Fern

Ferns are vascular plants that do not produce seeds.
Ferns
Erinio Mahusay
College Of Education
Botany Class

Learning Outcomes
Expected that, at the end of discussion 100% of the student, are going to cope up
the topic;
 To distinguish the different forms of ferns allies (classified with ferns)
 how the life cycle of ferns being process
 To discuss how ferns are being reproduced or their reproduction

Ferns
Modern ferns are descended from some of
the oldest plants on Earth. They are
believed to have arisen between 420-360
million years ago. Their phylogeny is as
follows:
• Domain-Eukarya (their cells contain
nuclei)
• Kingdom-Plantae (they contain chlorophyll
for photosynthesis and cell walls)
• Division-Pteridophyta (also called
Polypodiophyta when used as a part of
Tracheophyta or vascular plants)
• Class-Pteridopsida
• Order-Athyriales (one of the largest)

Ferns
Ferns are seedless, vascular
tissue
Two type of tissue;
• Xylem is responsible for
moving water and nutrients
throughout the plant.
• Phloem is responsible for
moving glucose throughout
the plant
Ferns reproduce by an
alternation of generation.

Fern Allies
• Largely due to having a similar appearance and way of reproducing
themselves, a group called the “fern allies” is classified with the
ferns.
• These allies are a diverse group of interesting plants.
• although more recent research has shown that these plants are not
as closely related to ferns as scientists previously thought.

Club mosses
• Low growing, creeping, and
typically green year-round.
• These plants are commonly
called “ground cedar” or
“princess pine” because they
look so similar to young
evergreen trees.
• Club mosses only ever grow to
be a few inches in height,
however, and are found most
commonly in richly wooded
areas.

Horsetails:
• Found only around water, these plants
have hollow stems that will pop off into
segments if pulled.
• These plants have a great deal of silica,
a hard chemical compound that is in
rocks such as quartz and sand, in their
tissues, which makes them rough.
• Because of this quality, they were once
used to scrub dishes and clothing,
earning them the nickname “scouring
rush.”

Quillworts:
• Mostly aquatic, and typically fully
submerged in water, these plants
have leaves which are hollow and
resemble porcupine quills.
• These plants are small, and look a
lot like small onion or chive plants.
• Many species of quillwort are very
rare, although quillworts can be
found all across the world.

Spikemosses:
• Found almost exclusively in
the tropics, spikemosses
resemble mosses more than
they do ferns.
• Plants of this grouping can be
brilliantly iridescent, or shiny
in the sunlight, and also have
incredible drought resistance.

Ferns
Ferns are only capable of primary
growth i.e. growing upward.
• They do not increase in diameter,
a type of growth known as
secondary growth.
• This primary growth occurs at the
tips of the plants shoots and
roots within areas called apical
meristems

Fiddleheads:
• First, there’s the distinct way in which many
fronds, or fern leaves, unfurl.
• Young fronds, called fiddleheads because of
their striking resemblance to the head of a
violin, start out tightly curled at the base of
the root.

Rhizome, or Rootstock:
• This part of the plant is
responsible for producing roots,
which take up nutrients and
water from the soil.
• Fern rhizomes can be very thin
and creeping, or thick and
stocky.

Stalk, Stipe, or Stem:
• This is the part of the fern that
connects the root of the plant
to the blade, or the leafy part of
the plant.
• Its function is almost entirely
support, however it may also be
photosynthetic.

Frond, Leaf, or Blade:
• This is the part of the frond
which bears leaflets or
pinnae.
• This part of the plant is
responsible for performing
photosynthesis.
• Spores are also typically
produced on the underside of
the blade.

Life Cycle
The life cycle of the fern has two
different stages;
• sporophyte, which releases
spores,
• and gametophyte, which
releases gametes.
• Gametophyte plants are haploid,
sporophyte plants diploid. This
type of life cycle is called
alternation of generations.

Concept
All non-seed plants reproduce from spores with an alternation of
generations, an unfamiliar concept to most
• The two generations are:
• The diploid sporophyte plant that produces tiny, microscopic spores
and
• The haploid gametophyte plant that produces eggs and sperms
• .When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, the fertilized egg, now again
diploid grows into
• A new sporophyte plant

Sporophyte
Another way to tell if a plant is a
fern is to look at its reproductive
structures.
• If it has a flower, fruit, or seed-
it’s not a fern!
• All ferns, and many fern
relatives, reproduce using
spores, or tiny living single cells.
• sporophyte, which releases
spores, andgametophyte, which
releases gametes.

Sori Clusters
• On the underside of fern
leaves, sori are formed.
• They are clumps of
sporangia holding
reproductive spores.

Gametophyte
• Gametophyte plants are
haploid, sporophyte plants
diploid. This type of life
cycle is called alternation
of generations.

Daghang Salamat!!!
Ferns are vascular plants that do not produce seeds.
Ferns

Fern

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