Ancylostoma duodenale
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ancylostoma morphology,mode of transmission ,life cycle and pathogenesis and preventive measures by asif ibrahim kanth
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Fasciola hepatica
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2. The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and developing in soil, which are then ingested and hatch in the small intestine. Larvae migrate through the lungs before reaching maturity in the small intestine.
3. Symptoms can include pneumonia during larval migration through the lungs, and intestinal obstruction, malnutrition, and allergic reactions from adult worms in the small intestine. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or adult worms after treatment.
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- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
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Ancylostoma duodenale
Ancylostoma duodenaleSk. Mizanur Rahman 1) Hookworms are blood-feeding nematodes that infect around 900 million people worldwide, principally by the species Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
2) A. duodenale is associated with miners due to humid conditions in mines being suitable for egg and larval development. It was known to cause severe anemia in miners.
3) The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and hatching as larvae that penetrate skin, are carried by blood to lungs, then swallowed and mature as adults in small intestine where they feed on blood, potentially causing iron-deficiency anemia.
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2. The life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and developing in soil, which are then ingested and hatch in the small intestine. Larvae migrate through the lungs before reaching maturity in the small intestine.
3. Symptoms can include pneumonia during larval migration through the lungs, and intestinal obstruction, malnutrition, and allergic reactions from adult worms in the small intestine. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or adult worms after treatment.
Cestodes
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- Pseudophyllidean cestodes have unbranched uteri and operculated eggs, while cyclophyllidean cestodes have branched uteri, non-operculated eggs, and larvae that form cysts or bladders.
- Common cyclophyllidean cestodes include Taenia saginata, T. solium, and Echinococcus granulosus, which infect humans and require one or two intermediate hosts to complete their life cycles.
F.buski
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- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
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His extensive expertise is matched by a distinguished financial background, holding elite credentials such as CFA®, CMT®, CPWA®, FMVA®, and others. Bao’s strategic approach has allowed him to lead $2 billion in healthcare M&A transactions, reshaping Vietnam’s healthcare investment landscape. His ability to blend healthcare with finance has earned him recognition as a thought leader in the field.
Bao has also contributed more than 20 articles to major outlets like Forbes, Bloomberg, and Voice of America, sharing his insights on healthcare innovation and investment. His accolades include being named Healthcare Executive of the Year – Vietnam 2019, Medical Tourism Leader of the Year 2021, and being honored as a “Doing Business 2022” Leader by the World Bank Group.
In addition, Bao's strategic expertise is sought by top global consulting firms like BCG, Bain, and McKinsey, advising on major healthcare investments and partnerships in Asia. With his visionary leadership, Tran Quoc Bao continues to drive the future of healthcare, both in Vietnam and globally.
City International Hospital - A Premier Healthcare Destination for Foreigners...
City International Hospital - A Premier Healthcare Destination for Foreigners...Ignite Capital City International Hospital (CIH) in Ho Chi Minh City has recently earned a prestigious spot on the provider list of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) Australia. This achievement marks a significant milestone for the hospital, establishing it as the leading healthcare provider for foreigners in Vietnam. The recognition comes largely due to the efforts and strategic connections cultivated by CIH’s visionary leader, Tran Quoc Bao.
As the go-to institution for expatriates and international patients, CIH stands out not only for its world-class facilities but also for its specialized care in several key areas. Under Bao’s leadership, the hospital has developed centers of excellence in fertility, cardiology, neurology, and women and children’s healthcare — all of which have earned it a stellar reputation.
In the field of fertility, CIH has made tremendous strides, offering state-of-the-art treatments for individuals and couples seeking to grow their families. The hospital’s fertility specialists are internationally trained, ensuring that patients receive the best possible care with the latest techniques and technology.
Cardiology is another area where CIH excels. The hospital boasts an advanced cardiac care unit, offering diagnostic and treatment services for heart conditions ranging from routine checkups to complex surgeries. The dedicated team of cardiologists at CIH is renowned for its expertise in both preventive care and cutting-edge heart treatments.
Neurology at CIH is also of the highest standard. With advanced diagnostic tools and a team of skilled neurologists, CIH provides comprehensive care for patients dealing with everything from neurological disorders to complex brain surgeries. The hospital’s commitment to treating conditions like stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases has positioned it as a leader in this field.
For women and children, CIH offers compassionate, top-tier care through its dedicated services for maternal health and pediatric care. From prenatal care to advanced gynecological treatments and child health services, the hospital has built a reputation for its compassionate approach to healthcare for families.
Tran Quoc Bao’s strategic connections and commitment to excellence have been pivotal in positioning City International Hospital as a trusted healthcare provider recommended by DFAT Australia. This recognition underscores CIH’s status as a healthcare institution of choice for foreigners living in Vietnam, providing high-quality medical care with international standards.
Through Bao’s leadership and CIH’s continued focus on specialized, patient-centered care, the hospital is poised to remain the premier choice for expatriates seeking exceptional healthcare in Vietnam.
Lukenote Practice: Free yourself. Let your practice run on autopilot. Scale y...
Lukenote Practice: Free yourself. Let your practice run on autopilot. Scale y...Emitlogic Technologies Private Limited Lukenote Practice: Run Your Clinic, Not the Chaos
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MALARIA - Pharm D III year Therap .pptx
MALARIA - Pharm D III year Therap .pptxAyesha Fatima Malaria is a life-threatening disease. Its typically transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Infected mosquitoes carry the Plasmodium parasite. When this mosquito bites you, the parasite is released into your blood stream.
Phylum : Protozoa
Subphylum : Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)
Class : Telosporea
Genus : Plasmodium
Species : vivax
Plasmodium is one of the most harmful parasites of man.
It is a digenetic, intracellular parasite that lives in the liver cells and RBC of man. (It is extracellular in mosquito).
Its primary host is the female Anopheles mosquito and the secondary host is man. Reservoir host is monkey.
The infective stage is sickle shaped sporozoite and the mode of infection is inoculation.
Four species of Plasmodium cause four types of malaria in man.
They are
i) Plasmodium vivax – benign tertian malaria
ii) Plasmodium falciparum – malignant tertian malaria
iii) Plasmodium ovale – mild tertian malaria
iv) Plasmodium malariae – quartan malaria
Of all these four species, Plasmodium vivax is the most common and most widely distributed malaria parasite.
OBJECTIVES AND USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
The aims of using drugs in relation to malarial infection are:
(i) To prevent clinical attack of malaria (prophylactic).
(ii) To treat clinical attack of malaria (clinical curative).
(iii) To completely eradicate the parasite from the patient’s body (radical curative).
(iv) To cutdown human-to-mosquito transmission (gametocidal).
These are achieved by attacking the parasite at its various stages of life cycle in the human host .
Antimalarials that act on erythrocytic schizogony are called erythrocytic schizontocides
Antimalarials that act on pre erythrocytic as well as exoerythrocytic (P. vivax) stages in liver are called tissue schizontocides,
Antimalarials which kill gametocytes in blood are called gametocides.
Severe and complicated falciparum malaria
This includes P. falciparum infection attended by any one or more of—
Hyperparasitaemia,
Hyperpyrexia,
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance,
Acidosis,
Hypoglycaemia,
Prostration,
Cardiovascular collapse,
Jaundice,
Severe anaemia,
Spontaneous bleeding,
Pulmonary edema,
Haemoglobinuria,
Black water fever,
Renal failure
Cerebral malaria.
Artesunate: 2.4 mg/kg i.v. or i.m., followed by 2.4 mg/kg after 12 and 24 hours, and then once daily for 7 days. Switchover to 3 day oral ACT in between whenever the patient can take and tolerate oral medication.
or
Artemether: 3.2 mg/kg i.m. on the 1st day, followed by 1.6 mg/kg daily for 7 days. Switchover to 3 day oral ACT in between whenever the patient is able to take oral medication.
or
Arteether: 3.2 mg/kg i.m. on the 1st day, followed by 1.6 mg/kg daily for the next 4 days. Switchover to 3 day oral ACT inbetween whenever the patient is able to take oral medication.
or
Quinine diHCI: 20 mg/kg (loading dose) diluted in 10 ml/kg 5% dextrose/dextrose-saline and infused i.v. over 4 hours, followed by 10 mg/kg.
PGDEI Neurobiology - paper 1 NEUROBIOLOGY
PGDEI Neurobiology - paper 1 NEUROBIOLOGYJELLA VISHNU DURGA PRASAD MAAENT
PGDEI 101.ΝΙΜΗ
PAPER I: NEUROBIOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:-
1. To understand the biological basis of developmental disabilities.
2. To identify the causes and risk factors, developmental disabilities and understanding their implication on development and their prevention aspects of disability.
3. To have knowledge the early indication of brain insult and characteristic features of developmental disabilities for early identification.
UNIT I-Anatomy, Physiology and embryology
👍Gross anatomy of Central nervous system (Frontal, Parietal, temporal, occipital, basal ganglia, cerebellum, midbrain, Pons, medulla oblongata, autonomic nervous system, limbic system, spinal cord, spinal arc, nervous system pathways). peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system
👍Micro anatomy-Cell structure, development and function
Physiology- Neurons, synapses, transmission, Specific areas and functions-Frontal, Parietal, temporal, occipital, basal ganglia, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, autonomic nervous system, limbic system, spinal cord, spinal arc, nervous system pathways, and centers and pathways
👍Embryology-Stages of development
👍Maturation-Myelination, organization of brain, cortical sub cortical relay system
Tran Quoc Bao: The Driving Force Behind City International Hospital's Rise as...
Tran Quoc Bao: The Driving Force Behind City International Hospital's Rise as...Vietnam Health & Wealth
Lukenote Practice: Free yourself. Let your practice run on autopilot. Scale y...
Lukenote Practice: Free yourself. Let your practice run on autopilot. Scale y...Emitlogic Technologies Private Limited
Ancylostoma duodenale
- 2. Ancylostoma duodenale (old hookworms) Necatore americanus (new hookworms) SUPERFAMILY : Ancylostomatoidea FAMILY : Ancylostomatidae SUB FAMILY : Ancylostomatinae GENUS : Ancylostoma SPECIES : A. duodenale (human) , A. braziliense (dog and cats), A. caninum (dog), A. tubaeforme (cats ) SYNONYMS : hook worm 10/12/[email protected]
- 3. Common name: Old world hookworm Habitat: Small intestine Definitive host: Human Route of infection: Filariform larvae penetrate the skin of human Infective stage: Third stage larvae ( filariform) Diagnostic stage: Eggs in Stool Disease: Hookworm infection, Ancylostomiasis Geographic Distribution: Southern Europe, North parts of Africa, China, India,and Japan. 10/12/[email protected]
- 4. 1- Adult female is about 9-13 mm, and the male is smaller than 5-11mm. 2- The anterior end have buccal capsule (analogous to mouth) armed with two ventral pairs of teeth. 3- The posterior end of the male has copulatory bursa to attach the female during the copulation, females have simple conical tail. 10/12/[email protected]
- 9. • Shape : oval with an empty space between the shell and content • Size: 60 x 40 μm • Shell: thin egg shell • Color: colorless and transparent • Content: 4-8 cell unembryonated • Immature eggs pass in feces (20,000 eggs ⁄ day). 10/12/[email protected]
- 10. 3-Rhabditiform larva: -thin -size: 200-400µ -long buccal cavity. -rhabditiform oesophagus, very small genital -pointed tail end. 4-Filariform larva: -size: 600-700µ. -cylindrical oesophagus( one third of the body length) -sharply pointed tail 10/12/[email protected]
- 12. 1-Invasion stage: The skin, at the site of entry of filariform larva Maculopapular lesions “ ground itch” or “dew itch” Itching, edema. 2-Migration stage: passage of the larvae in the lung leads to: Haemorrhages and pneumonia, cough, fever, eosinophylia. 10/12/[email protected]
- 15. 1) sucking of blood by the worm (iron-dificiency anaemia ), Severe anaemia leads to weakness. 0.15-0.26 mL of blood may be withdrawn by a Ancylstoma in 24 houre. Approximately 50% of the red blood cells are hemolyzed 2) Bleeding at the site of attachment and after movement to a new sites. 3) Toxic substances . -intestinal ulcers: flatulence, nausea, vomiting ,diarrhea. 10/12/[email protected]
- 16. Hookworms do not permanently attach in one spot, but move around the gut and reattach when they are ready to feed. 10/12/[email protected]
- 17. 1-Diagnosis can be determined by looking for hookworm eggs in a recently collected stool sample. 2-Blood tests for anemia and nutritional deficiencies, particularly iron, can help to confirm the diagnosis. 10/12/[email protected]
- 18. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Sanitary disposal of human faeces Wearing of footwear Health education Treatment of infected individuals 10/12/[email protected]
- 19. Ancylostoma caninum Ancylostoma braziliense Ancylostoma caninum Dog hookworm Ancylostoma braziliense Cat hookworm Both cause creeping eruptions 10/12/[email protected]
- 20. Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale Treatment Albendazole Drug of choice Ovicidal and larvicidal 400 mg single dse in adults and children over 2 years old Mebendazole 500 mg single dose in adults and children Not recommended for children below 2 years old 10/12/[email protected]
- 21. CONTACT [email protected] (ASIF IBRAHIM) At Facebook,twitter,linkedin,SlideShare,Google+ Mob.9070262786,9018533143 10/12/[email protected]