Cryptococcus
Download as PPTX, PDF38 likes19,667 views
This document discusses Cryptococcus neoformans, a pathogenic yeast that can cause lung or brain infections in humans. It naturally lives in soil and bird droppings. There are four serotypes that can infect humans, with serotype A causing most infections. It has both asexual and sexual life cycles. Key virulence factors include its polysaccharide capsule and ability to grow at human body temperature. Infection usually occurs via inhalation and can disseminate from the lungs to the brain. Risk groups include those with weakened immune systems. Diagnosis involves examining samples under the microscope or culturing the organism. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and fluconazole.
1 of 41
Downloaded 490 times
Recommended
Opportunistic mycoses
Opportunistic mycosesMohamed A. Abdurahman This document describes several opportunistic mycoses (fungal infections) that primarily affect immunocompromised individuals. It discusses the most common fungal pathogens, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, Rhizopus, Mucor, and Absidia. For each pathogen, it covers topics like etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The goal is to describe the etiology, morphology, pathogenesis and clinical spectrum of opportunistic mycoses, as well as elaborate on their laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Nocardia
Nocardia9844003833 Nocardia are aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that are ubiquitous environmental saprophytes found in soil. They cause opportunistic infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Nocardia infections can manifest as cutaneous disease, pulmonary disease, disseminated disease, or central nervous system infections such as brain abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples showing branching filaments, culture growth on selective media, and molecular techniques such as PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Treatment involves prolonged courses of antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or amikacin depending on the species.
CLS Coccidioidomyces.pptx
CLS Coccidioidomyces.pptxYadav Raj 1. Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of spores from Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii, dimorphic fungi found in certain parts of the Americas.
2. The fungi exist in both a mold form in soil and a pathogenic yeast form that can cause respiratory infection in humans and animals. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can spread systemically.
3. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culture, or serology of samples from skin, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid or other tissues showing spherules containing endospores. There is no vaccine and treatment involves antifungal drugs.
Hacek
HacekVishal Kulkarni The document summarizes the HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus species, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae. It describes their roles as normal flora that can sometimes cause infections like endocarditis. It covers their laboratory identification through gram stains, culture characteristics, and biochemical reactions. It also discusses their antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment considerations.
CLS Blastomyces dermatitidis.pptx
CLS Blastomyces dermatitidis.pptxYadav Raj Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis that can affect the lungs, skin, and bones. It is contracted by inhaling spores found in soil and is characterized by a pulmonary infection that can disseminate throughout the body. Symptoms vary depending on the infected area but may include cough, fever, and skin lesions. Diagnosis involves culturing samples on agar to demonstrate the fungus's dimorphic nature and ability to convert between mold and yeast forms depending on temperature. Treatment involves antifungal medications such as itraconazole.
Pyogenic infection
Pyogenic infectionSayali Gujjewar This document discusses pyogenic meningitis (acute bacterial meningitis). It begins by defining pyogenic infections and describing the anatomy of the meninges. It then covers the epidemiology, causes, clinical features, diagnostic process, treatment, and potential sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae. Clinical features include headache, fever, neck stiffness, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and low glucose. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. Potential long term effects include deafness, epilepsy, or neurological deficits.
Neisseria by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Neisseria by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah This document provides information on the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. It discusses their classification, characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include:
- They are Gram-negative diplococci within the family Neisseriaceae. N. meningitidis is encapsulated while N. gonorrhoeae is not.
- N. meningitidis is a common cause of bacterial meningitis while N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.
- Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection and PCR. Treatment for gonorrhea is typically ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin along
Cryptococcosis 
Cryptococcosis Mary Mwinga Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Candida
Candida9844003833 This document discusses the fungus Candida. It notes that Candida includes approximately 200 species, about 20 of which can cause infections in humans. C. albicans is the most common cause of infection. Candida is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract but can cause superficial or deep infections. Superficial infections include oral and vaginal candidiasis. Deep infections involve organs and can become disseminated. Virulence factors that enable Candida pathogenesis include adhesion, dimorphism, and production of enzymes. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct microscopic examination of samples and culture isolation followed by identification of Candida species.
Tinea nigra presentation
Tinea nigra presentationSGowthamDhina Tinea nigra is a fungal infection of the outer layer of the skin caused by Hortaea werneckii. It causes well-demarcated brown or black lesions that usually appear on the hands or feet. Examination of skin scrapings under a microscope reveals brown, septate fungal hyphae and budding yeast cells. The infection is generally treated with topical antifungal creams or ointments like ketoconazole or selenium sulfide shampoo applied twice daily for two weeks.
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonasromagoyal37 pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading cause of hospital-associated infection. mainly Pseudomonas is a multi drug resistant bacteria.
they are oxidase positive, non fermenters, strictly aerobic bacteria.
they are pigment producing, pigment can be appreciated on nutrient agar.
Neiserria gonorrhoeae
Neiserria gonorrhoeaeBilal Nasir Neiserria gonorrhoeae, gram Negative, Cocci, Diplococci, Classification, Structure, Shape, Morphology, Growth characteristics, Culture Characteristics, Biochemical reaction, Growth Media, Infections caused by Neiserria gonorrhoeae, diagnosis , treatments
Neisseria Meningitidis
Neisseria MeningitidisKamran Afzal, PhD. Neisseria meningitidis, commonly known as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and sepsis. It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis, with highest incidence in children aged 1-5 years. The bacterium is usually carried harmlessly in the throat but can invade the bloodstream and brain. Symptoms of meningococcal disease include fever, headache, stiff neck and a rash. Timely treatment with antibiotics is crucial to recovery.
Bordetella
BordetellaGuddeti Prashanth Kumar This document provides information on the Bordetella genus of bacteria, including B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica, and B. avium. It describes their morphology, culture characteristics, virulence factors, mechanisms of infection, clinical manifestations of whooping cough caused by B. pertussis, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. Key points include that B. pertussis causes the most common form of whooping cough in humans and produces virulence factors like pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin that contribute to disease pathogenesis.
Haemophilus.pptx presntn
Haemophilus.pptx presntn9844003833 Haemophilus is a genus of bacteria that includes species normally found in the human respiratory tract as well as pathogenic species. H. influenzae is the most clinically important species and is a cause of pneumonia, septic arthritis, epiglottitis, and meningitis. H. influenzae is a small, non-motile, gram-negative coccobacillus that requires both Factor X and V for growth. Serotype b of H. influenzae causes the majority of invasive disease and was an important cause of childhood meningitis prior to the introduction of the Hib vaccine.
Dermatophytes
DermatophytesAnkurVashishtha4 Dermatophytoses, commonly known as ringworm, are fungal infections caused by dermatophytes which invade keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. There are three main genera of dermatophytes - Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. They are classified based on their morphology and site of infection. Dermatophytes are contracted through direct contact with infected skin, animals, or soil. Common clinical manifestations include tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in KOH and fungal culture. Oral antifungals like terbinaf
Dermatophytes
Dermatophytesrubaiya kabir Dermatophytes are fungi that infect keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. There are three genera of dermatophytes: Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. They produce enzymes that allow them to invade keratinized tissues. Dermatophyte infections can occur on the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), hands (tinea manum), and feet/nails (tinea pedis/unguium). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide (KOH), culture, and sometimes PCR.
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracisKamran Afzal, PhD. The document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It describes the morphological and biochemical characteristics of B. anthracis, how it causes disease, methods for laboratory diagnosis of anthrax, treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. It also discusses anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent and Pakistan's experience investigating suspected anthrax cases after 2001.
HISTOPLASMOSIS.pptx
HISTOPLASMOSIS.pptxVigneshwari Dhandapani This document discusses histoplasmosis, an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus lives in soil containing bird or bat droppings. There are two main types - pulmonary histoplasmosis, which occurs when the fungus is inhaled, and disseminated histoplasmosis, which spreads from the lungs. Symptoms can include fever, cough, fatigue and chest pain. Diagnosis involves examining samples under a microscope for the yeast cells or culturing samples. Treatment uses antifungal medications such as itraconazole or amphotericin B, depending on severity.
Neisseria 
Neisseria Auricle Nissim This document provides information on the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. It discusses their classification, characteristics, pathogenicity, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key differences between the two pathogens are that N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while N. meningitidis can cause meningitis. Laboratory diagnosis involves culturing samples on selective media and identifying colonies based on morphology and biochemical tests. Treatment of gonorrhea now involves ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin plus other antibiotics due to emerging resistance.
Gonococci
GonococciArun Geetha Viswanathan Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
Mycetoma
MycetomaAnkurVashishtha4 Subcutaneous Mycoses
(Mycetoma)
General Introduction
Types of Mycetoma and Causative agent
Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestation
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimen Collection
Direct Examination
Culture
Indetification
Treatment
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.pptx
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.pptxDeborahAR1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). It is a slow-growing acid-fast rod-shaped bacterium. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets when people with active TB cough, sneeze or spit. The bacteria are able to survive inside alveolar macrophages in the lungs without being destroyed. This can lead to the formation of lesions called tubercles and caseous necrosis, causing the symptoms of TB. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples for acid-fast bacilli, culturing of samples, and radiological examinations. Treatment requires taking a combination of antibiotics for several months.
Sporotrichosis
SporotrichosisCentral Department Of Microbiology, TU This document provides information about Sporotrichosis, including its definition, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which can cause subcutaneous nodules and ulceration. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culture, histology, and serology to demonstrate the presence of the fungus. Treatment typically involves oral antifungal medication such as itraconazole or potassium iodide for at least 4-6 weeks after symptoms resolve.
Bacillus 
Bacillus Guddeti Prashanth Kumar Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
Streptococcus
StreptococcusMalathi Murugesan Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram positive coccus that forms chains and causes beta hemolysis on blood agar. It is classified by Lancefield grouping based on cell wall carbohydrates and Griffith typing based on M proteins. S. pyogenes causes respiratory, skin, and genital infections and can lead to post-streptococcal sequelae like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Penicillin is usually the treatment of choice.
15. shigella
15. shigellaRatheeshkrishnakripa Shigella dysenteriae is a gram-negative, non-motile bacillus that causes dysentery. It grows well at 37°C in nutrient broth, forming colorless colonies on MacConkey agar and red colonies without black centers on XLD agar. S. dysenteriae infection is caused by ingesting contaminated food or water and leads to dysentery characterized by bloody mucus in stool. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for pus cells and macrophages, culturing on selective media to isolate non-lactose fermenting colonies, and conducting biochemical tests and slide agglutination with specific antisera. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol are used
Superficial mycoses
Superficial mycosesSk. Mizanur Rahman Pityriasis versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by Malassezia furfur. It produces hypopigmented, hyperpigmented, or scaly macules on the trunk and neck. Diagnosis involves scraping skin lesions and examining under a microscope using potassium hydroxide, which reveals short hyphal fragments and clusters of yeast. Wood's lamp examination shows pale yellow-white fluorescence of lesions. M. furfur is normally present on human skin but overgrowth causes pityriasis versicolor. The fungus can be cultured using Sabouraud dextrose agar covered with oil, as M. furfur requires lipids for growth.
dermatophytes infections 
dermatophytes infections شذى الزرد This document provides information about diagnosing dermatophyte infections through microscopic examination and fungal culture. It discusses the etiologic agents that cause infections, including genera of dermatophytes that infect keratinized tissues. Clinical manifestations of infections are described, such as tinea pedis, corporis, and unguium. Methods for specimen collection and slide preparation for direct microscopic examination with potassium hydroxide are outlined.
Dermatophytes undergraduates
Dermatophytes undergraduateselsadekamr Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that can infect the keratinized tissues of skin, hair, and nails of both humans and animals. They include genera such as Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Dermatophytes produce enzymes that allow them to utilize keratin as a nutrient source. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples as well as culturing to isolate the fungus. Isolates are then identified based on characteristics such as macroconidia morphology and colonial growth. Direct examination and culturing allow diagnosis of infections like ringworm and tinea.
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Candida
Candida9844003833 This document discusses the fungus Candida. It notes that Candida includes approximately 200 species, about 20 of which can cause infections in humans. C. albicans is the most common cause of infection. Candida is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract but can cause superficial or deep infections. Superficial infections include oral and vaginal candidiasis. Deep infections involve organs and can become disseminated. Virulence factors that enable Candida pathogenesis include adhesion, dimorphism, and production of enzymes. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct microscopic examination of samples and culture isolation followed by identification of Candida species.
Tinea nigra presentation
Tinea nigra presentationSGowthamDhina Tinea nigra is a fungal infection of the outer layer of the skin caused by Hortaea werneckii. It causes well-demarcated brown or black lesions that usually appear on the hands or feet. Examination of skin scrapings under a microscope reveals brown, septate fungal hyphae and budding yeast cells. The infection is generally treated with topical antifungal creams or ointments like ketoconazole or selenium sulfide shampoo applied twice daily for two weeks.
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonasromagoyal37 pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading cause of hospital-associated infection. mainly Pseudomonas is a multi drug resistant bacteria.
they are oxidase positive, non fermenters, strictly aerobic bacteria.
they are pigment producing, pigment can be appreciated on nutrient agar.
Neiserria gonorrhoeae
Neiserria gonorrhoeaeBilal Nasir Neiserria gonorrhoeae, gram Negative, Cocci, Diplococci, Classification, Structure, Shape, Morphology, Growth characteristics, Culture Characteristics, Biochemical reaction, Growth Media, Infections caused by Neiserria gonorrhoeae, diagnosis , treatments
Neisseria Meningitidis
Neisseria MeningitidisKamran Afzal, PhD. Neisseria meningitidis, commonly known as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and sepsis. It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis, with highest incidence in children aged 1-5 years. The bacterium is usually carried harmlessly in the throat but can invade the bloodstream and brain. Symptoms of meningococcal disease include fever, headache, stiff neck and a rash. Timely treatment with antibiotics is crucial to recovery.
Bordetella
BordetellaGuddeti Prashanth Kumar This document provides information on the Bordetella genus of bacteria, including B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica, and B. avium. It describes their morphology, culture characteristics, virulence factors, mechanisms of infection, clinical manifestations of whooping cough caused by B. pertussis, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. Key points include that B. pertussis causes the most common form of whooping cough in humans and produces virulence factors like pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin that contribute to disease pathogenesis.
Haemophilus.pptx presntn
Haemophilus.pptx presntn9844003833 Haemophilus is a genus of bacteria that includes species normally found in the human respiratory tract as well as pathogenic species. H. influenzae is the most clinically important species and is a cause of pneumonia, septic arthritis, epiglottitis, and meningitis. H. influenzae is a small, non-motile, gram-negative coccobacillus that requires both Factor X and V for growth. Serotype b of H. influenzae causes the majority of invasive disease and was an important cause of childhood meningitis prior to the introduction of the Hib vaccine.
Dermatophytes
DermatophytesAnkurVashishtha4 Dermatophytoses, commonly known as ringworm, are fungal infections caused by dermatophytes which invade keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. There are three main genera of dermatophytes - Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. They are classified based on their morphology and site of infection. Dermatophytes are contracted through direct contact with infected skin, animals, or soil. Common clinical manifestations include tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in KOH and fungal culture. Oral antifungals like terbinaf
Dermatophytes
Dermatophytesrubaiya kabir Dermatophytes are fungi that infect keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. There are three genera of dermatophytes: Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. They produce enzymes that allow them to invade keratinized tissues. Dermatophyte infections can occur on the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), hands (tinea manum), and feet/nails (tinea pedis/unguium). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide (KOH), culture, and sometimes PCR.
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracisKamran Afzal, PhD. The document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It describes the morphological and biochemical characteristics of B. anthracis, how it causes disease, methods for laboratory diagnosis of anthrax, treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. It also discusses anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent and Pakistan's experience investigating suspected anthrax cases after 2001.
HISTOPLASMOSIS.pptx
HISTOPLASMOSIS.pptxVigneshwari Dhandapani This document discusses histoplasmosis, an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus lives in soil containing bird or bat droppings. There are two main types - pulmonary histoplasmosis, which occurs when the fungus is inhaled, and disseminated histoplasmosis, which spreads from the lungs. Symptoms can include fever, cough, fatigue and chest pain. Diagnosis involves examining samples under a microscope for the yeast cells or culturing samples. Treatment uses antifungal medications such as itraconazole or amphotericin B, depending on severity.
Neisseria
Neisseria Auricle Nissim This document provides information on the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. It discusses their classification, characteristics, pathogenicity, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key differences between the two pathogens are that N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while N. meningitidis can cause meningitis. Laboratory diagnosis involves culturing samples on selective media and identifying colonies based on morphology and biochemical tests. Treatment of gonorrhea now involves ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin plus other antibiotics due to emerging resistance.
Gonococci
GonococciArun Geetha Viswanathan Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
Mycetoma
MycetomaAnkurVashishtha4 Subcutaneous Mycoses
(Mycetoma)
General Introduction
Types of Mycetoma and Causative agent
Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestation
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimen Collection
Direct Examination
Culture
Indetification
Treatment
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.pptx
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.pptxDeborahAR1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). It is a slow-growing acid-fast rod-shaped bacterium. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets when people with active TB cough, sneeze or spit. The bacteria are able to survive inside alveolar macrophages in the lungs without being destroyed. This can lead to the formation of lesions called tubercles and caseous necrosis, causing the symptoms of TB. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples for acid-fast bacilli, culturing of samples, and radiological examinations. Treatment requires taking a combination of antibiotics for several months.
Sporotrichosis
SporotrichosisCentral Department Of Microbiology, TU This document provides information about Sporotrichosis, including its definition, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which can cause subcutaneous nodules and ulceration. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culture, histology, and serology to demonstrate the presence of the fungus. Treatment typically involves oral antifungal medication such as itraconazole or potassium iodide for at least 4-6 weeks after symptoms resolve.
Bacillus
Bacillus Guddeti Prashanth Kumar Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
Streptococcus
StreptococcusMalathi Murugesan Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram positive coccus that forms chains and causes beta hemolysis on blood agar. It is classified by Lancefield grouping based on cell wall carbohydrates and Griffith typing based on M proteins. S. pyogenes causes respiratory, skin, and genital infections and can lead to post-streptococcal sequelae like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Penicillin is usually the treatment of choice.
15. shigella
15. shigellaRatheeshkrishnakripa Shigella dysenteriae is a gram-negative, non-motile bacillus that causes dysentery. It grows well at 37°C in nutrient broth, forming colorless colonies on MacConkey agar and red colonies without black centers on XLD agar. S. dysenteriae infection is caused by ingesting contaminated food or water and leads to dysentery characterized by bloody mucus in stool. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for pus cells and macrophages, culturing on selective media to isolate non-lactose fermenting colonies, and conducting biochemical tests and slide agglutination with specific antisera. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol are used
Superficial mycoses
Superficial mycosesSk. Mizanur Rahman Pityriasis versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by Malassezia furfur. It produces hypopigmented, hyperpigmented, or scaly macules on the trunk and neck. Diagnosis involves scraping skin lesions and examining under a microscope using potassium hydroxide, which reveals short hyphal fragments and clusters of yeast. Wood's lamp examination shows pale yellow-white fluorescence of lesions. M. furfur is normally present on human skin but overgrowth causes pityriasis versicolor. The fungus can be cultured using Sabouraud dextrose agar covered with oil, as M. furfur requires lipids for growth.
Viewers also liked (18)
dermatophytes infections
dermatophytes infections شذى الزرد This document provides information about diagnosing dermatophyte infections through microscopic examination and fungal culture. It discusses the etiologic agents that cause infections, including genera of dermatophytes that infect keratinized tissues. Clinical manifestations of infections are described, such as tinea pedis, corporis, and unguium. Methods for specimen collection and slide preparation for direct microscopic examination with potassium hydroxide are outlined.
Dermatophytes undergraduates
Dermatophytes undergraduateselsadekamr Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that can infect the keratinized tissues of skin, hair, and nails of both humans and animals. They include genera such as Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Dermatophytes produce enzymes that allow them to utilize keratin as a nutrient source. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples as well as culturing to isolate the fungus. Isolates are then identified based on characteristics such as macroconidia morphology and colonial growth. Direct examination and culturing allow diagnosis of infections like ringworm and tinea.
Superficial & dermatophyte 2
Superficial & dermatophyte 2Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajgonj, Bangladesh Superficial mycoses are fungal infections limited to the outer layers of the skin. They include pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur, tinea nigra caused by Exophiala werneckii, and white and black piedra. Dermatophytes are the causative agents of ringworm and include the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. They infect keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings and fungal culture.
Dermatophytosis, raghu
Dermatophytosis, raghuraghunathp Dermatophytoses, also known as ringworm infections, are fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophytes. The most common dermatophytes that infect humans belong to the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the infected area and include ring-shaped lesions on the scalp (tinea capitis), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), feet (tinea pedis), beard area (tinea barbae), and nails (tinea unguium). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide to view hyphae
Cryptococcosis
CryptococcosisMbi Gerald Mbi This document summarizes information about cryptococcosis, an infection caused by the fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. It begins with a clinical case of a 31-year-old woman with cryptococcal meningitis. It then provides background on the microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations including India ink staining and antigen testing, imaging findings, and standard treatment recommendations of 14 days of IV amphotericin B and fluconazole for induction therapy followed by 8 weeks of fluconazole consolidation therapy.
Dermatophytes
Dermatophytesraj kumar This document summarizes information about dermatophytes, which are fungi that can cause ringworm infections. It discusses the different types of dermatophytes based on their ecology (anthropophilic, zoophilic, geophilic), the genera (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton), common species and the areas of the body they infect. It also provides information on diagnosing and treating dermatophyte infections, including that a dermatophytid reaction can occur when an infection is present on the feet but not clinically evident on the hands.
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Erad...
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Erad...Sarath Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Eradication.
Contains Videos in two slides. So try using Power Point 2010.
My email : [email protected]
Plasmodium malarial parasite
Plasmodium malarial parasiteARUL LAWRENCE The malarial parasite Plasmodium is a protozoan that causes malaria. It has a complex life cycle involving humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, Plasmodium invades liver cells and red blood cells in asexual cycles, and sexual stages form in the mosquito in a sporogonic cycle. There are four main species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and anemia, and is diagnosed microscopically or with molecular tests. Treatment depends on species and severity, while prevention focuses on mosquito avoidance and chemoprophylaxis.
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium falciparumayooy1992 This document discusses Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal and prevalent species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans. It is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. The document covers the history, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, life cycle, morphology, prevention and treatment of P. falciparum malaria. Key points include that P. falciparum causes severe malaria via sequestration in blood vessels and can lead to organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves blood tests to identify the species and stages. Treatment includes drugs like chloroquine and combination therapies with increasing resistance issues.
Flagella
FlagellaArunima Sur The document is a seminar presentation on flagella and motility. It contains 18 slides that discuss the introduction, definition, chemical composition, structure, types, synthesis, importance and functions of bacterial flagella. The slides describe the key components of the flagella including the basal body embedded in the cell, the hook structure, and the long filament. It explains how flagella are made of protein, lipid and carbohydrate and that around 50 genes are required for their synthesis and function. The presentation also covers the different patterns of flagellation in bacteria and how flagella allow for motility and other functions like feeding, respiration and circulation in certain organisms.
Giardia lamblia 
Giardia lamblia azizkhan1995 The document discusses Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine and causes giardiasis. It was first observed microscopically in 1681. It attaches to the small intestine epithelium and reproduces via binary fission. The life cycle involves ingestion of dormant cysts found in contaminated water or food, which excyst in the intestine to the active trophozoite stage before becoming cysts again. Symptoms include diarrhea. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites microscopically in stool samples. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole or tinidazole.
Round worms
Round wormsBilal Çankırı Roundworms have complex life cycles involving eggs passed in feces that develop into infective larvae. Puppies, kittens, and young animals are most commonly infected through prenatal, nursing, or environmental exposure. Roundworm larvae migrate through tissues before maturing and reproducing in the intestines, completing their life cycles. Regular deworming is especially important for hunting or outdoor animals to prevent roundworm infection and spread.
flagella structure and function
flagella structure and functionRahman Ali Flagella are whip-like structures that allow cells to move. They are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. While all three types are used for locomotion, their structures differ. Flagella consist of three main parts - the filament, hook, and basal body. The filament forms the outer region and is composed of flagellin proteins arranged in helical chains. The filament attaches to the hook, while the basal body anchors the flagellum and consists of rings and rods that insert into the cell. Bacteria can have flagella in different arrangements including single, tufts, both ends, or all over the cell surface.
Roundworms (ascaris)
Roundworms (ascaris)dexlab20 Roundworms are segmented worms that evolved after the Cambrian Explosion around 570-495 million years ago. They can live in a variety of environments, both in and outside of other living organisms. Common roundworms that infect humans and animals include Ascaris, hookworms, whipworms, and pinworms. Roundworms can be decomposers that break down organic matter and recycle nutrients, or consumers that feed on plants and animals. They have adapted to survive in nearly any environment through hibernation or living deep in soil. Signs of roundworm infection include coughing, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, and blood in stool.
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolyticaSyed Taimur Rahim 1. Entamoeba histolytica is one of the most important pathogenic protozoa that infects humans. It causes amebiasis through the transmission of infective cysts from feces to mouth via contaminated food or water.
2. The life cycle involves cyst ingestion, excystation in the small intestine, colonization of the large intestine by trophozoites, and formation of cysts that are passed in feces. Trophozoites can invade the intestinal lining and spread to other organs.
3. Symptoms range from mild abdominal discomfort to severe dysentery. Most infections are asymptomatic but some can cause life-threatening extra-intestinal complications like liver abscesses if left untreated
CNS CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
CNS CRYPTOCOCCOSISRajesh Deshwal CNS cryptococcosis is the most common fungal infection of the central nervous system. Cryptococcus neoformans is a round yeast surrounded by a capsule that can spread to the CNS hematogenously from the lungs. Clinical presentation includes headache, fever, nausea, and mental status changes. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing elevated opening pressure, pleocytosis, and positive India ink or cryptococcal antigen tests. Treatment involves induction with amphotericin B and flucytosine, consolidation with fluconazole, and lifelong maintenance with fluconazole if immune reconstitution is not achieved to prevent relapse.
Nematodes
NematodesAngelica Nhoj Gemora The document discusses various nematodes that can infect humans such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis, describing their characteristics, life cycles, and diagnostic methods. It also outlines techniques for diagnosing nematode infections from stool samples, including the Kato-Katz method, concentration techniques like acid ether concentration, and culture methods like Harada Mori.
Candidiasis
CandidiasisKhathu Mafamba Candida albicans is a yeast that can cause infections in humans. It normally lives harmlessly in the body but can overgrow and cause disease when the environment changes. It has several forms ranging from yeast to hyphal filaments. Over 75% of women experience at least one vaginal candidiasis infection. Risk factors include antibiotics use, pregnancy, diabetes, and weakened immune system. Symptoms depend on the infected area and include rashes, vaginal discharge, and oral thrush. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal drugs like fluconazole that work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting ergosterol production. Prevention focuses on good
Similar to Cryptococcus (20)
Cryptococcus. var. gattii, var. neoformans and var. grubii.
Cryptococcus. var. gattii, var. neoformans and var. grubii.ruchivet It details information regarding fungal disease. Cryptococcus is encapsulated yeast, found in soil contaminated with pigeon droppings or eucalyptus trees and decaying wood.
Cryptococcus neoformans grows easily in pigeon feces, however the birds are not naturally infected. Among these, Cryptococcus neoformans is the only species that is pathogenic to humans.
Other species are Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus terreus, Cryptococcus uniguttulatus, Cryptococcus luteolus and Cryptococcus gastricus.
It has four serotypes (A to D). Serotyping is based on capsular agglutination reactions. The two varieties, neoformans and gattii are morphologically similar, except that basidiospores of var. neoformans are round and those of var. gattii are more elliptical in shape.
Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A is responsible for the majority of human cases. Major virulence factors- The polysaccharide capsule
The phenoloxidase enzyme
The organism's ability to grow at 37°C
Phospholipase enzymes
It produces urease.
Cryptococcosis or European blastomycosis or Torulosis or Busse-Buschke’s disease. The clinical types of cryptococcosis are pulmonary, CNS, visceral, osseous, cutaneous and mucocutaneous. Patients with AIDS, carcinoma, leukemia, collagen vascular disease, Hodgkin’s disease, sarcoidosis and those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy are at increased risk of cryptococcosis.
Systemic mycosis
Systemic mycosisDr. Md Ashraf Ali Namaji This document provides an overview of systemic and opportunistic mycoses. It defines systemic mycoses as deep fungal infections caused by soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that are accidentally inhaled. The main causative agents described are Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Opportunistic mycoses occur in immunocompromised individuals and the most common causes are Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Key clinical features, laboratory diagnostics including microscopy, culture, and serology, treatment approaches, and important epidemiological details are summarized
Oppurtunistic mycoses by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Oppurtunistic mycoses by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah This document discusses various opportunistic mycoses caused by fungi that are generally non-pathogenic but can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts. It describes several important opportunistic mycoses including candidiasis, aspergillosis, zygomycosis, penicilliosis, and pneumocystosis. For each, it discusses the causative fungi, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis including microscopy and culture, and treatment approaches.
4-Opportunistic mycosis.pptx
4-Opportunistic mycosis.pptxahmedmohammed358733 This document summarizes opportunistic fungal infections that predominantly affect immunocompromised individuals. The most common opportunistic fungi are Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Pneumocystis. Candida normally exists as part of the human microbiome but can cause infections in immunocompromised patients. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment and can cause infections through inhalation of spores. Cryptococcus primarily infects the lungs and central nervous system of those with advanced HIV/AIDS. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serological testing of samples from infected sites.
Deep mycoses
Deep mycosesSaikat Mandal This document discusses Coccidioidomycosis, an endemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Coccidioides immitis. It is found in arid regions of the Americas. In soil, it forms hyphae and arthrospores that can be inhaled and cause infection in the lungs, forming spherules filled with endospores. Most infections are asymptomatic or cause flu-like symptoms, but some can disseminate to bones, meninges or skin. Diagnosis involves identifying spherules microscopically or culturing the fungus from specimens. Serologic tests can also detect antibodies. There is no treatment for mild cases but disseminated disease requires antifungal therapy
Chlamydia
ChlamydiaKamran Afzal, PhD. Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes trachoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness, as well as sexually transmitted diseases like pelvic inflammatory disease; it has a unique developmental cycle alternating between infectious elementary bodies and metabolically active reticulate bodies; symptoms can range from eye infections to urethritis and proctitis depending on the Chlamydia species.
Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system
Parasitic diseases of the central nervous systemShahin Hameed This document summarizes several parasitic infections that can affect the central nervous system. It discusses the epidemiology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, pathology, and diagnosis of cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites, toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, and human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei. Cerebral malaria presents with seizures, confusion, and coma and is caused by parasite sequestration in brain blood vessels. Toxoplasmosis commonly causes encephalitis in immunocompromised individuals and congenital infections. Trypanosomiasis involves chronic meningitis and
Mycology Update 2017
Mycology Update 2017Margie Morgan This document provides an overview of mycology, including descriptions of common fungi and how they are identified. It discusses yeast and molds, specimen collection and transport, culture media, and diagnostic methods like microscopy and staining. Key points include descriptions of dimorphic fungi like Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis, which exist in both mold and yeast forms, and Coccidioides immitis, which does not have a yeast phase. Identification of fungal structures and growth patterns on culture media are important for diagnosis.
Mycology 2016
Mycology 2016Margie Morgan This document provides an overview of mycology, including the characteristics of yeasts and molds, appropriate specimen collection and transport for fungal cultures, common fungal culture media, and methods for identifying fungi from cultures and direct specimens. It focuses on dimorphic fungi that can cause systemic infections like Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides immitis. Key details on Histoplasma capsulatum morphology, disease, diagnostics, and growth at different temperatures are provided.
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.pptx
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.pptxhabtamu biazin Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides species. It primarily involves the lungs and can disseminate to other organs. The disease ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of clinical samples to identify the characteristic yeast forms and culture growth at 37°C. Treatment requires long-term antifungal therapy for 6-12 months.
Paracoccidioidomycosis
ParacoccidioidomycosisSeni MB paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
Acanthamoeba
AcanthamoebaSt. Xavier's college, maitighar,Kathmandu Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living parasite that can cause infections in humans. It exists in two forms - the trophozoite, which has projections, and the cyst, which has a protective double-walled structure. It is found worldwide in soil, water, and air. Acanthamoeba can cause eye, skin, or brain infections and enters the body through inhalation or skin lesions. In the brain it causes granulomatous encephalitis with symptoms like headache and seizures. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, or PCR of samples from affected tissues. Treatment depends on the infected area but may include medications like pentamidine, chlorhexidine, or sulfadiaz
Parasitic infections of CNS microbiology.pptx
Parasitic infections of CNS microbiology.pptxRanjeetMishra53 Parasitic infections of cns is very important and very useful topic of microbiology.
Thhermal dimophism in penicillium marneffiepresentation
Thhermal dimophism in penicillium marneffiepresentationBakhtawar Attique Penicillium marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungus that can cause fatal systemic infections in humans. It normally exists as mycelium below 25°C but transforms into a yeast form at human body temperature (37°C), allowing it to infect humans. P. marneffei is endemic in Southeast Asia and a rising concern for immunocompromised individuals like HIV patients, causing penicilliosis with symptoms of fever, anemia, and weight loss. More research is still needed to better understand transmission and develop improved treatment for this pathogenic fungus.
Infectious Diseases Plate Round 9-11-24..pptx
Infectious Diseases Plate Round 9-11-24..pptxidfellowshipthaa Infectious Diseases Plate Round 9-11-24..pptx
rickettsiachlamydiapresentation-110703092019-phpapp02.pptx
rickettsiachlamydiapresentation-110703092019-phpapp02.pptxabhi747849 This document discusses Rickettsia and Chlamydia, which are obligate intracellular organisms. It describes the genera of Rickettsia including Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Coxiella, and Bartonella. Key differences between Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae include Rickettsiae having cytochromes and aerobic metabolism while Chlamydiae lack cytochromes and have anaerobic metabolism. The document also discusses the structure, metabolism, growth, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and control of Rickettsia and Chlamydia.
Neoplastic diseases of poultry...
Neoplastic diseases of poultry...AashishGyawali1 A presentation on neoplastic disease of poultry prepared by veterinary student currently studying at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Nepal.
Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis and ParacoccidioidomycosisMohd Azam Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis
More from santusan (12)
Renal Pathology
Renal Pathologysantusan This document discusses the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of renal diseases. It begins by defining terms related to azotemia and renal failure. It then describes the major clinical syndromes seen in renal disease such as nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, asymptomatic urinary findings, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. It further discusses the causes, presentations and pathophysiology of acute nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome and glomerular injury from both immunological and non-immunological standpoints.
Cholelithiaisis
Cholelithiaisissantusan Cholelithiasis, or gallstones, can be either cholesterol stones or pigment stones. Cholesterol stones form when bile becomes supersaturated with cholesterol, while pigment stones are caused by elevated bilirubin levels. Risk factors for cholesterol stones include obesity, rapid weight loss, female sex hormones, and certain genetic disorders. Risk factors for pigment stones include chronic hemolytic anemias and infections of the biliary tract. Gallstones may be asymptomatic but can also cause pain, inflammation of the gallbladder or bile ducts, and other complications if they obstruct ducts or erode into other organs.
Appendicitis and tumors of appendix mbbs
Appendicitis and tumors of appendix mbbssantusan Acute appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the appendix lumen, usually by a fecalith, leading to bacterial overgrowth and inflammation. It most commonly affects adolescents and young adults. Early symptoms include periumbilical pain that moves to the lower right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and fever. On physical exam, tenderness is found at McBurney's point. Without treatment, complications can arise like perforation or abscess. The most common tumor of the appendix is carcinoid tumor, while other rare tumors can cause appendicitis-like symptoms.
Amoebic colitis
Amoebic colitissantusan Amoebic colitis is an infection of the colon caused by the Entamoeba histolytica parasite. It often causes flask-shaped ulcers in the ascending colon, sigmoid colon, or rectum. The ulcers form as small microulcerations that enlarge over time. Numerous trophozoites can be seen at the ulcer margins. Large ulcers show extensive necrosis with an inflamed, thickened intestinal wall. Complications can include liver abscess, effusions in the pleura or pericardium, or hepatobronchial fistulas. Patients experience abdominal pain, cramping, and bloody diarrhea. Diagnosis involves identifying E. histolytica trophozoites on a PAS stain of
Alcoholic liver disease mbbs
Alcoholic liver disease mbbssantusan 1. Alcoholic liver disease progresses through three main stages - fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis.
2. Heavy alcohol use over many years is generally required for severe liver injury to develop.
3. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver, producing toxic metabolites that can cause fat accumulation, inflammation, and scarring of the liver tissue over time.
Adenovirus Microbiology
Adenovirus Microbiologysantusan This document provides information on the adenovirus. It discusses that adenoviruses can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract infections as well as eye infections. It describes the morphology of adenoviruses including their icosahedral capsids. It covers the classification of adenoviruses into genera, species, and human serotypes. It discusses the pathogenesis of adenovirus infections and associated clinical manifestations like respiratory diseases, eye infections, and gastrointestinal diseases. It also outlines methods for laboratory diagnosis including isolation, serology, and molecular techniques. Treatment involves supportive care as there is no specific antiviral.
Digestion biochemistry
Digestion biochemistrysantusan The document summarizes the key processes of digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses:
1) The three main stages of digestion - mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, secretion of enzymes and electrolytes to provide optimal conditions for digestion, and transport of nutrients into the bloodstream.
2) The major secretions at each stage - saliva, gastric juices, pancreatic and bile secretions, and secretions from the small intestine.
3) The enzymes and constituents involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and their absorption mechanisms.
4) Some common digestive disorders that can result from enzyme deficiencies or malabsorption.
B oxidation
B oxidationsantusan 1) Fatty acids are oxidized through beta-oxidation, where two-carbon fragments are removed from the carboxyl end in the mitochondrial matrix, producing acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
2) Fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl-CoAs in the cytosol then transported into the mitochondria by the carnitine shuttle.
3) Beta-oxidation occurs through four steps - oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and thiolysis - shortening the fatty acyl chain by two carbons each cycle to generate energy.
Bronciectasis
Bronciectasissantusan Bronchiectasis is permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of muscle and elastic tissue, usually resulting from chronic necrotizing infections. It is characterized by a persistent cough and expectoration of copious amounts of purulent sputum. Predisposing factors include bronchial obstruction from foreign bodies or infection, congenital conditions like cystic fibrosis, and immunodeficiency states that increase susceptibility to repeated lung infections. Chronic infection and obstruction cause damage and dilation of the bronchial walls over time in a recurrent cycle. On microscopy, areas of ulceration and inflammation are seen within the bronchial walls in active disease, and fibrosis develops in chronic cases.
Atelectasis (collapse) 
Atelectasis (collapse) santusan Atelectasis is defined as the collapse of pulmonary parenchyma resulting in loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of airspaces. This leads to ventilation-perfusion imbalance and hypoxia. There are three main types of secondary or acquired atelectasis: resorption, compression, and contraction. Resorption atelectasis occurs due to obstruction preventing air from reaching distal airways, causing absorption of existing air and collapse. Compression atelectasis results from external pressures like pleural effusions. Contraction atelectasis involves fibrotic changes preventing full lung expansion. Atelectasis is potentially reversible through re-expansion of collapsed lung areas.
Streptococcus pneumoniae mbbs
Streptococcus pneumoniae mbbssantusan Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae are common causes of pneumonia and other respiratory infections. S. pneumoniae is a gram-positive diplococcus that causes pneumonia, otitis media, bacteremia and meningitis, especially in children. H. influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacillus found in the nasopharynx that can cause pneumonia, epiglottitis, bacteremia and meningitis, particularly in young children from encapsulated strains like type b. Both bacteria require special growth factors and are diagnosed through culture, staining, and serological testing. Effective vaccines exist for prevention of disease caused by these pathogens.
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Corynebacterium diptheriaesantusan Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria in humans. It appears as small, gram-positive bacilli that form short chains or clumps. It produces a toxin that causes a local pseudomembrane and can lead to systemic effects on the heart, nerves, and other tissues. Diagnosis involves isolating the organism from throat or skin lesions and confirming its identity and toxin production through culture and biochemical tests. Treatment involves antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin to prevent complications.
Recently uploaded (20)
Hyperkalemia - An overview : Causes and management
Hyperkalemia - An overview : Causes and managementdramiraaref A presentation discussing causes and management of hyperkalemia in adults.
Pòster "Virtual Reality in Pain Management"
Pòster "Virtual Reality in Pain Management"Badalona Serveis Assistencials Pòster presentat per José Ferrer, metge de l'equip d'Innovació de Badalona Serveis Assistencials i membre de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, en el 14th Congress of the European Pain Federation EFIC, que se celebra a Lió del 24 al 26 d'abril de 2025 sota el títol "Comorbidity of Chronic Pain and Mental Health Disorders: Breaking the Cycle".
WOUND HEALING IN PERIODONTOLOGY - 3.pptx
WOUND HEALING IN PERIODONTOLOGY - 3.pptxtarunprakash1904 Wound healing in periodontology is a complex biological process that occurs following periodontal surgery or injury to the tissues of the periodontium, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The goal is to restore the damaged tissues and promote functional healing, minimizing complications such as infection or tissue breakdown.
The process can be divided into four main stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
1. **Hemostasis**: Immediately following surgery or injury, the body works to stop bleeding through blood clot formation, which serves as a protective barrier and a matrix for tissue regeneration.
2. **Inflammation**: This phase is characterized by the body's immune response to clear debris and bacteria. It typically lasts for a few days and involves the influx of inflammatory cells like neutrophils and macrophages, which aid in cleaning the wound site and preventing infection.
3. **Proliferation**: During this phase, the body begins to rebuild the damaged tissues. Fibroblasts proliferate, synthesizing collagen and extracellular matrix components. New blood vessels form in a process called angiogenesis, which ensures a steady supply of nutrients and oxygen for tissue repair. This phase also involves epithelial migration over the wound site, covering the exposed tissue.
4. **Remodeling**: The final stage is characterized by the maturation of the tissue, where collagen fibers are reorganized and the wound strengthens over time. This phase can last for several months, as the tissues return to their normal structure and function.
Successful wound healing in periodontics is crucial for long-term outcomes, such as tissue regeneration, improved periodontal health, and prevention of further periodontal damage.
Anaemia & Polycythaemia Physiological Basis
Anaemia & Polycythaemia Physiological BasisMedicoseAcademics 📌 Title: Anemia – Types, Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Features | Dr. Faiza
🎓 Presented by: Dr. Faiza
Assistant Professor of Physiology
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
🩸 This presentation is a comprehensive overview of Anemia, designed for medical students and healthcare professionals. It covers:
🔬 Learning Objectives:
Classification of anemias: Microcytic, Macrocytic, Normocytic
Differentiation based on etiology, lab findings, and clinical presentation
Unique features of hereditary and acquired anemias (e.g., thalassemia, sickle cell disease)
Diagnostic approaches and pathophysiological mechanisms
Impact of anemia on circulatory function
An overview of polycythemia vera vs secondary polycythemia
💉 Includes detailed tables, RBC indices, blood picture interpretation, and mnemonics for easier recall.
🧠 Ideal for:
MBBS and BDS students
FCPS Part 1 candidates
Educators revising core physiology
Clinical practitioners updating their concepts
📚 Topics Covered:
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Thalassemia (Alpha & Beta)
Sickle Cell Anemia
Megaloblastic Anemia (Vitamin B12 & Folate)
Aplastic Anemia
Acute Blood Loss
Hemolytic Anemias (Hereditary Spherocytosis, G6PD Deficiency)
Circulatory changes in anemia
Primary & Secondary Polycythemia
Common viral infections pharmacotherapeutics--2
Common viral infections pharmacotherapeutics--2Harini Priya It is fully based on pharmacotherapeutics--2 for pharm d
It covers entire therapy of diseases for common viral infections
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTICS IN SURGERY.pptx
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTICS IN SURGERY.pptxYomi Balogun It highlights the guidelines to be followed when prescribing antibiotics for a surgical patient and the importance of adequate and detailed evaluation.
The slide also provides a brief history, classification of antibiotics and considerations to be made before prescribing antibiotics.
CASEIN PPT Casein pharmacognosy Milk Protein Phosphoprotein PPT 
CASEIN PPT Casein pharmacognosy Milk Protein Phosphoprotein PPT Farhan Shaikh This is casein PPT which helps the students to elicit in their knowledge
It is simple PPT which have broad knowledge
Starting With a Frontline “Four” in Multiple Myeloma: Case-Based Guidance for...
Starting With a Frontline “Four” in Multiple Myeloma: Case-Based Guidance for...PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education Chair, Suzanne Lentzsch, MD, PhD, discusses multiple myeloma in this CME/AAPA activity titled “Starting With a Frontline “Four” in Multiple Myeloma: Case-Based Guidance for Achieving Durable Remissions With Innovative CD38 Antibody Strategies.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4gnLEUw. CME/AAPA credit will be available until April 20, 2026.
Testis & spermatic cord -Prof.Dr.N.Mugunthan.pdf
Testis & spermatic cord -Prof.Dr.N.Mugunthan.pdfKanyakumari Medical Mission Research Center, Muttom Anatomy of the Testis:Coverings (from outermost to innermost)
Tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral layers)
Tunica albuginea (fibrous capsule directly covering the testis)
Tunica vasculosa
Internal Structure:
Lobules: Each testis contains ~250 lobules.
Seminiferous Tubules: Coiled structures in each lobule where sperm is produced.
Straight Tubules → Rete Testis: Collect sperm from seminiferous tubules.
Efferent Ductules: Carry sperm to the epididymis.
Associated Structures:
Epididymis: Coiled tube where sperm matures and is stored.
Vas deferens: Carries mature sperm to the ejaculatory duct.
Anatomy of the Spermatic Cord:
Extends from the deep inguinal ring to the testis and is covered by:
External spermatic fascia
Cremasteric fascia and muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
Contents of the Spermatic Cord:
Vas deferens
Testicular artery (from abdominal aorta)
Pampiniform plexus (venous drainage; helps regulate temperature)
Cremasteric artery and vein
Artery to vas deferens
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (supplies cremaster muscle)
Autonomic nerves
Lymphatic vessels
Remnants of processus vaginalis (if present)
Empagliflozin, Linagliptin, Metformine - Combo of Choice
Empagliflozin, Linagliptin, Metformine - Combo of ChoiceUsama Ragab Empagliflozin, Linagliptin, Metformine - Combo of Choice
Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Type 2 Diabetes 101
Incretin based therapy
SGLT2i based therapy
Empa/lina/MET CVOTs
Trio in T2D management
Elderly
CKD
Take-home Messages
It is Highly Effective drug in diabetes management
Safe
Added to any drug “oral or injectable”
Safe in elderly
Safe in renal patients “Take care of eGFR” 30
Biography of Dr. Jose Jacob |Invasive Cardiologist|
Biography of Dr. Jose Jacob |Invasive Cardiologist|Dr. Jose Jacob Dr. Jose Jacob provides exceptional cardiology care, specializing in pacemaker implants, diagnostic catheterizations, and complex heart disease treatments. With over 23 years of expertise, he is a leader in the field.
HIV AIDS for university students studying
HIV AIDS for university students studyingarthurtheophilus56 duce their risk of acquiring HIV.**
* **Highly effective when taken consistently.**
* **Requires regular HIV testing and medical monitoring.**
• **Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):**
* **Antiretroviral medications taken after a potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.**
* **Must be started within 72 hours of exposure.**
* **Typically involves a 28-day course of ART.**
• **Harm Reduction Strategies:**
* **Needle Exchange Programs:** Provide clean needles and syringes to intravenous drug users to reduce the risk of sharing needles and transmitting HIV.
* **Opioid Substitution Therapy:** Using medications such as methadone or buprenorphine to treat opioid addiction.
• **Education and Awareness:**
* **Providing accurate information about HIV transmission, prevention, and treatment.**
* **Addressing stigma and discrimination associated with HIV.**
**VIII. Global Impact of HIV/AIDS**
HIV/AIDS has had a profound impact on global health and development.
• **Prevalence:** An estimated 38.4 million people worldwide were living with HIV in 2021.
• **New Infections:** Approximately 1.5 million new HIV infections occurred in 2021.
• **Deaths:** 650,000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2021.
• **Regional Differences:** The burden of HIV/AIDS is disproportionately high in sub-Saharan Africa.
• **Impact on Life Expectancy:** HIV/AIDS has significantly reduced life expectancy in many countries.
• **Economic Impact:** HIV/AIDS has had a negative impact on economic development, particularly in countries with high prevalence rates.
• **Social Impact:** HIV/AIDS has led to stigma, discrimination, and social isolation for affected individuals and communities.
**IX. Ongoing Research and Future Directions**
Research continues to play a vital role in the fight against HIV/AIDS.
• **Cure Research:** Scientists are working to develop a cure for HIV infection, which could involve eliminating the virus from the body or achieving long-term remission without the need for ART.
• **Vaccine Development:** Efforts are underway to develop a safe and effective HIV vaccine that could prevent new infections.
• **Improved Treatment Strategies:** Researchers are developing new antiretroviral drugs that are more effective, easier to take, and have fewer side effects.
• **Prevention Strategies:** Scientists are exploring new prevention strategies, such as long-acting injectable PrEP and broadly neutralizing antibodies.
• **Understanding HIV Reservoirs:** Research is focused on understanding HIV reservoirs, which are cells in the body where HIV can hide and persist even during ART.
• **Addressing Co-morbidities:** Research is exploring how HIV infection affects other health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurological disorders.
**X. Conclusion**
HIV/AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, but significant progress has been made in recent decad
NUTRACEUTICAL and COSMOCEUTICALS in ayurveda
NUTRACEUTICAL and COSMOCEUTICALS in ayurvedaPrajnahegde13 Brief description about nutrition described in ayurveda in accordance with modern nutraceutical concept along with cosmoceutical it's meaning and drugs present in ayurveda.
complementary-feeding and weaning, breastfeeding
complementary-feeding and weaning, breastfeedingDr Sheeza Dilraj Choudhari WEANING AND COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING ,BREASTFEEDING, INFANT, NEWBORN,FOODS,NUTRIENTS
Diseases of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout, and C...
Diseases of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout, and C...Dr Aman Suresh Tharayil This slide deck outlines major disorders affecting bones and joints, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and an introduction to cancer. It includes etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment strategies for each condition. The presentation is intended for pharmacy, physiotherapy, and nursing students looking to strengthen their grasp of musculoskeletal pathology and its management. Simple visuals and structured content make it ideal for classroom teaching and personal revision.
Comprehensive Overview of Jaundice, Hepatitis Types, and Alcoholic Liver Dise...
Comprehensive Overview of Jaundice, Hepatitis Types, and Alcoholic Liver Dise...Dr Aman Suresh Tharayil This presentation provides a clear and detailed overview of liver-related disorders including jaundice, hepatitis (A to F), and alcoholic liver disease. It explores causes (pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic), signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, and treatment approaches. The slides also cover various types of hepatitis viruses, their modes of transmission, and public health relevance. Designed for pharmacy and healthcare students, this deck simplifies complex hepatic conditions for academic understanding and clinical awareness.
Multilevel AV block: benign and malignant
Multilevel AV block: benign and malignantSergio Pinski Presented at the annual meeting of the Heart Rhythm Society, San Diego, California, April 2025
The Physiology of Central Nervous System - Synapse
The Physiology of Central Nervous System - SynapseMedicoseAcademics Learning Objectives:
1. Define and classify synapses
2. Distinguish between electrical and chemical transmissions at synapses
3. Describe excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
4. Outline the ionic fluxes that underlie them
5. Explain how the excitatory and inhibitory potentials interact to generate action potentials
6. Recognise the functions of dendrites for exciting
7. Discuss the properties of synapses
8. Describe the effects of hypoxia, acidosis and alkalosis on synaptic transmission
9. Describe the effects of caffeine, tetanus and botulinum toxin, strychnine and anesthetics on the synaptic transmission
The Physiology of Central Nervous System - Sensory Pathways
The Physiology of Central Nervous System - Sensory PathwaysMedicoseAcademics Learning Objectives:
1. Enumerate the sensory pathways
2. Enlist the sensations carried by the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) system
3. Trace the DCML tract
4. Describe the characteristics of DCML system
5. Enlist the sensations carried by the Spinothalamic tract/Anterolateral System (ALS)
6. Trace the Spinothalamic tract/Anterolateral system
7. Compare the characteristics of DCML and ALS
8. Correlate the functions of DCML and ALS with the sensory loss seen in Brown-Sequard syndrome
Bill Faloon discusses age-reversal updates at HEALINC 2025
Bill Faloon discusses age-reversal updates at HEALINC 2025maximuspeto In this presentation, Bill Faloon reviews recent updates in age-reversal research, including topics such as IL-11, metformin, partial reprogramming/OSK, monkey trials, and the use of AI for designing life-extension experiments.
Starting With a Frontline “Four” in Multiple Myeloma: Case-Based Guidance for...
Starting With a Frontline “Four” in Multiple Myeloma: Case-Based Guidance for...PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education
Diseases of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout, and C...
Diseases of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout, and C...Dr Aman Suresh Tharayil
Comprehensive Overview of Jaundice, Hepatitis Types, and Alcoholic Liver Dise...
Comprehensive Overview of Jaundice, Hepatitis Types, and Alcoholic Liver Dise...Dr Aman Suresh Tharayil
Cryptococcus
- 3. Introduction • Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast and an obligate aerobe that can live in both plants and animal • C. neoformans usually infects the lungs or the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), but it can also affect other parts of the body.
- 4. Habitat • found in soil contaminated with pigeon droppings or eucalyptus trees and decaying wood. • Cryptococcus neoformans grows easily in pigeon feces, however the birds are not naturally infected due to high body temp.
- 5. • Speciation: • The genus Cryptococcus includes around 37 species. • Among these, Cryptococcus neoformans is the only species that is pathogenic to humans. • Other species are Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus terreus, and Cryptococcus gastricus.
- 6. Serotypes-Cryptococcus neoformans • It has four serotypes (A to D). • Serotyping is based on capsular agglutination reactions. • All types can cause human disease • Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A is responsible for the majority of human cases.
- 7. • Infection due to serotypes A and D common • Serotypes A and D found in excreta of wild and domesticated birds throughout world • Serotypes B and C found in flowers Eucalyptus camaldulensis
- 8. varieties • It includes three varieties; var. gattii, var. neoformans and var. grubii. • The two varieties, neoformans and gattii are morphologically similar, except that basidiospores of var. neoformans are round and those of var. gattii are more elliptical in shape.
- 9. Morphology • The typical vegetative form of C. neoformans is the yeast form with a cell diameter of 2.5 μm to 10 μm. • A characteristic polysaccharide capsule of variable thickness (1-30μm) surrounds these yeasts. • In its natural environment the capsule is thinner and the yeast smaller, while thicker capsules tend to be found from infected tissues. • The capsules stain pink by the Meyer’s mucicarmine technique.
- 10. Life cycle • Life cycle – Asexual: yeast that reproduce by budding • Human infections – Sexual • C. neoformans is heterothallic haploid yeasts that exist in two mating types, MATαand MATa. • MAT α strains are predominant in nature
- 11. • The haploid cells propagate asexually by budding • In Sexual life cycle – strains of opposite mating type come into contact on substrates conducive for mating – In the terminal swollen part of the basidium, the two nuclei from opposite mating types fuse to form a single transient diploidnucleus – diploidnucleus undergoes one cycle of meiotic division producing four haploid nuclei
- 12. Life cycle – four haploid nuclei repeatedly undergo mitotic division – basipetally produce bud of four long chains of basidiospores (sexual spores) consisting of MATα and MATa type spores in an equal ratio • These basidiospores can cause infection
- 13. Life Cycle
- 14. Virulence Factors • Virulence – The polysaccharide capsule, – melanin production, – mannitol production, – different enzymes :superoxide dismutase, proteases, phospholipase B, and lysophospholipase the phenoloxidase , urease – the organism's ability to grow at 37°C • these factors increase the degree of pathogenicity of a microbe
- 15. Melanin Synthesis • naturally occurring C. neoformans mutants lacking melanin (Mel-) are less Virulent than melanin-producing strains.
- 17. mannitol production • high concentrations of D-mannitol in the CNS may contribute to brain edema. • D-mannitol protect the organism from oxidative damage by hydroxyl radicals
- 18. • Mode of Infection: – inhalation of the organism( basidiospores) from environment. – No person to person transmission
- 19. Disease • Cryptococcosis – subacute and chronic infection of lung – earlier called European blastomycosis – considered an opportunistic infections as it affects mainly immunosuppressed individuals.
- 20. clinical types • The clinical types of cryptococcosis are: – pulmonary, – CNS, – visceral, – osseous, – cutaneous and mucocutaneous.
- 21. Pulmonary cryptococcosis • In healthy individuals, the disease is primarily pulmonary and is asymptomatic. • Goes undiagnosed and resolves spontaneously in majority of patients • small proportion of cases ,haematogeneous spread results in subacute or chronic meningitis or meningoencephalitis • All patients with pulmonary disease need a CSF examination to r/o sub clinical meningitis
- 22. PATHOGENESIS • Enters through lungs - inhalation of Basidiospores of C neoformans • Enters deep into lungs, Men acquires more infections, and women less infected. • Self limiting in most cases, • Pulmonary infections can occur. • Present as discrete nodules - Cryptococcoma.
- 23. Disseminated cryptococcosis • CNS cryptococcosis • Cutaneous and mucocutaneous cryptococcosis • In osseous cryptococcosis cranial bones and vertebrae are commonly affected. • Visceral cryptococcosis -most commonly heart, testis, prostate and eye.
- 28. risk group of cryptococcosis • Patients with: – AIDS, – carcinoma, – leukemia, – collagen vascular disease, – Hodgkin’s disease, – sarcoidosis and – undergoing immunosuppressive therapy
- 29. Laboratory diagnosis: • The specimens collected according to site of infection • Pulmonary : are sputum, blood, lung biopsy • CNS: CSF, Serum CRAG • Cutaneous and mucocutaneous: skin biopsy, Serum CRAG
- 30. Wet mount Preparation • 10% KOH mount: – Globose yeast cells are seen in most clinical materials, such as CSF and pulmonary tissue
- 31. Negative staining: India ink preparation and Nigrosin
- 32. Cryptococcus in Lung PAS staining
- 34. Culture • Aspirates and tissues are inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar. • Colonies of C.neoformans are fast growing( takes 48 to 72 hours.) • Colonies-soft, glistening, smooth, usually mucoid, and cream to yellowish brown in color. • It grows well at 25°C as well as 37°C.
- 36. Bird seed agar
- 37. Biochemical test • phenoloxidase enzyme test: – phenoloxidase enzyme that results in production of melanin and thus a brown to black discoloration of the colony when it is grown on caffeic acid agar or bird seed agar. • Urease test: – Cryptococcus neoformans differs from Candida by hydrolysing urea and not forming pseudohyphae.
- 39. serological • Detection of cryptococcal antigens, particularly polysaccharide capsular antigen by latex-agglutination in CSF, blood or urine. • Detection of Serum antibodies by agglutination and immunofluorescence
- 40. Treatment • Amphotericin B combined with 5- fluorocytosine • Fluconazole
- 41. Thank you