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The document discusses how Huizinga argued that the richly realistic yet over-decorated art and literature of the late medieval period was not a result of cultural confidence, but rather was produced by artists trying to drown out the "din of dark and dangerous day-to-day life" in a society that was spiritually cowed, politically coerced, and on the brink of collapse. Individual experience at the time was so bleak that artists could only focus on creating distracting works of art. The pleasure this art gives modern audiences comes from observing a culture that was nearing its end.

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Huizinga argues that the richly realistic, over-decorated art and literature of the late medieval period were not the result of a flowering or flourishing, nor were they an affirmation of cultural confidence. 'Spiritually cowed' rather, they were the distraught activities of a community which lived in fear, in a state of constant anticipation of violence, spiritually cowed and politically coerced. In that world, individual experience was so bleak and fraught that the artistically gifted could only concentrate on drowning out the din of dark and dangerous day-to-day life. The pleasure their art gives us is that of a society on the brink of collapse and a culture on the wane.
InformativeIt is very important that you learn about traxoline. Traxoline is a new form of zionter. It is montilled in Cersitanna. The Ceristanniansgristeriate large amounts of fevon and then bracter it into quaseltraxoline. Traxoline may well be one of our most lukizedsnezlaus in the future because of our zionterlescelidge. (Judy Lanier)What is traxolineWhere is traxolinemontilled?How is traxolinequasselled?Why is it important to know about traxoline?
Informative?It important about very that you is learn traxoline. Form Traxoline is of a new zionter. It montilledCersitanna is in. The Ceristanniansgristeriate amounts of large fevon and then it bracterquasel into traxoline. One Traxoline well be may of most our lukizedsnezlaus future in of zionter our lescelidge because.
Expressive
‘Language is a finite instrument crudely applied to an infinity of ideas…To say that this is a good bacon sandwich is only to say that by the criteria applied by like-minded lovers of bacon sandwiches, this one is worthy of approbation. The word good is reducible to other properties such as crisp, lean and unadulterated by tomato sauce. You will have seen at once that to a man who likes his bacon sandwiches underdone, fatty and smothered in ketchup, this would be a rather poorbacon sandwich.Jumpers Tom Stoppard
Directive
Denotation and connotationRed RoseHeartGoldFreedomCommunismChoiceslim, scrawny, svelte, slight = ?youngster, child, kid, little one, small fry, brat, urchin, juvenile, minor = ?
Language
Language
Language
Semiotics - SignsFerdinand de Saussure 1857 -1913"A sign is the basic unit of language (a given language at a given time). Every language is a complete system of signs. Parole (the speech of an individual) is an external manifestation of language."
"A linguistic system is a series of differences of sounds combined with a series of differences of ideas."
"The connection between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary."Some words do have meanings which are relatively easy to conceptualise, but we certainly do not have neat visual images corresponding to every word we say. Nor is there any guarantee that a concept which might come to mind when I use the word table is going to be the same as the one you, the reader, might bring to mind. David Crystal
“Tree”
“Car”
“Chicken”
Reading the sign
Understanding the speakerSelectionEmphasisWord choiceContext
Understanding the speaker (2)Secondarymeanings (connotations and euphemisms)Figuresofspeech (metaphor, metonymy, synechdoche)AmbiguityLackofclarity (vagueness)Irony
Translation issues – inter-linguistic/culturalGenderRegisterToneThe untranslatable‘local’ connotation / cultural issues
From an Irish Newspaper:TDsreceived €2.3m in expenses payments between June and September, despite the Dailbeing closed for 12 weeks.Figures published by the Houses of the Oireachtasreveal that between the beginning of June and the end of September, members claimed €2,303,138 between them.The figures also show that despite there being no committee hearings in August as well as no Dail sittings, the 163 members of the lower house claimed €575,000 in expenses.The top claimant between June and September was Fine Gael Cork South-West TDPJ Sheehan, who received €21,180. Mr Sheehan recently resigned as a party's deputy spokesman on Agriculture, after the Sunday Independent revealed that he was involved in a drunken incident with a female member of An GardaSiochanawho claimed he threatened her when she prevented him from driving out of Leinster House.
http://uk.babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_txtLe demandeur supérieur entre juin et septembre était le sud-ouest TD PJ Sheehan de liège de Fine Gael, qui a reçu €21,180. M. Sheehan récemment démissionné comme party' ; le porte-parole de député de s sur l'agriculture, après l'indépendant de dimanche a indiqué qu'il a été impliqué dans un incident ivre d'un membre féminin d'un Garda Siochana qui l'a réclamé l'a menacée quand elle l'a empêché de chasser de la Chambre de Leinster.
http://uk.babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_txtThe higher applicant between June and September was south-west TD PJ Sheehan of cork Gael Fine, which received €21,180. Mr. Sheehan recently resigned like party; the spokesperson of deputy of S on agriculture, after independent of Sunday indicated; it was implied in a drunk incident a female member one Kept Siochana which claimed; threatened when itprevented from driving out Room of Leinster.
When can itmatter?Evidence at trial Case of Derek Bentley ‘Let him have it, Chris‘ Attributingblame“the captainwassober ”Decision makingThe Oracle of Delphi told Croesus that if he pursued the war he would destroy a mighty kingdom.

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  • 5. Huizinga argues that the richly realistic, over-decorated art and literature of the late medieval period were not the result of a flowering or flourishing, nor were they an affirmation of cultural confidence. 'Spiritually cowed' rather, they were the distraught activities of a community which lived in fear, in a state of constant anticipation of violence, spiritually cowed and politically coerced. In that world, individual experience was so bleak and fraught that the artistically gifted could only concentrate on drowning out the din of dark and dangerous day-to-day life. The pleasure their art gives us is that of a society on the brink of collapse and a culture on the wane.
  • 6. InformativeIt is very important that you learn about traxoline. Traxoline is a new form of zionter. It is montilled in Cersitanna. The Ceristanniansgristeriate large amounts of fevon and then bracter it into quaseltraxoline. Traxoline may well be one of our most lukizedsnezlaus in the future because of our zionterlescelidge. (Judy Lanier)What is traxolineWhere is traxolinemontilled?How is traxolinequasselled?Why is it important to know about traxoline?
  • 7. Informative?It important about very that you is learn traxoline. Form Traxoline is of a new zionter. It montilledCersitanna is in. The Ceristanniansgristeriate amounts of large fevon and then it bracterquasel into traxoline. One Traxoline well be may of most our lukizedsnezlaus future in of zionter our lescelidge because.
  • 9. ‘Language is a finite instrument crudely applied to an infinity of ideas…To say that this is a good bacon sandwich is only to say that by the criteria applied by like-minded lovers of bacon sandwiches, this one is worthy of approbation. The word good is reducible to other properties such as crisp, lean and unadulterated by tomato sauce. You will have seen at once that to a man who likes his bacon sandwiches underdone, fatty and smothered in ketchup, this would be a rather poorbacon sandwich.Jumpers Tom Stoppard
  • 11. Denotation and connotationRed RoseHeartGoldFreedomCommunismChoiceslim, scrawny, svelte, slight = ?youngster, child, kid, little one, small fry, brat, urchin, juvenile, minor = ?
  • 15. Semiotics - SignsFerdinand de Saussure 1857 -1913"A sign is the basic unit of language (a given language at a given time). Every language is a complete system of signs. Parole (the speech of an individual) is an external manifestation of language."
  • 16. "A linguistic system is a series of differences of sounds combined with a series of differences of ideas."
  • 17. "The connection between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary."Some words do have meanings which are relatively easy to conceptualise, but we certainly do not have neat visual images corresponding to every word we say. Nor is there any guarantee that a concept which might come to mind when I use the word table is going to be the same as the one you, the reader, might bring to mind. David Crystal
  • 23. Understanding the speaker (2)Secondarymeanings (connotations and euphemisms)Figuresofspeech (metaphor, metonymy, synechdoche)AmbiguityLackofclarity (vagueness)Irony
  • 24. Translation issues – inter-linguistic/culturalGenderRegisterToneThe untranslatable‘local’ connotation / cultural issues
  • 25. From an Irish Newspaper:TDsreceived €2.3m in expenses payments between June and September, despite the Dailbeing closed for 12 weeks.Figures published by the Houses of the Oireachtasreveal that between the beginning of June and the end of September, members claimed €2,303,138 between them.The figures also show that despite there being no committee hearings in August as well as no Dail sittings, the 163 members of the lower house claimed €575,000 in expenses.The top claimant between June and September was Fine Gael Cork South-West TDPJ Sheehan, who received €21,180. Mr Sheehan recently resigned as a party's deputy spokesman on Agriculture, after the Sunday Independent revealed that he was involved in a drunken incident with a female member of An GardaSiochanawho claimed he threatened her when she prevented him from driving out of Leinster House.
  • 26. http://uk.babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_txtLe demandeur supérieur entre juin et septembre était le sud-ouest TD PJ Sheehan de liège de Fine Gael, qui a reçu €21,180. M. Sheehan récemment démissionné comme party' ; le porte-parole de député de s sur l'agriculture, après l'indépendant de dimanche a indiqué qu'il a été impliqué dans un incident ivre d'un membre féminin d'un Garda Siochana qui l'a réclamé l'a menacée quand elle l'a empêché de chasser de la Chambre de Leinster.
  • 27. http://uk.babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_txtThe higher applicant between June and September was south-west TD PJ Sheehan of cork Gael Fine, which received €21,180. Mr. Sheehan recently resigned like party; the spokesperson of deputy of S on agriculture, after independent of Sunday indicated; it was implied in a drunk incident a female member one Kept Siochana which claimed; threatened when itprevented from driving out Room of Leinster.
  • 28. When can itmatter?Evidence at trial Case of Derek Bentley ‘Let him have it, Chris‘ Attributingblame“the captainwassober ”Decision makingThe Oracle of Delphi told Croesus that if he pursued the war he would destroy a mighty kingdom.
  • 29. And it matters when language is used to influence and persuadeYou are 80% less likely to die from a meteor landing on your head if you wear a bicycle helmet all day.Probably the best lager in the world.If you love your children, vote for Barack Obama.Dreams must be free to flee and fly high. No government, no legislature, has a right to limit your dreams. You should never agree to surrender your dreams.