Strain theory
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Robert Agnew's general strain theory proposes that strain or stressors experienced on an individual level can lead to criminal or delinquent behavior. The theory identifies three main types of strain or negative stimuli that can cause this: the failure to achieve positively valued goals, the removal of positive stimuli, and the presence of negative stimuli. Agnew suggests that strain resulting from the disjunction between goals and expectations or between expectations and achievements is more likely to produce negative emotions like anger and frustration which could then justify criminal behavior for the individual. The theory also posits that repetitive strain may overload coping mechanisms and increase hostility over time.
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Agnew's General Strain Theory
Agnew's General Strain Theorymonroyd 1) Dr. Robert Agnew developed General Strain Theory from Merton's Strain Theory. It focuses on negative relationships and delinquency resulting from anger or other negative emotions.
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Strain Theory
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Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408.
More than 85% of domestic violence victims are women (Van der Kolk, 2017). Those affected falls between the ages of 24 and 25 years. The population of victims includes intimate partners, people sharing a residence, and married couples. Domestic violence victimization affects individuals from diverse ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and sexual orientation. The connection for domestic violence victimization revolves around the magnitude of trauma it creates on the victims. Victims undergo psychological disturbance since they suffer from the shock that affects them for many years unless they receive the needed attention. Domestic violence victimization occurs on a physical level. It comprises of different abuses that may lead to injury, harm, and damage upon women. Sometimes women fall victims of aggravated physical abuses via deadly weapons used on them to injure them.
García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),, 1567-1579.
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- 1. By: Laura Newberg STRAIN THEORY
- 2. He proposed a general strain theory that is no longer structural or interpersonal, but rather individual and emotional, paying special attention to a person's direct social environment and negative stimuli. ROBERT AGNEW’S GENERAL STRAIN THEORY
- 3. Male Strain •Concerned with material success – thus higher rates of property and violent crime •Face more conflict with peers and are likely to be the victims of crime •Failure to achieve goals may lead to property and violent crime •More likely to respond with anger, followed by moral outrage •Quick to blame others and are less concerned about hurting others
- 4. Men tend to be over- represented in arrests, prisons, and overall crime statistics
- 5. Female Strain •Concerned with creating and maintaining close bonds and relationships with others •Face negative treatment, such as discrimination, high demands from family, and restricted behavior •Failure to achieve goals may lead to self- destructive behavior •More likely to respond with depression and anger •More likely to blame themselves and worry about the effects of their anger
- 6. Strain can result from a person’s failure to achieve one of three positively valued goals. The first of these is money. Money is a cause of strain when it is not available to the person through legal means. The second type of positive goal is that of status and respect. This is an especially important factor for males. Autonomy, or the power over oneself, is the third type of goal that is valued in a society.
- 7. • Goal related strain results from three types of disjunction, one of which being between aspirations and expectations. • Another source of strain due to goal blockage is the disjunction between expectations and actual achievements. • The third type of disjunction occurs when the actual outcome that an individual faces is not the just/fair outcome that he/she felt was deserved.
- 8. The removal of positive stimuli can also cause strain. This loss could manifest itself in the form of a death, a broken relationship with a friend or spouse, or the theft of a valued object. According to Agnew, the strain that is felt by the individual due to the loss could lead the individual to delinquency as the individual attempts to prevent its loss, retrieve what was lost, or seek revenge on those who caused the loss (Agnew, 1992:57)
- 9. The presence of negative stimuli • Some examples of negative stimuli that a young adult might face are abuse, neglect, school difficulties such as poor grades or bullying, neighborhood problems, and homelessness (Agnew, 1992:58-59). • Since its addition to Agnew’s general strain theory, research has been done on this topic. A study by Hoffmann and Miller (1998:106) found that negative life events produce increasing delinquent behavior in adolescents. Their findings include such factors as parental unemployment, deaths in the family, and illness.
- 10. Anger and frustration may cause the person to justify criminal acts. Agnew stressed that individuals who experience repetitive strain may be more likely to commit crime or delinquent acts. This is due to the fact that other coping strategies for the strain are overloaded, the threshold for negativity is pushed to the limit, and the person may become hostile or aggressive (Agnew, 1992:61)
- 11. References • Agnew, Robert. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology. 30(1), 47-87. • Hoffmann, John and Alan Miller. (1998). A latent variable analysis of general strain theory. Journal of quantitative criminology. 14(1), 83- 110.