Leukemia visual mnemonics

Nov 6, 20152 likes2,122 views

This document provides guidance on performing a neurological examination of the lower limbs. The examination involves assessing bulk, tone, reflexes, power, function, and sensation through inspection, palpation, and testing various movements. Sensation is tested for light touch, pinprick, vibration, and proprioception. Coordination, gait, and Romberg's test are also evaluated to localize lesions and determine if they are neurological, central vs. peripheral, sensory vs. motor, and acquired vs. hereditary.

Aortic regurgitationVitrag Shah

The document discusses aortic regurgitation, including its anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Key points include: - Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole. - Causes include conditions like infective endocarditis, bicuspid aortic valve, hypertension, and Marfan syndrome. - In acute severe cases, a rapid increase in left ventricular preload can cause pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. Chronic cases involve left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy to compensate for the increased preload over time. - Physical exam may

General approach and differential diagnosis of comaAn Chang

This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing comatose patients. It outlines the following key steps: 1. Ensure airway, breathing and circulation are stabilized. Treat any rapidly reversible causes of coma like hypoglycemia. 2. Use the Glasgow Coma Scale to assess the level of consciousness. Common causes of coma include head injuries, strokes, infections, tumors, and metabolic derangements. 3. Perform a full neurological exam including pupil size and response, motor function, and posture. Request diagnostic tests like bloodwork and CT or MRI as indicated. 4. Manage increased intracranial pressure with osmotic diuretics if present. Treat any identifiable structural or metabolic causes. Monitor

Grave disease, Also called: Basedow's diseaseDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA

Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland to overproduce thyroid hormones. This causes a rapid heart rate, weight loss, eye changes, and enlarged thyroid gland. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications to block hormone production, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid cells, or surgery to remove most of the thyroid gland. Long term treatment is needed to prevent recurrence of hyperthyroidism.

Infective EndocarditisSameh Abdel-ghany

This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis, including its definition, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines infective endocarditis as a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It discusses the typical pathogens involved and describes the formation of vegetations on heart valves. It also outlines the diagnostic criteria, including blood cultures and echocardiography. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy tailored to the causative organism, and may require surgery in cases of heart failure or uncontrolled infection.

Aortic regurgitationPratap Tiwari

The document discusses the anatomy, causes, diagnosis, and management of aortic regurgitation (AR). It provides details on the location of the aortic valve, variants such as bicuspid aortic valve, and common causes of AR including rheumatic heart disease. Physical exam findings, echocardiography parameters, and indications for surgery to replace the aortic valve are summarized. Medical management including vasodilator therapy to reduce afterload is also reviewed.

Hemorrhagic stroke Helao Silas

This document discusses hemorrhagic stroke, including intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intracerebral hemorrhage is caused by bleeding into the brain tissue and accounts for 10-15% of strokes. It has high mortality, especially if the patient is in a coma. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is caused by bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often due to ruptured aneurysms. Both require imaging like CT or MRI to diagnose and determine treatment, which may include surgery to remove hematomas or clip aneurysms. Complications include cerebral vasospasm, rebleeding, and hydrocephalus. Secondary stroke prevention focuses on controlling risk factors and treating

Peripheral arterial Disease (PAD)Sunil kumar

Heart murmursMedvizz institute of medical education

This document provides an overview of different types of heart murmurs: 1. It describes systolic murmurs which occur during ventricular contraction and can be early, mid, or late systolic. Common causes are aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse. 2. It also describes diastolic murmurs which occur during ventricular relaxation and include early diastolic murmurs from aortic regurgitation and rumbling mid to late diastolic murmurs from mitral stenosis. 3. Continuous murmurs that begin in systole and continue into diastole are also discussed, along with how to characterize location and timing of different murmurs.

seminar on Leg swelling & its causesBiswajit Deka

This document summarizes leg swelling (edema) and its various causes. It begins by defining edema and mechanisms that can cause it like increased capillary permeability or pressure. It then categorizes causes of edema as either central (bilateral) or local (unilateral). Specific conditions that can lead to edema like cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, filariasis, and deep vein thrombosis are described. The document provides details on clinical presentations and risk factors for different types of edema.

Neurological signs in medicineikramdr01

The document discusses several clinical reflex tests used in neurological examinations. It provides details on how to perform Babinski's sign, Hoffman's sign, Wartenberg's sign, and the abdominal reflex. Babinski's sign assesses pyramidal tract function in the lower extremities. A positive result indicates dysfunction. Hoffman's sign similarly evaluates the upper extremities. Wartenberg's sign reveals flexor hypertonia in the arms. The abdominal reflex is a spinal reflex that can be absent in upper motor neuron conditions. Performing these reflexes properly provides clinical information on a patient's neurological status.

Aproach to syncopeNurshawina Kamaludin

Syncope, or fainting, is caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain. It is usually brief and self-limited. Evaluation of syncope involves obtaining a detailed history, physical exam, ECG, and testing based on risk factors. Causes are categorized as benign if due to things like vasovagal response, or dangerous if due to cardiac arrhythmias. High-risk patients warrant further cardiac workup and monitoring, while low-risk patients can often be evaluated as outpatients.

Urticariadrangelosmith

Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a skin rash with pale red, itchy bumps that appear and disappear quickly. It is characterized by transient wheals (swellings) and angioedema (swelling of deeper layers of skin). Urticaria can be caused by allergic reactions, infections, physical stimuli like heat, cold, pressure, or vibrations. It is classified as acute, chronic, physical or contact urticaria. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, and using antihistamines.

ThyroiditisTahira Aghani

Heart MurmurMa Wady

Shock - Pathophysiology / Types & ManagementUthamalingam Murali

Approach to Dizziness and Vertigo in Emergency DepartmentFaez Toushiro

This document provides an overview of the approach to dizziness and vertigo in the emergency department. It begins with definitions and classifications of vertigo, including true vertigo versus non-vertiginous dizziness and peripheral versus central causes. The approach involves taking a thorough history to determine type and characteristics of symptoms and rule out life-threatening conditions. A physical exam includes testing of vestibular function, cranial nerves, and gait. Certain exam findings like the HINTS protocol can help differentiate peripheral from central causes. Common peripheral causes like BPPV are managed with repositioning maneuvers while other treatments include pharmacotherapy and imaging for suspected central causes.

HaemorrhageDr. MD. Majedul Islam

1. Hemorrhage is defined as the escape of blood from blood vessels. It can be classified based on the type of vessel (arterial, venous, capillary), timing (primary, reactionary, secondary), visibility (revealed, concealed), duration (acute, chronic), and type of intervention (surgical, non-surgical). 2. Clinical features depend on the amount and speed of blood loss, and can include increasing pallor, pulse, restlessness, signs of shock like cold skin and reduced urine output. Acute blood loss is monitored through pulse, blood pressure, and urine output. 3. Control techniques include direct pressure, elevation, tourniquets, cauterization

Epidural haematoma extradural haemorrhageKaran Rawat

1. An epidural haematoma (EDH) is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura mater that is usually caused by an injury to the middle meningeal artery from a head trauma. 2. Symptoms of an EDH can include confusion, loss of consciousness, headaches, vomiting and neurological deficits. Patients may experience an initial lucid interval followed by deterioration in their mental status. 3. A CT scan is the primary method used to diagnose an EDH, which appears as a hyperdense, biconvex lesion between the skull and dura. Surgical evacuation is usually required for symptomatic EDHs, while small, asymptomatic EDHs may be monitored conservatively.

Reye's syndromeUzair Hashmi

The patient presented with fever, progressive pallor, weakness, nosebleeds, enlarged liver, prolonged blood clotting time, and increased liver enzymes. Her condition deteriorated despite treatment and she developed urinary incontinence, low blood pressure, fixed and dilated pupils, and went into cardiac arrest. Liver biopsy surprisingly found no evidence of infection but showed fatty changes. This led to the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome, a rare condition causing liver and brain damage from mitochondrial dysfunction following a viral infection.

Types of Arterial pulsesDr. Amit Anand

The document describes several types of arterial pulses: 1) Anacrotic pulses have a low amplitude with a slow rise and fall and are seen in aortic stenosis. Dicrotic pulses have two peaks, one in systole and one in diastole, and are caused by low stroke volume and decreased peripheral resistance. 2) Collapsing or water hammer pulses have a rapid upstroke and downstroke due to increased stroke volume and decreased peripheral resistance, seen in aortic regurgitation and other conditions. 3) Pulsus bisferiens has two peaks in systole, best felt in the brachial and femoral arteries and caused by conditions like aortic stenosis and regurgitation.

AnaphylaxisFatima Awadh

SHOCK - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, TYPES, APPROACH, TREATMENT.DR K TARUN RAO

1. Shock is defined as a state of poor tissue perfusion and cellular metabolism due to circulatory failure and hypoperfusion. 2. The main causes of shock include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, and respiratory etiologies. 3. The pathophysiology of shock involves a low cardiac output state leading to vasoconstriction and redistribution of blood flow away from non-vital organs to preserve perfusion of vital organs. Persistent shock can progress to cellular damage, organ dysfunction, and death.

Acute Rheumatic Fever.pptDr. Renesha Islam

This document provides an overview of acute rheumatic fever presented by Dr. Renesha Islam. Some key points: - Acute rheumatic fever is an immune response to Group A streptococcus infection that causes inflammation of the heart, joints, brain and skin. It often damages the heart valves long term. - Major symptoms include migratory polyarthritis in joints (75% of cases), carditis (50-60% of cases, involving the heart valves, myocardium and pericardium), Sydenham's chorea (10-15% of cases), erythema marginatum and subcutaneous nodules (rare). - Diagnosis is based on the revised Jones criteria

Adrenal insufficiencyfarranajwa

Adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease, is caused by destruction of the adrenal cortex leading to deficiencies in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. It presents with non-specific symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure. Diagnosis involves low cortisol levels in response to ACTH stimulation and high ACTH levels. Treatment is lifelong glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. An adrenal crisis can result from infection or stress and requires immediate high dose glucocorticoid treatment in addition to intravenous fluids and glucose to prevent shock.

Hypertensive Crisis.pptJwan AlSofi

Dengue fever ,Dengue shock syndromesuahana mnr

The boot shaped heart signThorsang Chayovan

The document discusses the boot-shaped heart sign seen on frontal chest radiographs that is indicative of Tetralogy of Fallot, a common congenital heart defect. Tetralogy of Fallot involves four abnormalities - pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It can cause cyanosis and its severity depends on the degree of pulmonary stenosis. Treatment involves primary repair of the defects or a palliative shunt, with best outcomes seen when repaired by age 5.

Anatomy physiology and embryology of urinary tractMohammad Ihmeidan

The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream and regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. They remove urea and other waste through urine while producing hormones like erythropoietin and renin. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb nutrients in the tubules. Urine is transported by the ureters to the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The urinary system develops from intermediate mesoderm through pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros stages, with the metanephros becoming the adult kidneys.

Fusion prostatic biopsyMohammad Ihmeidan

This document discusses multiparametric MRI and its use in guiding prostate biopsies. It provides information on anatomic, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and how they help visualize prostate tumors with high sensitivity and specificity. It then describes different approaches to targeted prostate biopsies using MRI information, including cognitive fusion, software-based fusion, and in-bore fusion biopsies. It discusses limitations and advantages of each method and concludes that while targeted biopsies improve cancer detection, mapping biopsies supplemented with targeted biopsies remain the standard for identifying clinically significant tumors.

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Renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 3% of adult solid malignancies in the US, with over 51,000 new cases and 12,900 deaths annually. It arises from renal tubular epithelium and includes several subtypes associated with different genetic mutations and prognoses. Surgery is the main treatment for localized disease, while advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma has a poor prognosis despite newer targeted therapies and immunotherapies that have improved outcomes.

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Male reproductive system - AnatomyMohammad Ihmeidan

The major components of the male reproductive system are the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct on each side. The scrotum contains the testes and is divided into two compartments. The testes develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum before birth. Within the testes are seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. The epididymis is a coiled duct that courses along the testes where sperm mature. Blood flows into the testes via the testicular artery and drains via the testicular veins. The penis contains three cylinders of erectile tissue and transmits semen and urine.

Testicular tumors Mohammad Ihmeidan

This document provides information about testicular tumors including presentation, risk factors, classification, staging, and treatment. It begins with an introduction stating that testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in males aged 15-35. It then discusses signs and symptoms, risk factors such as cryptorchidism and family history, tumor markers, patterns of spread, staging classifications, and treatment options based on stage for both seminomas and non-seminomas. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, lymph node dissection, and surveillance depending on tumor type and stage. Prognosis has improved significantly over time with overall 5-year survival rates now over 95% due to advances in diagnosis and treatment.

Vesico ureteral reflux Mohammad Ihmeidan

This document summarizes key points about vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): - VUR is retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract and is more common in females under 5 years old. It can be primary due to UVJ deficiency or secondary to bladder issues. - VUR is graded I-V based on VCUG findings. Low grade (I-III) often resolves spontaneously while high grade (IV-V) is less likely to without intervention. Treatment involves watchful waiting with antibiotics or surgical correction. - Surgical correction aims to lengthen the UVJ tunnel to satisfy a 5:1 ratio using various techniques. Endoscopic injection

Wilms tumorsMohammad Ihmeidan

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is the most common renal tumor of childhood. It has an annual incidence of 7.6 cases per million children under 15 years old. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor along with chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy in a multimodal approach. The goal is to remove the tumor bulk surgically while using chemotherapy to eliminate any micrometastases in order to cure the cancer. Protocols vary depending on factors like age, tumor stage and histology, but generally include either surgery followed by chemotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery, with excellent long-term survival rates with modern therapies.

Bladder injuriesMohammad Ihmeidan

Bladder injuries can occur from trauma or medical procedures and range from extraperitoneal to intraperitoneal. Extraperitoneal injuries make up 70% of cases and are often associated with pelvic fractures, while intraperitoneal injuries expose the bladder more directly. Clinical signs include hematuria, pelvic pain, and inability to catheterize. Diagnosis involves cystography to detect contrast leakage. Treatment depends on the severity and location of the injury, with uncomplicated extraperitoneal injuries often managed conservatively with catheter drainage and complicated or intraperitoneal injuries typically requiring surgical repair.

Urethral traumaMohammad Ihmeidan

This document discusses urethral trauma, including classification, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and principles of management. It separates discussions of posterior and anterior urethral injuries. For posterior injuries, immediate suprapubic cystostomy is standard, while delayed reconstruction is typically done via open posterior urethroplasty after 3 months. Anterior injuries may be treated with catheter diversion or primary realignment, while anastomotic urethroplasty is preferred for obliterated bulbar urethras after several weeks.

The cystoscope and accessoriesMohammad Ihmeidan

The rigid cystoscope and its accessories are described. Key components include the cystoscope sheath, bridges, obturators, and telescopes. The cystoscope sheath comes in different sizes measured in French and is used to intoduce the rigid cystoscope into the bladder. Bridges connect the sheath to the telescope and may have one or two accessory channels. Obturators are specific to each sheath size and make the tip smooth for insertion. Telescopes have different viewing angles and are classified by this. The document outlines the parts and uses of these rigid cystoscope components.

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Urinary stones are the third most common problem of the urinary tract. Stone formation is a complex process that depends on the interaction of urinary concentration of ions, pH, flow rate, and inhibitors. Crystallization, crystal growth, aggregation, and adherence to the epithelium are required steps. Urine must be supersaturated for stones to form, but supersaturation alone is insufficient due to urinary inhibitors like citrate, magnesium, and glycoproteins. Common calcium stones may originate from subepithelial plaques that serve as anchors for stone growth.

Postobstructive diuresisMohammad Ihmeidan

Post-obstructive diuresis occurs after relief of a urinary tract obstruction, where large amounts of salt, water, and urea are excreted in the urine. It is caused by accumulation of fluids and solutes during obstruction and impairment of tubular reabsorption capabilities. Risk factors include edema and azotemia. The pathophysiology involves derangements in urinary concentrating ability due to disrupted aquaporin channels and sodium transport, as well as insensitivity to ADH. Treatment focuses on complete relief of obstruction, fluid replacement, electrolyte correction, and monitoring.

Renal physiology Mohammad Ihmeidan

The kidney has several important functions including regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and blood pH. The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine. Each nephron contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and tubules (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct) for reabsorption and secretion. Filtration occurs due to blood pressure gradients, with most filtrate reabsorbed along the nephron. The kidneys also produce hormones like renin, prostaglandins, and erythropoietin to help regulate blood pressure, red blood cell production, and other processes.

Peri-operative Anaphylaxis Mohammad Ihmeidan

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction caused by the sudden release of mast cell and basophil mediators. It can be triggered by IgE-mediated or non-IgE mediated mechanisms. Common triggers include medications like antibiotics and contrast dyes, as well as stings, foods and latex. Symptoms affect multiple organ systems like the skin, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Treatment involves stopping the trigger, supportive care, and medications like epinephrine, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Patients require monitoring for 24 hours due to risk of recurrence or delayed reactions.