Ages & stages ppt

Editor's Notes

1. To understand child development, you don’t have to earn a degree in the subject matter. There are some basic concepts that you can learn that will help you to effectively communicate and work with children of all ages. Today we’re going to take a look at four different age groups of children and identify characteristics of their development in four different areas. Those four areas include their physical, social, emotional, and intellectual development. Physical development refers to the growth and maturation of their body. Social development is the interaction children have with others and their ability to function in a social setting. Emotional development looks at how they handle their feelings and express those feelings in an appropriate way. And last, intellectual development is all about how the learn. We’ll look in depth at each of these characteristics for these four age groups: 6-8 year olds, 9-11 year olds, 12-14 year olds and 15-18 year olds. Those ages span the youth that we work with in the 4-H program. Knowing how kids develop will help us to develop better programs specific to their needs.
2. There are a variety of things or people who influence a child’s growth and development. As you can see from this list, everyone you can imagine that a child has contact with influences, in some way, their development. Beginning with parents who should have the most influence, especially in their early years of development through their extended family which includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and more. Their caregivers, teachers and even their peers also influence their development. Other factors that also influence development include their community in which they live, the media, heredity and their environment.
3. There are several principles of child development that we must keep in mind as we work with youth of all ages. Every child is not cut from the same mold, and therefore, all are unique in their development. Development is orderly, not random. It happens in sequence and we’ll be looking at that sequence as we go through this lesson. Development is a continuous and gradual process. From the time a child is born until they die, they continue to develop and change. Development is most rapid during the early stages of infancy and the adolescent years. As we take a look at the four age groups, we’ll be able to see this rapid growth. Not all children develop at the same pace. Not all children possess the same temperament. Development occurs within a larger context. Development is a multi-faceted concept.
4. Divide the large group into four small teams. Provide each team with a different age group – 6 to 8 year olds, 9-11 year olds, 12-14 year olds and 15-18 year olds. Each team is to plan a short 2 minute skit that represents the characteristics of the children for the age group they have been assigned. Be sure to try and include the physical, social, emotional and intellectual characteristics as you develop the short skit. Teams will have approximately 7 minutes to plan their skit.
5. Introduce team who is representing 6-8 year olds and invite them to present their skit for the audience. Following their presentation, use the next four slides to review the characteristics for this age group.
6. From 6-8 years of age, children are developing physically at a slower pace than they did the first 5 years of their life. They are learning to master physical skills with their large muscle groups – things like running, jumping, and skipping are examples of large motor skills. They are also beginning to develop their small motor skills. This includes skills that involve using their fingers and hands like tying their shoes, putting small items together and taking them apart, writing, and more. Because these small muscle skills aren’t developed completely, there are challenges in working with this age group! They are messy with meals and with craft projects, they may take longer to do tasks that require them to use their small motor skills. Another example might be that they find it difficult to complete a worksheet because they can’t hold a pencil very well yet. As we work with this age group in relation to their physial development, we should focus on activities that encourage the use of large motor skills more than their small motor skills.
7. Social characteristics for 6-8 year olds center around friends. They are developing skills in how to be a friend and may have a lot of friends one day and only a few the next! They do fight with each other, but can get over those fights pretty quickly. Boys also tend to separate from girls at this age. Same sex play groups begin to form. When working with this age group, some things to help facilitate their social development include the following ideas: Break them into small groups to encourage them to interact with different children than the ones they always play with. This will help them to develop their social skills with other children. Children at this age love to do skits and plays. Incorporate some role playing into your programming with age group to help them learn about empathy towards others. Include activities that mix up the genders instead of allowing them to divide up into boys against girls all of the time.
8. Emotionally, children from 6-8 years old are very focused on themselves. They have a hard time understanding things from someone else’s point of view. They are also looking to adults for approval and will do whatever they must to avoid punishment. This might include lieing, blaming others, hiding or other means that they can come up with! They are very sensitive to criticism and don’t like to fail at anything. That is why they often become frustrated and angry if they can’t get something to work or don’t know how to do a task. Some things we can do to help children with their emotional development include keeping a positive attitude when around them. Be supportive and encouraging, especially when you see that they are frustrated. Plan activities that promote success and focus more on cooperative activities rather than competition.
9. The intellectual development of 6-8 years old can be characterized by concrete thinking. They based their thinking in reality, not in the abstract. They do not focus well enough to work on more than one task at a time and they are more interested in the process of doing rather than the end result. This may be a point of frustration with adults who want to see a finished product!!! Ways we can help 6-8 year olds with their intellectual development include planning activities with a shorter time frame. For this age, 15-20 minutes is probably the maximum that they will focus on a task. Don’t worry so much about a final product as the process. As long as the kids are having fun, you should celebrate that! Allow them to explore and answer questions if they ask them! That is how they learn!
10. Introduce the team assigned the 9-11 year old age group to present their skit. Following skit, review the next four slides.
11. As we move into the 9-11 year old group, their physical development is beginning to pick up. This age group is very active and can’t sit still! They will experience a growth spurt during this time as they move toward adolescence. The girls will begin to mature before the boys which means girls will be taller, a little more mature and by age 11, some may even be starting their period. As we work with this age group, some things we can do to help their development include providing active learning experiences. This means hands on or activities where they are up and moving, not sitting and listening to lecture. Kids at this age are also beginning to be more competitive between boys and girls.. Try to avoid competition between the gender groups and encourage activities that mix boys and girls up in groups.
12. Social development for the 9-11 year olds is all about same sex groups. This is the age when they enjoy being involved in clubs. That is one advantage we have with the 4-H program – membership begins at 9 years of age which is right in line! This age group still has difficulty seeing the views of others, but at the same time, they like to may others happy so they will adapt to some extent, event though they may not understand fully. They also like to complete projects and they do this to please adults. As we work with this age group it will be important to divide youth into same sex groups, so that they are more comfortable and will participate better. We can also encourage their social development through involving older youth to be mentors for this age group. They look up to older kids and will model their behavior.
13. At this age, children can be described as moody – where their emotions are concerned! They tend to have a weak sense of individual identity and will often mimic what others are doing instead of just being themselves. They want everything to be fair or equal. They also are beginning to develop a need to feels a part of something important. The will question authority but at the same time will still want guidance from adults. It is important for us to remember to not compare youth to each other, but recognize each child for their strengths and things that they do well. We can also place emphasis on progress they make as they progress through a task or work on their 4-H project.
14. Intellectually, 9-11 year olds still see things as black and white, but as they get closer to age 12, they are beginning to understand new ideas and think more abstractly. Favorite subjects will begin to emerge as they learn what their interests are. They also want to find their own solutions to problems instead of relying on others to tell them the answers. As we work with this age group, we can help them develop intellectually by providing simple, short directions and by keeping learning experiences brief. We can also provide a variety of different activities that will ensure success for each child. This may take a little more time to plan, but the results will be worth it!
15. Introduce the team assigned the 12-14 year old age group to present their skit. Following skit, review the next four slides.
16. Children between ages 12 and 14 are experiencing many physical changes. They are entering puberty where boys’ voices are changing, they are experiencing a growing spurt in which they overtake the girls in stature. Girls are maturing physically and developing breasts and curves, and they are concerned about their body image. If they mature at a faster rate than their peers, they may be made fun of or made to feel that they are not normal. As we work with this age group, it will be important to have open communication with them and answer questions they may have about their physical development. We also need to be sensitive to their feelings and avoid comments that criticize or compare youth physically. We can also watch for youth who are making fun of others and put a stop to that to avoid hurt feelings.
17. Socially, children at this age are transitioning into involvement with opposite sex groups. They are more interested in what their peers say than their parents’ advice. They do search for adult role models outside of their parents which might be a sports star, actors or actresses, music artists or other famous people. They are becoming more opinionated and independent and tend to reject solutions from adults because they feel their solution is better. Now is the age when we can begin to involve youth in planning their own programs. They want to feel ownership for projects. It is also important that we make sure that the climate for activities be geared toward things they can do with their peers. We can also begin to work with youth at this age on individual goals that they would like to achieve instead of group goals.
18. Their emotional development at this age still leans toward comparing themselves to others. We also characterize them as the drama king or queen. They are always on center stage and they have the attitude of “it’s all about me!” They are separating from their parents and forming autonomy and continue to exercise their independence. Their emotions are all over the place – one minute happy and having a great time, the next, the world is against them! When we consider the emotional implications for 12-14 year olds, we need to begin to let them assume responsibility and set expectations that they follow through with their duties. We can also help them explore their identity, values and beliefs by providing activities that challenge their thinking in these areas. Youth/adult partnerships are encouraged with this age group. Even though they are developing autonomy, they still want to be involved with adults, maybe just not their own!!!
19. The 12-14 year old’s intellectual development is expanding to include more abstract thinking. They are beginning to understand cause and effect and are ready for more in-depth and more long-term experiences. They also like to set goals based on their needs and interests. They are also moving from fantasy to reality where their life goals or career are concerned. As we work with this age group on their intellectual development, we can begin to give them real-life problems to solve. We also need to let them make decisions and evaluate the results so that they can learn from mistakes and celebrate their achievements. This age group will thrive with service learning projects where they can identify an area of need and put a total plan together to address that need. They are also interested in career exploration and activities that encourage this will be beneficial to them.
20. Introduce the team assigned the 15-18 year old age group to present their skit. Following skit, review the next four slides.
21. Teenagers are approaching maturity with their physical development and their big concern is their body image. Pimples, weight, exercise, and many other issues are concerns to them. They are impressionable where physical appearance is concerned and can be easily mis-guided by advertising and the emphasis our society places physical appearance. With this age group, we need to be open to answering questions they may have about physical development and avoid comments that criticize or compare youth to each other or to societal standards. We can also be a good role model for them where health and physical fitness is concerned.
22. Social development of 15-18 year olds is moving toward sexuality and they are learning how to differentiate between fantasy and reality. They are testing sexual attractiveness which translates to flirting with the opposite sex. They are learning how to make commitments and follow through. A big thing with this age group is their desire for respect. They want to be viewed as an adult and be given adult responsibilities. We can encourage their social development by involving them in planning their own programs and holding them accountable for the success or failure of their plans. We can also emphasize personal development and leadership skills with teens and help them to learn what their strengths and weaknesses are.
23. Emotional characteristics of 15-18 year olds center around respect, developing confidence, and developing independence. They are looking for ways to express their uniqueness but still want approval from their peers. They are also developing their own set of values and beliefs. They may begin to realize that their parents aren’t so off base and may adopt some of the same values and beliefs while choosing some of their own, too. They are taking a look at themselves and trying to figure out who they really are instead of what others are saying that they are. They are also gaining skills in carrying out tasks without supervision. As teens mature, we can encourage their emotional development by letting them assume more responsibility. Continue to challenge their thinking on their identity, values and beliefs and encourage them to work in youth/adult partnerships to achieve common goals.
24. Some intellectual characteristics of this age group include mastery of abstract thinking and their ability to imagine how their behavior can impact the future. They like to show others what they have learned and do not do well with meaningless activities or things that just take up time. As you can see, the implications for this age group are the same as the 12-14 year olds. If we want to keep teens engaged intellectually, we have to provide for them real-life problems to solve. We also need to let them make decisions and let them evaluate the outcomes. Career exploration is important because this is when they will be thinking about whether or not they will go to college, what career they will pursue, and other important decisions for their future.
25. Use the questions on slide 26 and 27 as discussion with the large group or break them into 4 four groups and give each group a different question to discuss and present back to the large group.
26. Use the questions on slide 26 and 27 as discussion with the large group or break them into 4 four groups and give each group a different question to discuss and present back to the large group.
27. Here are some practical implications that we need to consider when working with younger children, ages 6-11. Understand that young children are limited by their developmental capacities Organize activities & events that are age-appropriate Encourage active involvement rather than competition Build upon children’s physical, social, emotional, and cognitive skills Be generous with praise Encourage exploration Provide clear rules, boundaries, & structure
28. Steps we can take in working with adolescents and teens (ages 12-18) include: Encourage emerging independence, but maintain structure, boundaries, rules Be sensitive to self-image issues Be open to discussing/handling sensitive issues Foster positive peer interaction Be a positive role model Provide constructive criticism along with positive feedback Promote hands-on activities & experiential learning opportunities