Pharynx
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1. A 33-year-old woman presented with a foreign body sensation in her throat for two days. Upon examination, an orange seed was found embedded in her piriform fossa. 2. The piriform fossa is located on the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx. When removing the orange seed, precautions must be taken due to the location and structures in the area such as the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds. 3. Careful and gentle removal of the embedded seed is needed to avoid damaging local structures like the vocal cords or triggering a gag reflex.
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Anatomy of Pharynx
Anatomy of PharynxMathew Joseph The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
Anatomy of pharynx
Anatomy of pharynxDr Gangaprasad Waghmare The pharynx is a 12 cm fibromuscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx. It is divided into 3 parts - the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is located behind the nose and soft palate and contains the adenoids and auditory tubes. The oropharynx is located below the nasopharynx and contains the palatine tonsils. The laryngopharynx is the lowest part of the pharynx located behind the larynx. The pharynx has 5 layers and contains constrictor muscles and is innervated by cranial nerves including
Pharynx Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,
Pharynx Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,mgmcri1234 Anatomy of Pharynx and its clinical significance - Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S, Associate Professor,
MGMC&RI, SBV University, Pondicherry.
Anatomy of pharynx
Anatomy of pharynxKasturi Ramasamy The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. It is divided into 3 parts - the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx lies behind the nasal cavity and is lined with respiratory epithelium. The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity and communicates with the nasopharynx superiorly. The laryngopharynx or hypopharynx lies behind the larynx and extends from the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. The pharynx acts as an airway, aids in swallowing
Muscles of Pharynx
Muscles of PharynxRashmi Priyem Saravanan The document summarizes the muscles of the pharynx. It describes the three constrictor muscles (superior, middle, inferior) that overlap like a flowerpot without a base. It also discusses the longitudinal muscles that run longitudinally down the pharynx. The constrictor and longitudinal muscles work together during swallowing, with the constrictors narrowing the pharynx and the longitudinal muscles elevating the larynx and shortening the pharynx. Issues like pharyngeal pouches are also briefly covered.
Anatomy of Larynx.pptx
Anatomy of Larynx.pptxMathew Joseph The larynx houses the vocal cords, and manipulates pitch and volume, which is essential for phonation. It is situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus.
Anatomy of Pharynx
Anatomy of PharynxDr Harjitpal Singh The document discusses the anatomy of the pharynx. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The pharynx is a musculofascial tube that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into three parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
2. The walls of the pharynx contain both longitudinal and circular muscles. It is lined by mucosa and surrounded by fascia. There are also potential spaces near the pharynx where abscesses can form.
3. The nasopharynx is the uppermost part behind the nose. It contains the eustachian
Lateral Wall of Nose
Lateral Wall of NoseRashmi Priyem Saravanan The lateral wall of the nose is formed by several bones and cartilages. It consists of seven bones: the nasal bone, frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone, conchae and labyrinth of ethmoid, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of palatine, and medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid. It also consists of three cartilages: the lateral nasal cartilage, major alar cartilage, and three to four minor alar cartilages. The lateral wall is divided into three areas - the anterior vestibule, middle atrium of the middle meatus, and posterior conchae. The conchae are curved bony projections that separate the meatuses
Nasal cavity
Nasal cavitycoolboy101pk The nose and nasal cavity are responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering inhaled air. The nasal cavity contains turbinates which increase its surface area and contain olfactory receptors. It connects to the paranasal sinuses, air-filled cavities in bones around the nose that help lighten the skull. The nose and sinuses are lined by respiratory mucosa and olfactory mucosa in some areas. They are supplied by nerves and blood vessels. Common conditions include rhinitis, sinusitis, and epistaxis.
Thyroid gland anatomy
Thyroid gland anatomyNuwani Kodi The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The lobes extend from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the 6th tracheal ring and lie against the C5-T1 vertebrae. The thyroid gland contains follicular cells that secrete the hormones T3 and T4 and parafollicular C cells that secrete calcitonin. Blood supply comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and lymphatic drainage is to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Anatomy salivary gland
Anatomy salivary glandshabeel pn The document discusses the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the major and minor salivary glands. It describes the location, structure, relations, blood supply, nerve supply and functions of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. The histology section notes that the glands are compound tubuloalveolar and composed of serous or mucous cells. Physiology discusses saliva composition, secretion, and neural control of the glands.
thoracic duct
thoracic ductNepalese army institute of health sciences The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. It begins in the abdomen at the lower border of the T12 vertebrae and extends upwards through the posterior and superior mediastinum to the neck. At the C7 vertebral level, it arches laterally and drains into the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins. It drains lymph from the entire body below the diaphragm and left side of the body above the diaphragm, receiving tributaries from lymph nodes and vessels along its course. Injuries or obstructions to the thin-walled thoracic duct can lead to fluid accumulation in the thorax or abdomen.
Anatomy of larynx
Anatomy of larynxVIJAI KUMAR The larynx is a cartilaginous structure located at the top of the trachea. It contains 9 cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilage. The larynx protects the airway and is involved in phonation. It contains intrinsic muscles that abduct and adduct the vocal folds to modulate airflow and vocal cord vibration. The larynx receives innervation from the vagus nerve and branches of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
Anatomy of Tongue
Anatomy of TongueSaqib Habib Here are the answers to your questions:
1. C - Fungiform papillae are found right anterior to the sulcus terminalis.
2. C - The palatoglossus muscle is the only muscle of the tongue innervated by the vagus nerve.
3. B - The deep lingual veins drain into the internal jugular vein.
4. B - The chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve.
5. A - The chorda tympani provides taste sensation to all papillae except the filiform papillae.
6. A - The filiform papillae are the most numerous of all the papillae types
Hard and soft palate
Hard and soft palateBrisso Mathew Arackal The palate has two parts: the hard (bony) palate anteriorly and the soft (muscular) palate posteriorly. The hard palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and floor of the nose. It receives blood vessels from the greater palatine artery and nerves from the greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves. The soft palate is a movable muscular fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. It has anterior and posterior surfaces and superior and inferior borders, and hangs the conical uvula from its middle.
Pharyngeal apparatus
Pharyngeal apparatusmgmcri1234 The document discusses the development of the pharyngeal apparatus during the 4th week of intrauterine development. It notes that there are initially six pharyngeal arches that develop in the lateral wall of the primitive pharynx, although the 6th arch is small and disappears, leaving five arches. Between the arches are four pharyngeal clefts lined by ectoderm and four pharyngeal pouches lined by endoderm. The derivatives of the pharyngeal arches include muscles, nerves, skeletal elements, and other structures. Clinical syndromes can result from abnormalities in development of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
Tonsil
TonsilDr. Mayur Patel Tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue located in the aerodigestive tract that form Waldeyer's ring and act as the immune system's first line of defense. Waldeyer's ring includes the adenoid tonsils, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil. Tonsils contain specialized cells called M cells that capture pathogens and alert the immune system, stimulating B cells and T cells to respond. This leads to the production of antibodies and memory B cells in germinal centers within the tonsils. Tonsils can also become inflamed or infected, leading to tonsillitis, or develop calcified material known as tonsilloliths.
Anatomy of inner ear
Anatomy of inner earRamesh Parajuli The inner ear consists of two parts - the bony labyrinth within the temporal bone, and the membranous labyrinth contained within. The bony labyrinth includes the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule and semicircular ducts filled with endolymph. These structures contain specialized sensory cells that detect sound (cochlear hair cells) and linear/angular acceleration (vestibular hair cells), transmitting signals to the brain.
Palate PPT
Palate PPTKokila Vellingiri The document discusses the anatomy of the palate, including its hard and soft parts. The hard palate forms the roof of the mouth and separates the oral and nasal cavities. It is made of bone covered by mucosa. The soft palate is a movable muscular fold that separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. It contains several muscles that allow it to elevate and depress. The palate develops from the fusion of embryonic processes and receives innervation from branches of cranial nerves. Clinical considerations include cleft palate and other congenital anomalies, injuries, lesions, and issues related to dentures.
External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,
External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,mgmcri1234 External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube - Lecture by Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry,
Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University.
Anatomy of para nasal sinuses
Anatomy of para nasal sinusesBalasubramanian Thiagarajan The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, including their locations, structures, and functions. It describes the four main sinuses: maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid. The maxillary sinus is the largest, pyramid-shaped, and located in the cheek area. It has thin walls that can allow infections to spread. The ethmoid sinus is a complex structure located near the skull base. The frontal sinus has variable shapes and develops later in life. The sphenoid sinus is located in the skull base near important structures like the pituitary gland and optic nerve.
Anatomy of Submandibular Gland
Anatomy of Submandibular GlandFuad Ridha Mahabot The submandibular gland is a major salivary gland located in the submandibular region under the mandible. It develops from endodermal buds in the floor of the mouth and grows posteriorly lateral to the tongue. The gland has both superficial and deep parts divided by the mylohyoid muscle. It is a branched tubuloacinar gland composed of serous and mucous acini that secrete saliva. The submandibular gland duct, called Wharton's duct, emerges from the deep part of the gland and opens on the floor of the mouth. The gland is supplied by the facial artery and drains into submandibular lymph nodes.
Temporal & Infratemporal Region -I
Temporal & Infratemporal Region -IPrabhakar Yadav The document summarizes the key anatomical structures and contents of the temporal and infratemporal regions. The temporal fossa is bounded by bones and contains the temporalis muscle and arteries. The infratemporal fossa below contains muscles like the lateral and medial pterygoids and nerves like the mandibular nerve. The maxillary artery branches throughout these regions, including the pterygopalatine fossa which communicates between structures. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are involved in mastication.
Norma basalis 
Norma basalis Dr. Devi Shankar 1. The document describes the parts and structures of the norma basalis of the human skull. It is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts.
2. The anterior part contains the alveolar arch, hard palate, incisive fossa, and palatine foramina. The middle part contains the median area with the vomer bone and lateral areas with the sphenoid and temporal bones.
3. The posterior part contains the foramen magnum and occipital bone laterally. Various structures like nerves and vessels pass through skull foramina.
Anatomy of parotid gland
Anatomy of parotid glandDr.Swarneet Kakpure The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland. It is located below and in front of the ear, weighing around 15g. The gland has a three-sided pyramid shape with surfaces and borders that relate to surrounding structures. It receives nerves, blood vessels and drains lymph. The parotid gland secretes saliva and is an important structure in the head and neck.
Nasal septum & paranasal sinuses
Nasal septum & paranasal sinusesMathew Joseph This document provides an overview of the nasal septum and paranasal sinuses. It describes the anatomy of the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. Key points include that the nasal septum divides the nose into right and left halves, the nasal cavity has floors, walls and openings that connect to the paranasal sinuses, and the paranasal sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses within facial bones. Clinical correlations regarding examining and treating conditions like sinusitis are also discussed.
Larynx Anatomy
Larynx AnatomyMehul Tandel The larynx is located in the neck and regulates airflow during breathing and phonation. It contains 9 cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilages which provide the skeletal framework. Intrinsic muscles like the cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid act on the vocal cords to produce sound. The larynx is supplied by the recurrent and internal laryngeal nerves and drains lymphatically into cervical nodes. Examination of the larynx provides insight into vocal cord function and pathology.
ANATOMY OF NOSE
ANATOMY OF NOSEDr Gangaprasad Waghmare The nose has an external triangular pyramid shape directed downward with two nostrils separated by a septum. Internally, the nasal cavity is lined by ciliated epithelium and contains three turbinates and paranasal sinuses. The nasal septum separates the two nasal cavities and has attachments to the maxilla, frontal bone, and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. Arterial blood supply comes from the maxillary and sphenopalatine arteries while nerve supply is from the trigeminal and vidian nerves. The paranasal sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses.
Anatomy of Larynx.ppt Dr. Krishna Koirala
Anatomy of Larynx.ppt Dr. Krishna KoiralaDrKrishnaKoiralaENT Situated in the midline neck between 3rd - 6th cervical vertebral level
Consists of a framework of cartilages, connected by ligaments and membranes, lined by a mucous membrane and moved by muscles
Situated in the midline neck between 3rd - 6th cervical vertebral level
Histology of Laryngeal cartilages
Elastic: Epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform & apex of arytenoid
Little or no calcification
Hyaline :Thyroid, cricoid & remaining arytenoid
Hyaline cartilage calcify as age advances
Ossification begins by 25-30 yr & is completed by 60 yrs
Anatomical divisions of Larynx
A. Supraglottis :- Epiglottis, Aryepiglottic folds ,Ventricular bands ,Laryngeal ventricle
B. Glottis : True vocal cords , Anterior commissure, Posterior commissure
C. Subglottis
Intrinsic muscles of Larynx
A. Acting on vocal cords
Abduction : Posterior crico - arytenoid
Adduction : Lateral crico-arytenoid ,Transverse inter-arytenoid, Thyro-arytenoid externa
Tension + lengthening: Cricothyroid
Relaxation + shortening : Vocalis
B. Acting on laryngeal inlet
Opener : Thyroepiglottic
Closer : Oblique inter-arytenoid, Aryepiglottic
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Anatomy of larynxVIJAI KUMAR The larynx is a cartilaginous structure located at the top of the trachea. It contains 9 cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilage. The larynx protects the airway and is involved in phonation. It contains intrinsic muscles that abduct and adduct the vocal folds to modulate airflow and vocal cord vibration. The larynx receives innervation from the vagus nerve and branches of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
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Anatomy of TongueSaqib Habib Here are the answers to your questions:
1. C - Fungiform papillae are found right anterior to the sulcus terminalis.
2. C - The palatoglossus muscle is the only muscle of the tongue innervated by the vagus nerve.
3. B - The deep lingual veins drain into the internal jugular vein.
4. B - The chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve.
5. A - The chorda tympani provides taste sensation to all papillae except the filiform papillae.
6. A - The filiform papillae are the most numerous of all the papillae types
Hard and soft palate
Hard and soft palateBrisso Mathew Arackal The palate has two parts: the hard (bony) palate anteriorly and the soft (muscular) palate posteriorly. The hard palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and floor of the nose. It receives blood vessels from the greater palatine artery and nerves from the greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves. The soft palate is a movable muscular fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. It has anterior and posterior surfaces and superior and inferior borders, and hangs the conical uvula from its middle.
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Pharyngeal apparatusmgmcri1234 The document discusses the development of the pharyngeal apparatus during the 4th week of intrauterine development. It notes that there are initially six pharyngeal arches that develop in the lateral wall of the primitive pharynx, although the 6th arch is small and disappears, leaving five arches. Between the arches are four pharyngeal clefts lined by ectoderm and four pharyngeal pouches lined by endoderm. The derivatives of the pharyngeal arches include muscles, nerves, skeletal elements, and other structures. Clinical syndromes can result from abnormalities in development of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
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TonsilDr. Mayur Patel Tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue located in the aerodigestive tract that form Waldeyer's ring and act as the immune system's first line of defense. Waldeyer's ring includes the adenoid tonsils, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil. Tonsils contain specialized cells called M cells that capture pathogens and alert the immune system, stimulating B cells and T cells to respond. This leads to the production of antibodies and memory B cells in germinal centers within the tonsils. Tonsils can also become inflamed or infected, leading to tonsillitis, or develop calcified material known as tonsilloliths.
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Anatomy of inner earRamesh Parajuli The inner ear consists of two parts - the bony labyrinth within the temporal bone, and the membranous labyrinth contained within. The bony labyrinth includes the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule and semicircular ducts filled with endolymph. These structures contain specialized sensory cells that detect sound (cochlear hair cells) and linear/angular acceleration (vestibular hair cells), transmitting signals to the brain.
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External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,
External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,mgmcri1234 External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube - Lecture by Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry,
Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University.
Anatomy of para nasal sinuses
Anatomy of para nasal sinusesBalasubramanian Thiagarajan The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, including their locations, structures, and functions. It describes the four main sinuses: maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid. The maxillary sinus is the largest, pyramid-shaped, and located in the cheek area. It has thin walls that can allow infections to spread. The ethmoid sinus is a complex structure located near the skull base. The frontal sinus has variable shapes and develops later in life. The sphenoid sinus is located in the skull base near important structures like the pituitary gland and optic nerve.
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Anatomy of Submandibular GlandFuad Ridha Mahabot The submandibular gland is a major salivary gland located in the submandibular region under the mandible. It develops from endodermal buds in the floor of the mouth and grows posteriorly lateral to the tongue. The gland has both superficial and deep parts divided by the mylohyoid muscle. It is a branched tubuloacinar gland composed of serous and mucous acini that secrete saliva. The submandibular gland duct, called Wharton's duct, emerges from the deep part of the gland and opens on the floor of the mouth. The gland is supplied by the facial artery and drains into submandibular lymph nodes.
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Temporal & Infratemporal Region -IPrabhakar Yadav The document summarizes the key anatomical structures and contents of the temporal and infratemporal regions. The temporal fossa is bounded by bones and contains the temporalis muscle and arteries. The infratemporal fossa below contains muscles like the lateral and medial pterygoids and nerves like the mandibular nerve. The maxillary artery branches throughout these regions, including the pterygopalatine fossa which communicates between structures. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are involved in mastication.
Norma basalis
Norma basalis Dr. Devi Shankar 1. The document describes the parts and structures of the norma basalis of the human skull. It is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts.
2. The anterior part contains the alveolar arch, hard palate, incisive fossa, and palatine foramina. The middle part contains the median area with the vomer bone and lateral areas with the sphenoid and temporal bones.
3. The posterior part contains the foramen magnum and occipital bone laterally. Various structures like nerves and vessels pass through skull foramina.
Anatomy of parotid gland
Anatomy of parotid glandDr.Swarneet Kakpure The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland. It is located below and in front of the ear, weighing around 15g. The gland has a three-sided pyramid shape with surfaces and borders that relate to surrounding structures. It receives nerves, blood vessels and drains lymph. The parotid gland secretes saliva and is an important structure in the head and neck.
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Larynx Anatomy
Larynx AnatomyMehul Tandel The larynx is located in the neck and regulates airflow during breathing and phonation. It contains 9 cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilages which provide the skeletal framework. Intrinsic muscles like the cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid act on the vocal cords to produce sound. The larynx is supplied by the recurrent and internal laryngeal nerves and drains lymphatically into cervical nodes. Examination of the larynx provides insight into vocal cord function and pathology.
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Histology of Laryngeal cartilages
Elastic: Epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform & apex of arytenoid
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Hyaline :Thyroid, cricoid & remaining arytenoid
Hyaline cartilage calcify as age advances
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B. Glottis : True vocal cords , Anterior commissure, Posterior commissure
C. Subglottis
Intrinsic muscles of Larynx
A. Acting on vocal cords
Abduction : Posterior crico - arytenoid
Adduction : Lateral crico-arytenoid ,Transverse inter-arytenoid, Thyro-arytenoid externa
Tension + lengthening: Cricothyroid
Relaxation + shortening : Vocalis
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Opener : Thyroepiglottic
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Pharynx
- 1. PHARYNX MAJ DR RISHI POKHREL NAIHS
- 2. 33 y old lady with • c/o – Discomfort and foreign body sensation in throat since 2 days • o/e – an orange seed found embedded in ‘piriform fossa’ • What precaution should be taken while removing it?
- 3. PHARYNX • Fibromuscular tube lined with mucous membrane • extends from base of skull to lower border of cricoid cartilage (C-6). • 12-14 cm long • At lower border of cricoid - continues with esophagus • Passage for respi & digestive tracts
- 4. PHARYNX • Presents openings of – auditory tubes – two posterior nares – larynx – Esophagus • Contains – pharyngeal tonsils – palatine tonsils – lingual tonsils – Tubal tonsils
- 6. Parts
- 7. Layers in pharyngeal wall • Mucosa & submucosa • Pharyngobasilar fascia • Longitudinal muscles • Circular muscles – constrictors • Pharyngeal plexus of veins & nerves • Buccopharyngeal fascia
- 8. Pharyngeal Fascia • Separated into 2 layers, pharyngeal muscles sandwiched between them • Thick pharyngobasilar fascia inside • Thin buccopharyngeal fascia outside • Reinforces the pharyngeal wall
- 10. NASOPHARYNX • Part of respiratory tract – mucosa? • Behind the nasal cavity • Above and behind soft palate. • Communicates through pharyngeal isthmus with oropharynx.
- 11. NASOPHARYNX• Opening of PT tube ½” behind and at the level of INC • guarded by tubal elevation • Salpingopharyngeal fold - posterior margin of tubal elevation to side-wall of pharynx downwards. • Salpingopharyngeus • Behind salpingopharyngeal fold - pharyngeal recess. • Under mucous membrane - nasopharyngeal tonsil.
- 13. • Behind mouth and tongue. • common to both respiratory and digestive systems • Oropharyngeal isthmus • Posterior wall is smooth • Lateral walls shows palatine tonsils between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches. OROPHARYNX
- 14. LARYNGOPHARYNX • Behind larynx • upper part - common to digestive & respi tracts • lower part continues with esophagus • Anterior & posterior walls approximated except when food is passing
- 15. LARYNGOPHARYNX • Posterior wall and side - walls are smooth. • Anterior wall from above downwards presents – epiglottis – aryepiglottic folds – Arytenoids & cricoid – inlet of larynx – piriform fossa • Anterior wall - back of larynx.
- 17. Muscles of pharynx • Differ from rest GIT • Skeletal muscles • longitudinal muscles are placed inside • circular muscles (constrictors) are incomplete anteriorly & arranged in three layers overlapping each other
- 21. Constrictors of pharynx • Superior constrictor - attached to pharyngeal tubercle, lowest fibers reach up to level of vocal cords • Middle constructor arises from stylohyoid ligament, lesser and greater cornu of hyoid, overlap SC and reach upto level of vocal cords. • Inferior constrictor has two parts: thyropharyngeus & cricopharyngeus • Thyropharyngeus overlaps MC • Cricopharyngeus continues with other side
- 23. longitudinal muscles • Stylophryngeus, Salpingopharyngeus and Palatopharyngeus • Attached to posterior border of thyroid cartilage • Help in 2nd stage of deglutition by lifting the pharynx
- 25. Structures b/w constrictors • Base of skull & SC (space of Morgagni): auditory tube & tensor & levator palati. • SC & MC : Stylophryngeus and IX CN • MC & IC: Superior laryngeal nerve and vessels • IC & esophagus: recurrent laryngeal N & inferior laryngeal vs.
- 26. Longitudinal muscles of pharynx and spaces between them
- 27. Tonsils • Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids): midline on the roof of the nasopharynx; • Palatine tonsils: on each side of the oropharynx between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches • Lingual tonsil : posterior one-third of the tongue. • Tubal tonsil: pharyngotympanic tube near its opening into the nasopharynx, and on the upper surface of the soft palate.
- 30. Blood supply - ECA • Ascending pharyngeal A • Ascending palatine and tonsillar branches of facial A • Maxillary & lingual A
- 31. Veins • Superiorly: pterygoid plexus in infratemporal fossa • Inferiorly: facial and IJV
- 32. Lymphatics • deep cervical nodes: retropharyngeal paratracheal & infrahyoid nodes • Palatine tonsils : jugulodigastric nodes (inferior to posterior belly of digastric muscle)
- 33. Find out • Passavant’s ridge • Killian’s dehiscence • Palatine tonsil • Physiology of deglutition