Hydrocephalus
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This document provides information about hydrocephalus. It begins with definitions, noting that hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting in abnormal widening of brain spaces. It describes the anatomy of the ventricles and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. It discusses the causes of hydrocephalus, including conditions that block normal fluid flow or absorption. It outlines the main types - congenital, acquired, communicating, and non-communicating hydrocephalus - and their causes. Images are included showing examples of hydrocephalus, obstructions, treatments like VP shunts, and various conditions that can cause hydrocephalus like aqueduct stenosis and tumors.
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introduction
Hydrocephalus, also known years ago as “water on the brain”, is a condition where the circulation system of the body’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not functioning properly. The CSF accumulates in the brain and causes intracranial pressure. A shunt is usually placed to equalize the flow of CSF, which requires surgery. The diagnosis and surgery can be very frightening for the parents as well as the child
definition
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces of the cranial cavity
INCIDENCE
It is found in 1-3 of every 1000 born children in world wide
Classification
Non communicating. In the non communicating type of congenital hydrocephalus, an obstruction occurs in the free circulation of CSF.
Communicating. In the communicating type of hydrocephalus, no obstruction of the free flow of the CSF exists between the ventricles and the spinal theca; rather, the condition is caused by defective absorption of CSF, thus causing increased pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
CAUSES
Obstruction. The most common problem is a partial obstruction of the normal flow of CSF, either from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain.
Poor absorption. Less common is a problem with the mechanisms that enable the blood vessels to absorb CSF; this is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury.
Overproduction. Rarely, the mechanisms for producing CSF create more than normal and more quickly than it can be absorbed.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Poor feeding. The infant with hydrocephalus has trouble in feeding due to the difficulty of his condition.
Large head. An excessively large head at birth is suggestive of hydrocephalus.
Bulging of the anterior fontanelles. The anterior fontanelle becomes tense and bulging, the skull enlarges in all diameters, and the scalp becomes shiny and its veins dilate.
Setting sun sign. If pressure continues to increase without intervention, the eyes appear to be pushed downward slightly with the sclera visible above the iris- the so-called setting sun sign.
High-pitched cry. The intracranial pressure may increase and the infant’s cry could become high-pitched.
Irritability. Irritability is also caused by an increase in the intracranial pressure.
Projectile vomiting. An increase in the intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting
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HydrocephalusDr. Faisal Khan The document discusses hydrocephalus, beginning with the anatomy and physiology of the brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It defines hydrocephalus as an abnormal accumulation of CSF within brain ventricles. Hydrocephalus results from an imbalance between CSF production and absorption and can be communicating or noncommunicating. The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of hydrocephalus are described.
Hydrocephalus and it's causes
Hydrocephalus and it's causesLiew Boon Seng This document discusses hydrocephalus, including:
- Hydrocephalus is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, which can increase pressure and cause neurological symptoms.
- There are two main types - obstructive, caused by blockages in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, and communicating, caused by issues with absorption of fluid.
- Common causes of obstructive hydrocephalus include aqueductal stenosis, tumors, cysts, and hemorrhages. Communicating hydrocephalus can result from subarachnoid hemorrhages.
- Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a type of communicating hydrocephalus where patients experience gait, memory, and
Hydrocephalus
HydrocephalusSnehlata Parashar Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure. It results from an imbalance between the production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, which normally circulates around the brain and spinal cord. The main symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on age, but include headache, nausea, gait issues, and cognitive decline. It is typically diagnosed through brain imaging scans and spinal taps. The standard treatment is surgically placing a shunt to drain fluid from the brain to other parts of the body, though endoscopic procedures to create openings in the brain ventricles are also used. Complications can include shunt malfunctions requiring additional surgeries
hydrocephalus
hydrocephalussakshi srivastava Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF, disrupting normal fluid flow. Symptoms vary depending on age but include headaches, nausea, vision problems, and developmental delays. Hydrocephalus is diagnosed using imaging tests like CT or MRI scans. Treatment involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain CSF from the brain to the abdomen where it can be absorbed. With proper treatment and management, hydrocephalus patients can often live normal lives.
Hydrocephalus.pptx
Hydrocephalus.pptxPrashantKoirala11 Hydrocephalus is an excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles that causes them to dilate. It can be caused by blockages preventing fluid from draining properly or overproduction of fluid. The main types are communicating and obstructive. Symptoms include rapid head growth in infants and headaches or vision problems in older children. Diagnosis involves head exams and imaging tests. Treatment options include medications to reduce fluid or surgical procedures like shunts to drain fluid from the brain to the abdomen. Complications of hydrocephalus and its treatments can be infections or shunt malfunctions.
Hydrocephalus (1) (2)
Hydrocephalus (1) (2)Dr. Akshita Duha Juneja (PT) Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing their enlargement. It occurs due to an imbalance between CSF production and absorption. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles and circulates through the ventricular system before being absorbed into the venous system. Hydrocephalus can be obstructive, caused by a blockage in CSF flow within the ventricles, or communicating, caused by impaired absorption of CSF out of the ventricles. It is diagnosed through imaging like CT scans and MRIs showing ventricle dilation and treated through surgical implantation of shunts to drain CSF or endoscopic procedures to open blockages.
Hydrocephalus mallappa hs
Hydrocephalus mallappa hsDr. Mallappa Shalavadi Hydrocephalus, commonly known as "water on the brain", is a medical condition where there is abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It can be caused by impaired CSF reabsorption or obstruction of CSF flow. The main types are communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus. Symptoms include headache, nausea, and enlarged head size. Treatment involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain CSF out of the brain ventricles and reroute it to the abdomen, or performing an endoscopic third ventriculostomy to create a new pathway for CSF drainage. Complications of shunt surgery include infection and obstruction.
Hydrocephalus
HydrocephalusDrVishal Kandhway This document discusses hydrocephalus, which is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting in abnormal widening of brain spaces. It defines hydrocephalus and describes the normal circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. It identifies the different types of hydrocephalus including congenital, acquired, communicating, and non-communicating hydrocephalus. The major causes and clinical features are outlined for each type. Finally, it discusses the typical treatment which is usually a CSF shunt procedure and highlights important considerations for anesthesia when performing a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
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HYDROCEPHALUS- presentation.pptKatongo7 This document defines and classifies hydrocephalus, describing its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between cerebrospinal fluid production and absorption, leading to buildup in the brain ventricles. It can be communicating or non-communicating, and congenital or acquired from conditions like brain defects, hemorrhage, or infection. Symptoms depend on whether it develops acutely or chronically. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and clinical assessment. Treatment is usually surgical placement of a shunt to drain fluid from the brain ventricles.
Hydrocephalus (Clinical Anatomy of CSF) By Muhammad Arslan Yasin
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Raised intracranial pressure
Raised intracranial pressureKIST Surgery This document discusses raised intracranial pressure (ICP) and its physiology. It notes that unchecked elevated ICP can lead to herniation and brain death. ICP is determined by a balance of cerebrospinal fluid volume, cerebral blood volume, and brain parenchyma. Increased volume in one compartment must be compensated by decreases in others. Elevated ICP decreases cerebral perfusion pressure and blood flow, which can cause ischemia. Herniation syndromes like central transtentorial and uncal herniation can occur if pressure gradients are not relieved. Symptoms of increased ICP include headache, vomiting, and papilledema.
CSF LEAK AND ITS MANAGEMENT (CSF RHINORRHOEA, OTORRHOREA, OCCULORRHOEA)
CSF LEAK AND ITS MANAGEMENT (CSF RHINORRHOEA, OTORRHOREA, OCCULORRHOEA)DrInnafayaz CSF LEAK AND ITS MANAGEMENT
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Ventricular system of the brain
Ventricular system of the brainABU ZARIA The ventricular system of the brain consists of two lateral ventricles connected to the third and fourth ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles and circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space before being reabsorbed into blood vessels. Blockages in cerebrospinal fluid flow can cause hydrocephalus, or excess fluid buildup in the brain. Injuries such as concussions, contusions, and lacerations can damage brain tissue and potentially cause bleeding or swelling.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalusshivani sharma Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column.
Elective neurosurgery
Elective neurosurgerysurgerymgmcri This document discusses elective neurosurgery, specifically related to raised intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus. It begins by defining normal intracranial pressure and the Monroe-Kellie hypothesis. It then describes the causes, signs, symptoms and treatments of raised intracranial pressure, including medical options like mannitol and surgical options like craniotomy. The document also discusses the physiology of cerebrospinal fluid, the pathophysiology and types of hydrocephalus, investigations for hydrocephalus, and treatments like ventriculoperitoneal shunting, external drains, and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Complications of treatments are also outlined.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluidUdaya Kumar Ratna Kumari The document discusses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including its location in the brain and spinal cord, how it is produced and circulated, its composition and functions. CSF acts as a cushion and protects the brain, removes waste, and transports nutrients and chemicals. It is produced in the brain's ventricles and circulates through the ventricles and spinal cord before being reabsorbed or drained into veins. Abnormalities in CSF production or circulation can cause hydrocephalus. A lumbar puncture is described as a way to collect and analyze CSF samples for diagnostic purposes.
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Precision Medicine & Genomics:
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Radiation Oncology:
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Drug Discovery & Clinical Trials:
AI helps discover new cancer drugs and match patients to trials.
Companies like BenevolentAI and Insilico Medicine lead this space.
Prognostics & Monitoring:
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https://ko-fi.com/ldmmia
Celebrating my 49th Bday.
A Taurus Sun, Born early May 3rd, “76”.
Also A Gemini Moon/Rising. I follow Both signs.
Welcome to the 2nd Bonus Session.
Beyond Basics - Good Vibes Only:
—Review - Good Vibes Only:
— For me, within both Reiki and Yoga sessions the essentials boost the energy. Energy can also be called Vibrations and Frequency. So many coaches are specializing within Frequency topics. They can coach entire themes using Frequency success stories. This shows how little we think of energy? We need our coaches to boost our wisdom? To boost the vibes? For Reiki & Yoga Therapy, using ‘Props’ can assist, protect, and heal energies - faster/better. Let’s Explore more.
(See Presentation for all sections, THX)
Clear Your Energy Pt 1…(See Presentation)
Clear Your Energy - Pt 2
I know we operate busy schedules. Sometimes I will yoga stretch, do warm ups, Fuse Qigong, and clear my chakras. It can be therapy or for energy boosts. So many things within our activities will leave behind energy. This can be positive or negative. We assume these energies naturally drop off. But, not always the case. Some energies latch on longterm. This all depends on your moods, emotions, and lifestyle. Hope it makes sense. We have to monitor our energy intake/out-take.
Repost:
Taking breaks, pausing, relaxing, are common things ppl struggle with. Including at times, myself. Reiki requires chill hours or meditations. We often believe our schedules are badges to display for social/approval? This is a generational society belief. It takes courage to bold/quietly declare - the opposite.
(Old Matrix Systems)
Energy Monitoring-The Media/News
A Perm bonus section I wanted to keep. This is about The media and news. Now, I understand it’s hard to avoid all news. Especially when we need our global, local, weather, and economic updates. Some news are important while others are extremely negative. Anything hosting bad vibes can be draining. I have seen this occur within distant/visual updates like news or gossip. We have to keep what we need. Then leave behind what we don’t. The intuitive coaching/Tarot rules.
There’s a lot going on for every country. So now is the time to practice calming methods for daily life or emergencies.
(See Presentation for all, new topics, THX)
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 1906.3±2278.4 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 53%, 10 years – 46.4%, 20 years – 33.4%, 30 years – 27.5%. 194 ECP lived more than 5 years (LS=4300.8±2503.5 days), 105 ECP – more than 10 years (LS=5860.8±2469.2 days). 232 ECP died because of EC (LS=628.8±321.8 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (60.3% vs. 43.1%) (P=0.007 by log-rank test). 5YS of ECP of upper/3 was significantly better than others (65.3% vs.50.3%) (P=0.003). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of ECP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) N0—N12 in terms of synergetics, blood cell subpopulation, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), EC cell dynamics, T, G, histology, age, localization, prothrombin index, coagulation time, residual nitrogen, chlorides (P=0.000-0.047). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and healthy cells/CC (rank=1), erythrocytes/CC (2), PT N0—N12 (3), PT early-invasive EC (4), thrombocytes/CC (5); segmented neutrophils/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), eosinophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), leucocytes/CC (10), monocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5-year survival of ECP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT “early-invasive cancer”; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) Cell Ratio Factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) EC cell dynamics; 9) EC characteristics; 10) tumor localization; 11) anthropometric data; 12) surgery type. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for EC are: 1) screening and early detection of EC; 2) availability of sufficient quantity of very experienced thoracoabdominal surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for ECP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Drug information is current, critically examined, relevant data about drugs and drug use in a given patient or situation.
Current information uses the most recent, up-to-date sources possible.
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Hydrocephalus
- 2. Introduction Derived from Greek word “Hydro” meaning “Water”, and “Cephalus”, meaning “Head”. Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) resulting in abnormal widening of the spaces in the brain. 2
- 3. 3
- 4. Ventricles of The Brain Lateral Ventricle Third Ventricle Fourth Ventricle 4
- 7. Circulation of CSF Normally, CSF flows continually from the interior cavities in the brain (ventricles) to the thin subarachnoid space that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. 7
- 9. Circulation of CSF Normally, CSF flows through the ventricles, exits into cisterns (closed spaces that serve as reservoirs) at the base of the brain, bathes the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord, and then reabsorbs into the bloodstream. 9
- 11. Cause of Hydrocephalus The balance between production and absorption of CSF is critically important. Because CSF is made continuously, medical conditions that block its normal flow or absorption will result in an overaccumulation of CSF. The resulting pressure of the fluid against brain tissue is what causes Hydrocephalus. 11
- 13. Types of Hydrocephalus There are several different types of Hydrocephalus: Congenital hydrocephalus Acquired hydrocephalus Communicating hydrocephalus Non-communicating hydrocephalus 13
- 14. Congenital Hydrocephalus Congenital hydrocephalus is present at birth and may be caused by environmental influences during fetal development or by genetic factors. Causes are: Aqueduct Stenosis Colloid Cyst 14
- 15. Thinning of the choroid plexus. Displacement of the medial and lateral walls of the lateral ventricle. 15
- 16. Acquired Hydrocephalus Develops at the time of birth or at some point afterward. This type of hydrocephalus can affect individuals of all ages and may be caused by injury or disease. 16
- 17. Acquired Hydrocephalus Acquired Hydrocephalus is due to: Tumors Hemorrhage Ventriculitis 17
- 18. Communicating Hydrocephalus Communicating hydrocephalus occurs when the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is blocked after it exits the ventricles. This form is called communicating, because the CSF can still flow between the ventricles, which remain open. 18
- 19. 19
- 20. Communicating Hydrocephalus Causes are due to: Post-hemorrhage Bacterial Meningitis Malignant Meningitis Increased Venous Pressure 20
- 21. Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus Non-communicating hydrocephalus, also called "obstructive" hydrocephalus, occurs when the flow of CSF is blocked along one or more of the narrow pathways connecting the ventricles. Causes include: Congenital Acquired 21
- 22. 22
- 23. Hydrocephaly is often suggested as the cause of the unusual parietal bossing (bulging of the bones at the rear sides of the skull) in the Starchild Skull. 23
- 24. J-shaped Sella: Sella extends under anterior clinoid process and looks like “J” on side; seen in normals, Hydrocephalus or optic chiasm glioma. 24
- 25. Spot Diagnosis ? VP Shunt 25
- 26. ? 26
- 27. ? Colloid Cysts are usually located in the anterior (front) portion of the third ventricle, resting against the hypothalamus, where they may block the outflow pathways for the cerebrospinal fluid and cause hydrocephalus 27
- 28. ? Colloid cyst with obstructive hydrocephalus. Sagittal T1-weighted MR image shows a hyperintense nodular mass at the foramen of Monro. Dilatation of both lateral ventricles is due to obstruction of CSF flow at the foramen of Monro. 28
- 29. ? Axial T2 weighted image demonstrates a well-marginated intraventricular mass near the foramen of Monro. The lesion is lobulated in appearance and is causing obstructive hydrocephalus. Associated vasogenic edema is noted extending into the left frontal lobe. Coronal T1 contrastenhanced MR sequences demonstrate intense, heterogeneous enhancement of the mass. Diagnosis: Subependymal astrocytoma giant cell 29
- 30. ? A sagittal T1-weighted MRI shows a large posterior fossa cyst. The hypoplastic vermis is everted over the posterior fossa cyst (long arrow). The cerebellar hemispheres and brainstem (b) are hypoplastic. Thinned occipital squama is seen (arrowheads). An axial T1-weighted MRI showing ventriculomegaly and a superiorly displaced posterior fossa cyst 30
- 31. ? MRI sagittal view showing Aqueduct Stenosis causing Hydrocephalus 31
- 32. ? Non contrast CT of the brain demonstrates marked hydrocephalus involving the lateral and third ventricles but sparing the fourth ventricle. . 32
- 33. ? Shunt Catheter in Situ 33
- 34. ? (C) CT postcontrast imaging showed a tumor in midline causing a bilateral obstructive hydrocephalus. (D) Tumor was removed in this postoperative image. 34
- 35. ? Medulloblastoma: sagittal view MRI showing an avidly enhancing solid and cystic lesion filling the fourth ventricle; obstructive hydrocephalus present 35
- 36. ? Brain CT at level of Vein of Galen demonstrating thrombus. 36
- 37. ? Sagittal view MR T1 post contrast showing Pineocytoma causing hydrocephalus 37
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