the search for life in the universe. Future missions such as PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) or Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE) will begin to detect and characterise these small, cold planets, dedicating significant observation time to them. Aims. The aim of this work is to predict which stars are most likely to host an Earth-like planet (ELP) to avoid blind searches, minimises detection times, and thus maximises the number of detections. Methods. Using a previous study on correlations between the presence of an ELP and the properties of its system, we trained a Random Forest to recognise and classify systems as ‘hosting an ELP’ or ‘not hosting an ELP’. The Random Forest was trained and tested on populations of synthetic planetary systems derived from the Bern model, and then applied to real observed systems. Results. The tests conducted on the machine learning (ML) model yield precision scores of up to 0.99, indicating that 99% of the systems identified by the model as having ELPs possess at least one. Among the few real observed systems that have been tested, eight have been selected as having a high probability of hosting an ELP, and a quick study of the stability of these systems confirms that the presence of an Earth-like planet within them would leave them stable. Conclusions. The excellent results obtained from the tests conducted on the ML model demonstrate its ability to recognise the typical architectures of systems with or without ELPs within populations derived from the Bern model. If we assume that the Bern model adequately describes the architecture of real systems, then such a tool can prove indispensable in the search for Earth-like planets. A similar approach could be applied to other planetary system formation models to validate those predictions.

The Future of Artificial Intelligence.pptxManjuGoyal4

The Future of Artificial Intelligence is poised to transform nearly every aspect of human life. AI is expected to become more powerful, intuitive, and integrated into daily tasks, from healthcare and education to transportation and entertainment. Advances in machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics will drive smarter automation and decision-making. Ethical considerations, including bias, privacy, and job displacement, will become increasingly important as AI systems gain influence. In the coming years, the focus will likely shift toward creating responsible, transparent, and human-centered AI that enhances rather than replaces human capabilities.

Lesson 2a_ Plants vs animals' cells.ppt is about the difference between plant...mariarudenisamartin1

Morphometric and meristic characters of Fishes. pptxDr Showkat Ahmad Wani

study the general anatomy of fish (alimentary canal, gills, gonads, etc.).pptxDr Showkat Ahmad Wani

Lecture 5 BIOMECHANICS OF PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SPINAL NERVE ROOTS.pptsairasaleem4975

4_2019_10_11!03_20_25_PM.pdfMethyl salicylate experiment and preparationhatef7592

Anti-protozoal Agent are the chemotherapeutic agent .Kureshi Rihan Mukhtar

Anti-malarial agent are the class of Anti-protozoal agent which are use to tr...Kureshi Rihan Mukhtar

Obesity in the Context of Nutrition TherapySarumathi Murugesan

This presentation explores the complex condition of obesity, covering its definition, classification (including BMI and waist circumference), and etiology, with an emphasis on both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. The physiological, hormonal, genetic, lifestyle, and environmental contributors are discussed to offer a holistic understanding of the condition. It then addresses the health risks and complications associated with obesity, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and certain cancers. The focus shifts toward assessment techniques and nutritional management strategies, including calorie control, balanced macronutrient distribution, behavior modification, physical activity, and long-term weight maintenance. Special attention is given to evidence-based dietary approaches like the Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, and low-calorie/keto models. The presentation is suitable for clinical nutrition, dietetics, and healthcare students as well as professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of obesity and weight management therapy.

SIMILARITY BASED METHODS & PHARMACOPHORE BASED SCREENING M.PHARMA CHEMISTRY 2...Pulkit Maheshwari

unit 5 (Medicinal chemistry-1) sem 4 second year B Pharmacypayalpilaji

Beta Oxidation of Palmitic acid(fatty acids) with its energetics and regulati...rilungmodi1234

Burns: Nutritional Support and Clinical ApproachesSarumathi Murugesan

A discussion on maize transformation during the last two decades (2002–2022):...Advances in Agriculture and Biology

The role of dietitians in Hospital and CommunitySarumathi Murugesan

Medicinal Botany and It's scope and HistoryNistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India

2025 Insilicogen Company English BrochureInsilico Gen

Organic certification, inspection, NPOP, PGS, ICSShreya750543

Arecibo Wow! I: An Astrophysical Explanation for the Wow! SignalSérgio Sacani

Earth-like planet predictor: a machine learning approachSérgio Sacani

The Future of Artificial Intelligence.pptxManjuGoyal4

Lesson 2a_ Plants vs animals' cells.ppt is about the difference between plant...mariarudenisamartin1

Morphometric and meristic characters of Fishes. pptxDr Showkat Ahmad Wani

study the general anatomy of fish (alimentary canal, gills, gonads, etc.).pptxDr Showkat Ahmad Wani

Lecture 5 BIOMECHANICS OF PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SPINAL NERVE ROOTS.pptsairasaleem4975

4_2019_10_11!03_20_25_PM.pdfMethyl salicylate experiment and preparationhatef7592

Anti-protozoal Agent are the chemotherapeutic agent .Kureshi Rihan Mukhtar

Anti-malarial agent are the class of Anti-protozoal agent which are use to tr...Kureshi Rihan Mukhtar

Obesity in the Context of Nutrition TherapySarumathi Murugesan

piaget ppt.docx

1. INTRODUCTION Piaget was born in Switzerland in the late 1800s and was a precocious student, publishing his first scientific paper when he was just 11 years old. Much of Piaget's interest in the cognitive development of children was inspired by his observations of his own nephew and daughter. These observations reinforcedhis budding hypothesis that children's minds were not merely smaller versions of adult minds. Instead, he proposed,intelligence is something that grows and develops through a series of stages. Based on his observations,he concluded that children were not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently. Piaget's stage theory describesthe cognitive developmentof children. Cognitive developmentinvolves changes in cognitive process and abilities. THE STAGES Through his observations of his children, Piagetdeveloped astage theory of intellectual development that included four distinct stages: 1.Sensorimotor Stage Ages: Birth to 2 Years Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:  The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations  Children learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening  Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen.  They are separate beings from the people and objects around them  They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them 2.Preoperational Stage

2. Ages: 2 to 7 Years Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:  Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.  Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.  While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms. 3.The Concrete Operational Stage Ages: 7 to 11 Years Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes  During this stage,children beginto thinking logically about concrete events  They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example  Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete  Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle 4.The Formal Operational Stage Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:  At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems  Abstract thought emerges  Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning  Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information  Important Concepts of piaget’s Theory

3.  To better understand some of the things that happen during cognitive development, it is important first to examine a few of the important ideas and concepts introduced by Piaget.  The following are some of the factors that influence how children learn and grow:  Schemas  A schema describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world.  Assimilation  The process of taking in new information into our already existing schemas is known as assimilation.  Accommodation  Another part of adaptation involves changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information, a process known as accommodation. Accommodation involves modifying existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process.  Equilibration  Piaget believed that all children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation, which is achieved through a mechanism Piaget called equilibration.

piaget ppt.docx

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