Infrastrucure

content
 Infrastructure
 Importance of infrastructure
 State of infrastructure in India
 Energy
 Electricity/power
 Health
 Challenge in health infrastructure
 Measures to solve deficiency in health
infrastructure

Infrastructure- meaning
 Infrastructure refers to those basic elements of
economic and social aspects which provide
support to the production activity in economy
 In other words infrastructure is defined as the
physical framework of those facilities and
services through which goods and services are
produced for consumers
 These services help in promoting production
directly(economic infrastructure like power,
transport etc) and indirectly (social
infrastructure like schools, hospitals etc.)

Importance of infrastructure
Promotes
developm
ent-
contributes
to physical
developme
nt of a
country
both by
increasing
the
productivity
of factors of
production
and
improving
quality of
life of its
Develo
ps
agricult
ure
modern
agriculture
largely
depends on
infrastructur
al growth for
speedy and
large scale
transport of
agricultural
inputs like
seeds,
pesticides,
fertilisers
Facilities smooth
functioning of
economy-
In primary sector-provides
services of irrigation,
finance, transport,
electricity in far off
villages.
In industrial sector –
productivity increases
because of strong support of
energy sources such as coal,
electricity, petroleum, solar
energy etc.Modern upgraded means of
transport, communication,
banking etc facilitate
devolving service sector by
enhancing its productivity

Importance of infrastructure
• improvements in water supply and
sanitation have a large impact by reducing
morbidity from major water borne diseases
and reducing the severity of diseased when
it occurs
Enhances
quality of
• creating new market and expanding
the existing ones is very important
for increasing production
Expands market
size
• help to raise production. As out put
increases income also increases , cause
more savings and capital formation.
Promotes capital
formation and
investment-

State of infrastructure
in India
Traditionally the govt is responsible for developing
country’s infrastructure, but was inadequate to meet
the growing infrastructural demand
Private sector plays an important role in development of
infrastructure
About 90% of rural households use bio fuel for cooking
despite so much technical progress in world
Rural people lack basic facilities of life. 56% have
electricity connection and 43% use kerosene
Water supply is limited. Only 24% of rural households
have tap water available rest depend on open sources
Access to improved sanitation in rural areas is limited to
20%

Trends of Infrastructure
Development in India

Energy
 Energy is a critical aspect of development process
of a nation. It is very basic element for development
of a nation. Its used on large scale in agriculture.
Energy is very important for domestic
consumption.
Classification of energy
Conventional
Commercial
e.g. Coal petroleum ,
electricity
Non commercial
e.g.. Firewood , dried dung,
agricultural waste
Non conventional
E.g. : solar, wind tidal, energy

Sources of energy
Conventional sources Non conventional sources
 They have been used since
long time
 These sources are non-
renewable.
 These are not environment
friendly as these pollute the
environment
 These are limited
 These are costlier sources of
energy that is production of
these sources is expensive
 These are the new sources of
energy and most of them are
still in experimental stages and
being worked upon
 These sources are renewable
 These have environment
friendly features
 These are in abundance and
can be renewed
 These involve less cost of
production

Sources of conventional source
of energy

Coal- its a primarysource of energy. Indiaproduces67%
of commercial requirement of country.
Electricity-used to developindustriesfor urbanisation, and for
modernising agriculture, for electrificationof villages etc
Petroleumand oil- Its widely usedsource. We dependon import of oil
and petroleum. It constitutesnearly30%of our imports..
Natural gas- usedas raw material for fertiliserplants,
petrochemical plantsandalso as LPGfordomesticconsumption
Main sources of energyConventionalsourcesofenergy

Sources of non conventional
energy sources

Consumption pattern India
 Commercial sources account 65% -
which constitute 55% of coal, 31% of
oil, 11% natural gas, 3% of
hydroelectricity.
 Non commercial sources account 35%
 The critical feature of India’s
consumption depend on import of
crude oil and petroleum products
because domestic production of these
is not sufficient enough

Electricity / power
 Power and electricity is veryimportant
component of infrastructure which influence
economic development of country.
 The growth rateof demand for electricity is
higherthan the growthrate of GDP. In orderto
have 8% growth rate in GDP per annum,
[power supply should growby 12%annually.

Sources of power / electricity
generation 1.thremal power-
power is generated using coal, oil and natural gas. 66%of
total power generated by this means.
 2.hydro electricity-
power generatedby water. Cost of productionis less
compared to other sources of power. Accounts 20% of
total power generation capacity.
 3. nuclear or atomic power-
 power generatedfromradioactive elements. Accounts 3%
of total power generation(against the average global 13%).

Power generated by
different sources
thermal
power
hydroelecticit
y
nuclear or
atomic power
1950-51 1150 560 420
2005-06 88,600 32,300 3400
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
PowergeneratedinMW

Split up of sources of
power
Consumption
pattern of
commercial
energy in
India

Challengesinpowersector
 Insufficiency of electricity generation
 Poor performance of state electricity
boards
 Lack of investment
 Higher consumption of electricity
 Improper utilisation of installed capacity
 Other challenges- like general public
unrest due to high tariffs and prolonged
power cuts in different part of nation

Measurestosolvetheenergycrisis
 Increase in plant load factor
 Increase in supply of electricity check
on transmission and distribution
losses
 Increase in investment
 Exploration of renewable sources
 Improve the performance of state
electricity boards (SEB’s)

Health
 Health is the holistic
process related to
overall growth and
development of
nation.
 Health is an
important aspect of
human capital
formation which is
important for
economic
development of
nation.
Health is assessed on
following basis

Health infrastructure
India’s health infrastructure is made up of 3 tier
system namely-
 Primary health care- it includes identification,
prevention and control of pervading health
problems. It include supply of water essential
drugs promotion of immunisation.
 Secondary health- include hospitals with better
facilities to provide health care e.g. X-ray, egg,
advanced medical tests etc
 Tertiary health- include hospitals equipped with
advanced machines and techniques to handle
emergency and complicated diseases.

Status of health infrastructure
after independence
 Fall in death rate- remarkable decline in death rate from
27.4 per thousands in 1950-51 to 7 persons per
thousands in 2012-13
 Decline in infant mortality rate- reduced from 146
infants in 1950-51 to 44 per thousands in 2012-13
 Rise in life expectancy- life expectancy has increased
from 32.5 years in 1950-51 to 64.6 years in 2011 (for
males) and 31.7 years in 1950-51 to 67.7 years in
20111 (females)

Status of health
infrastructure after
independence
 Control of communicable diseases- India has
proximately to control diseases like small pox,
malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, AIDs
 Establishment of health care institution- in 2005-06
there were total 1,71,567 health care institutions
 Expansion of health services
 Expansion of health nutritional programmes
 Expansion of medical education

Role of private sector
 Private sector’s control two-fifth of total
population
 70% of hospitals are run by private people
 60% dispensaries run by private players
 80% health care for out-patients provided
by them
 13 laksh enterprises employ 22 laksh
people
Since LPG many private players have
come in to set up state of the art health
centers to promote heath tourism

Indian systems of
medicine  At present their are
3,529 ISM hospitals
 24,943 dispensaries 6.5
registered practitioners
in India.
 But little has been done
to set up a framework to
standardise education or
to conduct or promote
research work.

Urban-rural and poor-rich
divide
 20% of hospitals and 50% of dispensaries are located in rural
areas inspire that 70% of total India’s population lives in rural
areas
 Only 0.36 hospitals for every one laksh persons in rural areas
and whereas 3.6 for urban population
 Primary health centres in rural areas do not have normal
faculties
 Villages do not have access to special medical care facilities like
paediatrics, gynaecology etc
 Shortage of doctors in rural areas
 Growing tendency of doctors going either aboard or start their
own private hospitals for better monetary prospects

Women health
 Increase in rate of female foeticide in country
decline in female child sex ratio from 927 in 2001
to 914 as per census of 2011
 Close to 3 lakh of girls below 15 years of age
become mothers
 50% of married women's have anaemia and
nutritional anaemia caused by iron deficiency
 Abortions are also a major cause of maternal
morbidity and mortality in India

Role of govt in health
infrastructure
Government keeps an eye
and regulates the following through broad
policies:
 Medical education
 Adulteration
 Drugs and poisons
 Medical profession
 Lunacy

Challenges or deficiencies
in health infrastructure
 Unequal distribution of health care
facilities
 Spread of communicable diseases
 Privatisation of health care
 Improper sanitation facilities
 Poor maintenance of health care
centres
 Lack of coordination

Measures to solve deficiency
in health infrastructure
 Decentralisation of public health
services
 Creating awareness
 Effectiveness of primary health care
 Reduction in urban-rural divide
 Easy access to health care facilities
 Increase in investments

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