oral cancer
7 likes3,303 views
This document discusses strategies for preventing oral cancer, including controlling risk factors like smoking, alcohol use, and HPV infection. It notes that oral cancer has multiple potential causes, making prevention difficult. The main risk factor is tobacco use, which accounts for over 90% of oral cancer cases. Quitting smoking significantly reduces cancer risks over time, with risks dropping by half after 10-15 years of abstinence. As dental professionals, the document recommends following the "5 A's" approach of asking patients about tobacco use, advising them to quit, assessing willingness to quit, assisting with a plan to quit, and arranging follow-up support.
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked (15)
Similar to oral cancer (20)
More from IAU Dent (20)
Recently uploaded (20)
oral cancer
- 1. Prevention Strategies for Oral Cancer Aiman A. Ali, DDS, PhD. Associate professor Oral Pathology and Medicine
- 2. How to prevent the occurrence of a disease? A disease with simple etiology Causal factor Dental caries Traumatic exposure Chemical irritations Thermal irritations Fracture of the crown Disease Pulpitis Multifactorial disease (dental caries or oral cancer)?
- 3. How to prevent the occurrence of a disease? Etiology of oral cancer Smoking If we want to prevent Chronic irritations the occurrence of Chronic diseases oral cancer we have Alcohol to control all these factors !!! Hereditary Is it possible? Genetic aberrations Others such as viruses, diet…etc.
- 4. General statistics Thirty percent of all cancer deaths are caused by tobacco. Over 80% of lung cancer deaths are caused by tobacco. The lung cancer death rate for men was 4.9 per 100,000 in 1930 and it has increased to 75.6 per 100,000 in the decade of 1990. Ninety-two percent of oral squamous cell carcinoma are attributable to tobacco usage.
- 5. Statistics and incidence The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking.
- 7. The tobacco plant was first brought to Europe in 1558 by the Spanish physician Francisco Fernandes Aiman A. Ali, DDS, PhD. 2008
- 8. Tobacco and related oral habits Smoking Cigarette (normal, black, light, natural….) Pipe Water-pipe Reverse smoking Cigar Smokeless Passive Snuff, Tombak and similar products Chewing the tobacco leaves smoking Aiman A. Ali, DDS, PhD. 2009
- 9. Tobacco and related oral habits Smoking Cigarette (normal, black, light, natural….)
- 10. Tobacco and related oral habits Smoking Pipe
- 11. Tobacco and related oral habits Smoking Water-pipe
- 12. Tobacco and related oral habits Smoking Reverse smoking
- 13. Tobacco and related oral habits Smoking Cigar
- 14. Tobacco and related oral habits Smokeless Snuff, Tombak and similar products
- 15. Tobacco and related oral habits Smokeless Chewing the tobacco leaves
- 16. Tobacco and related oral habits Passive smoking
- 17. Smoking any tobacco product, *%, Males * WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008
- 18. Smoking any tobacco product, %, Females * WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008
- 19. Constituents "Chemical analysis shows the tobacco leaf/smoke to contain an unusual number of constituents. Nicotine, Nitric, phosphoric, pictic, nicotianine, hydrochloric, citric, acetic, ulmic acids tobacco acid or malic acid sulphuric, oxalic, Acetaldehyde, acrolein, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, methyl chloride, nitrogen dioxide And others: Benzopyrene, Tar, Naphthalene, arsenic and others Hinds JID, The Use of Tobacco (Nashville, Tenn: Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882), p 36 Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, PHS Pub 1103, Chapter 6, Table 4, p 60 (1964)
- 20. Constituents Chemical structure of the carcinogen benzopyrene diol epoxide Benzopyrene, a major mutagen in tobacco smoke, in an adduct to DNA* * PDB 1JDG
- 21. Constituents "Moreover, there is no question that arsenic . . . is definitely an active carcinogen on human tissue. . . . the arsenic content of American cigarettes has increased from two to six times in a period of 25 years. One popular American brand contains from 41 to 52.5 micrograms of arsenic, of which one third remains in the butt, one third is in the ash, and one third goes into the smoke. About five micrograms of arsenic trioxide is inhaled from each cigarette. Alton Ochsner, Smoking and Your Life (New York: Julian Messner Pub, 1954 rev 1964), p 15. A large sample of native arsenic. Aiman A. Ali, DDS, PhD. 2008
- 22. Constituents Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco are extremely addicting and nicotine is the drug that causes that addiction Pharmacologic and behavioral characteristics of nicotine addiction are similar to those of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine Nicotine molecule
- 23. Nicotine Absorbed by the lungs via inhalational route Absorbed topically through skin and mucous lining of the mouth Rapidly distributed after inhalation and reaches the brain in as little as 10 seconds Mucosal absorption from smokeless tobacco is slower but more sustained Swallowed nicotine is not absorbed and eliminated from the body
- 24. Nicotine Following absorbtion, the elimination half-life of nicotine is about 2 hours, thus it can accumulate with repeated exposures over the course of a day A typical smoker takes ~10 puffs of a cigarette over about 5 minutes Each cigarette delivers about 1 mg of nicotine Thus, a person who smokes a pack a day (20 cigarettes) gets 200 hits of nicotine to the brain every day, each one within 10 seconds after a puff
- 25. Physiologic and Behavioral Effects of Nicotine Increases heart rate Increases cardiac output Increases blood pressure Suppresses appetite Produces strong sense of pleasure and well-being Improves task performance Reduces anxiety
- 26. Nicotine Withdrawal The effects of nicotine gradually diminish over a period of 30 minutes to 2 hours, and result in withdrawal effects Dysphoria (disagreeable feeling) or depression Insomnia Irritability, frustration, anger Anxiety Difficulty concentrating Restlessness Decreased heart rate Increased appetite
- 27. Effects of smoking and it’s quantity 1. Tobaco poisons are so powerful in miniscule quantities that even smoking merely one cigarette can be enough to start the fatal addictive process 2. See the article, "Lower Tar Makes No Difference," for an example of why this is so. 3. British Medical Journal, Vol 328, Issue # 7431 (10 January 2004)
- 28. Scope of the Problem in the USA 21% of US citizens use tobacco products (mostly cigarettes) 440,000 deaths each year attributable to tobacco use; #1 cause of death and disease Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Chronic Respiratory Disease 4,000 children and teens become regular users of tobacco each day Direct medical care costs estimated to be $50 billion annually; loss of productivity costs $47 billion 70% of smokers have made at least 1 attempt to quit or want to quit; 48% try to quit each year
- 29. Diseases Associated With Tobacco Use Cardiovascular Disease: 2-4x risk (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease {10x risk}, stroke {2x risk}) Pulmonary Disease 10x risk (emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer {12-22x risk}) Pregnancy (stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, ↓ fetal growth, premature birth, LBW, oral clefts) Cigarette smokers die 13-14 years earlier than non-smokers
- 30. Oral Effects of Tobacco Use Gingival inflammation and recession Periodontal disease Implant failure Dry socket Smoker’s melanosis Nicotine stomatitis Leukoplakia Erythroplakia Verrucous carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma
- 31. Oral Effects of Tobacco Use
- 32. Tooth staining Tooth abrasion (chewing tobacco) Halitosis Hairy tongue Diminished taste and smell
- 33. Benefits of Quitting 20 Minutes After Quitting: Heart rate drops. 12 hours After Quitting: Carbon monoxide level in blood drops to normal. 2 Weeks to 3 Months After Quitting: Heart attack risk begins to drop. Lung function begins to improve. 1 to 9 Months After Quitting: Coughing and shortness of breath decrease. 1 Year After Quitting: Risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a nonsmoker’s. 5 Years After Quitting: Stroke risk is reduced to that of a nonsmoker’s. 10 Years After Quitting: Lung cancer death rate is about half that of a nonsmoker’s. Risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas decreases. 15 Years After Quitting: Risk of coronary heart disease is back to that of a nonsmoker’s.
- 34. ?What Can We as Dentists Do “Gold Standard”; the 5 A’s Ask Advise Assess Assist Arrange
- 35. ASK Ask every patient about their tobacco use: Current use? How long used? Form of tobacco used? Quantity used daily? If former user, how long quit? Ask if they have considered quitting or are interested in quitting Ask about previous attempts to quit and reasons for failure
- 36. ADVISE Urge the tobacco user to quit, but don’t badger or shame them Relate their tobacco use with their oral condition (periodontal disease, lesions, halitosis, taste complaints) Emphasize the benefits of quitting Tell your patient that you will help them if they want to quit
- 37. ASSESS Asses readiness to quit be professional, gently persistent, and supportive Ask directly: “Are you interested in quitting?” If so, move on to the assist phase If not, drop the subject, but continue to provide motivational intervention at every opportunity Be alert for “teaching moments”
- 38. ASSIST/ARRANGE Provide self-help materials “You Can Quit Smoking” “Benefits of Quitting” Refer patient to a counseling source (telephone help line) Coordinate a smoking cessation program for the patient Provide NRPs or medications for the patient if desired Refer patient to a smoking cessation program
- 39. Outcome of the 5 A’s Not good! Most dentists and physicians are unaware of the initiative Reasons cited for not engaging in the activity: Takes too much time Lack of training Lack of reimbursement Lack of knowledge about available referral sources Lack of patient education materials
- 40. Difficulty Quitting The more cigarettes smoked, or the more smokeless tobacco used, the harder it is to quit The longer a person has used tobacco products, the harder it is to quit The more tobacco usage is incorporated into daily activities, the harder it is to quit
- 41. Nicotine Replacement Products Nicotine patch (Nicoderm; Nicotrol: OTC) Nicotine gum (Nicorette; OTC) Nicotine lozenge (Commit; OTC) Nicotine inhaler (Nicotrol; Rx) Nicotine nasal spray (Nicotrol NS; Rx)
- 42. Use of Nicotine Replacement Products Smokers need to maintain a blood level of nicotine around 15-18 ng/ml in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms A single cigarette increases blood level of nicotine to 35-40 ng/ml After about 25-30 minutes, the blood level falls back to 15-18 ng/ml NRPs aim to provide a steady blood level of around 17 ng/ml in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms The patient then progressively learns to accept smaller and smaller blood nicotine levels and then ultimately zero
- 43. NRT: Nicotine Transdermal Patch ((Available OTC Nicoderm CQ; Generic; 3 strengths (21mg, 14mg, 7mg) Nicotrol; 1 strength (15mg) Dosages: Nicoderm CQ or generic 1-21mg patch/day for 6 weeks, then 1-14mg patch/day for 2 weeks, then 1-7 mg patch/day for 2 weeks Nicotrol 1-15mg patch/day for no more than 16 hours per day for 8 weeks
- 44. NRT: Nicotine Polacrilex (Gum) ((Available OTC Nicorette; 2 strengths (2mg and 4mg) Chewed briefly, then “parked” for 30 minutes; good control; clock regulated better than prn Dosage: use 4mg gum up to 24 pieces per day; 2 weeks at 12/day, then 1 week at 10/day, then 1 week at 9/day, etc.
- 45. NRT: Nicotine Lozenge ((Available OTC Commit; 2 strengths (2mg and 4mg) Parked between cheek and gum; periodically moistened by placing on tongue and wetting with saliva Provides 25% higher blood levels than gum Absorption results in blood level of 86% of dose, but swallowing results in only 2% of dose Dosage: Use 12 - 4gm lozenges per day, 1 about every 80 minutes; maximum 20 pieces/day
- 46. NRT: Nicotine Nasal Spray *Prescription only Nicotrol NS Rapidly absorbed; produces good nicotine blood levels; good control Good choice for very dependent user Dosage: 8-40 doses/day for 3-6 months A dose is 1 puff/nostril (6ng/ml) 3 doses/hour for 2 weeks, then 2 doses/hour for 4 weeks, then 1 dose/hour for 4 weeks
- 47. NRT: Nicotine Inhaler *Prescription only Nicotrol inhaler (cartridges) Similar to smoking; rapid absorption Generally not able to achieve optimum blood nicotine levels; not the best choice for very dependent users; very ineffective; expensive Dosage: 6-16 cartridges/day for up to 6 months
- 48. Non-NRT Pharmacotherapeutic Agents FDA Approved for smoking cessation Bupropion (Zyban) Varenicline (Chantix) Non-FDA approved Nortriptyline (Pamelor) tricyclic antidepressant Clonidine (Catapres) α-2 adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive
- 49. Bupropion SR (Zyban) *Prescription only Zyban; an antidepressant (Wellbutrin) but in a sustained release form As effective as nicotine patches when used alone 1 year quit rate about 10-15% May be additional benefit when used in combination with other NRT Dosage: 150mg tablets Start 1-2 weeks before quit date Take a 150mg tablet QD for 3 days, then BID thereafter; continue for 7-12 weeks; may need to continue for up to 6 months
- 50. Varenicline (Chantix) *Prescription only Chantix; a unique medication that partially activates nicotine receptors to reduce the severity of craving for cigarettes and withdrawal symptoms Doubles the likelihood of quitting over bupropion and quadruples it over placebo 1 year quit rate with varenicline alone is 22% Dosage: 0.5 and 1.0 mg tablets Start 1 week prior to quit date 0.5 mg daily for 3 days, then 0.5 mg twice a day for 4 days, then 1.0 mg twice daily for 12 weeks