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Chemical kinetics

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This document provides an overview of chemical kinetics and reaction rates. It defines chemical kinetics as the study of rates of chemical reactions, and explains that the rate of a reaction is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time. It then discusses reaction orders, rate laws, rate constants, and how temperature affects reaction rates. The document uses examples to show how to determine the order of reactions and calculate rate constants from experimental data. It also explains zero-order, first-order, and second-order reactions through graphs and equations. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to the key concepts and calculations involved in chemical kinetics.

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Chemical Kinetics
What is chemical kinetics
Reaction Rates Rate of a chemical reaction = change in concentration (mol/L) of a reactant or product with time (s, min, hr); Rate of Reaction=
Chemical Kinetics A B ∆[A] rate = ∆t ∆[A] = change in concentration of A over time period ∆t ∆[B] rate = ∆t ∆[B] = change in concentration of B over time period ∆t Because [A] decreases with time, ∆[A] is negative.
A B time ∆[A] rate = ∆t ∆[B] rate = ∆t 13.1
We know how to work out the rate of reaction … … but that doesn’t tell us if the all the reactants make the same contribution to the overall reaction Look at this reaction … X may make more contribution to the rate of the reaction than Y That’s where the rate expression comes in X+Y→Z Or X may make no contribution to the rate of the reaction – instead it depends on Y The only way to find this out is through experimentation
When you see square brackets around a formula it means concentration of [HCl] … means concentration of HCl So, we could say that the rate is proportional to the concentrations of the reactants … rate ∝ [X][Y]
rate ∝ [X][Y] This suggests that X and Y both have an equal affect on the rate of this reaction Question … What would happen if we double the concentration of X or Y? Question … The rate of reaction would also double What would happen if we had [Y]2? Doubling the concentration of Y would quadruple the reaction rate
Unfortunately, proportionality signs aren’t very useful to us, so we need to replace it with a constant … k is the symbol for the rate constant rate = k[X][Y] k is different for every reaction k varies with temperature so temperature must be stated when quoting k
Let’s look at the rate equation for X and Y again … rate = k[X][Y]2 This is the order with respect to Y X must have an order of 1 [X] and [X]1 are the same … means that Y has double the effect of X on the rate of reaction The overall reaction order of X + Y is … 1+2 3rd order
So, taking into account the rate constant and the reaction order, the overall rate expression is … rate = k[X]m[Y]n … where m and n are the orders of the reaction with respect to X and Y The overall reaction order is m + n
The order can be determined experimentally using the initial rate method, but … … to do so, the concentration of the reactant under investigation should be changed – the other reactant’s concentration should remain the same The initial rate method involves plotting the data obtained from an experiment and using the tangent from time 0 to calculate the rate [A] time
If rate doubles because the concentration is doubled, then it is a first order reaction [X] mol dm-3 0.01 [Y] mol dm-3 0.02 Rate mol dm-3 s-1 0.0004 0.01 0.04 0.0008 Concentratio Concentratio n remains n doubled the same Rate of reaction doubled Since the rate is doubled when [Y] is doubled the order with respect to Y is 1 Note: we don’t know the order of X and would have to do another experiment to find out
Let’s add another result … [X] [Y] mol dm-3 mol dm-3 0.01 0.02 Rate mol dm-3 s-1 0.0004 0.01 0.04 0.04 What is the order of X? 0.0008 0.005 Question … 0.0004 So, the overall rate equation is … 1 rate = k[X][Y] Question … What is the value of the rate constant? k = rate [X][Y] = 0.0004 = 1.0 mol-1 dm-3 s-1 0.01 x 0.04
If the concentrations are not simple whole numbers, then it may be easier to draw a graph of rate against concentration A first order reaction will be a straight line through 0 Rate Concentration The gradient in this case is the rate constant (k)
Question … Order of reaction with respect to Y is 2 [Y] mol dm-3 0.02 Rate mol dm-3 s-1 0.0004 0.01 What is the order of Y? [X] mol dm-3 0.01 0.04 0.0016 Concentratio Concentratio n remains n doubled the same Question … What is the order of X? 0.02 0.02 3 0.0032 Rate of reaction quadrupled Question … What is rate equation? rate = k[X]3[Y]2
In this case the rate is [X]2, giving a curve through the origin Rate Concentration
Question … What is the order of X? 1 [X] mol dm-3 0.2 [Y] mol dm-3 0.1 Rate mol dm-3 s-1 0.0004 0.4 0.1 0.0008 0.8 0.2 0.0064 We cannot work out Y straight away – instead let’s look at the whole reaction … Question … Both reactant What is the overall reaction 3 concentrations have rate? doubled … So, the order of reaction with respect to Y is … … the reaction rate overall order = X order + Y order = 2 has increased by x8
In a zero order reaction you get a straight line as concentration does not change with rate Rate In this case the rate = rate constant Concentration This means the reactant has no influence over the rate of reaction
The units of the rate constant (k) vary depending on the order of the reaction … First order reaction … rate = k[A] rate (mol dm-3 s-1) [A] (mol dm-3) mol dm-3 s-1 = s-1 = k x mol dm-3 k Second order reaction … rate = k[A][B] mol dm-3 s-1 = k x mol dm-3 x mol dm-3 rate (mol dm-3 s-1) [A] & [B] (mol dm-3) mol-1 dm3 s-1 = k
Question … What about this reaction? rate = k[A][B]2 rate (mol dm-3 s-1) [A] (mol dm-3) [B] (mol dm-3)2 mol dm-3 s-1 k Remember, the units of k vary depending on the order of the reactants = k x mol dm-3 x mol dm-3 x mol dm-3 = mol-2 dm6 s-1
As a rule when the temperature increases so does the rate Generally, for every 10oC increase the rate doubles Look at the following rate equation … rate = k[A][B] Question … If we increase the If we increase the temperature of A or B temperature of A or B what happens to the what happens to the concentration? concentration? Nothing Therefore, the temperature only affects k
Because k varies with temperature it can be used to compare the same reaction at different temperatures Question … Temperatu Rate re (K) 633 Constant (mol-1 dm3 s1 ) 0.0178 x 10-3 666 0.107 x 10-3 697 0.501 x 10-3 715 1.05 x 10-3 781 15.1 x 10-3 What can we deduce from the table? As temperature increases so does the value of k This only works if the concentration of the reactants remains the same
Remember, temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy Particles will only react if Particles will only react if they collide and have they collide and have enough energy to start enough energy to start breaking bonds. breaking bonds. This energy is known as … This energy is known as … Particles with energy activation energy (Ea) Only the particles above Ea will react Ea Energy Notice there are more particles above Ea at the higher temperature
Temperature Dependence of the Rate Constant k = A • exp( -Ea/RT ) (Arrhenius equation) Ea is the activation energy (J/mol) R is the gas constant (8.314 J/K•mol) T is the absolute temperature A is the frequency factor Ea 1 lnk = + lnA R T 13.4
Ea 1 lnk = + lnA R T 13.4
For any reaction to occur (a) Molecules must collide with each other. once molecules collide they may react together or they may not (b) Molecules must have sufficient energy, and (c) Molecules must have correct geometry. O3(g) + NO(g) → O2(g) + NO2(g) O=O-O + NO → [O=O-O⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅NO] → O=O(g) + ONO(g) √ O=O-O + ON → [O=O-O⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ON] → O=O(g) + OON(g)
   energy barrier to the reaction amount of energy needed to convert reactants into the activated complex the activated complex is a chemical species with partially broken and partially formed bonds  always very high in energy because of partial bonds 28
A+B Exothermic Reaction C+D Endothermic Reaction The activation energy (Ea) is the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. 13.4
Reaction Mechanisms The overall progress of a chemical reaction can be represented at the molecular level by a series of simple elementary steps or elementary reactions. The sequence of elementary steps that leads to product formation is the reaction mechanism. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) N2O2 is detected during the reaction! Elementary step: NO + NO N 2 O2 + Elementary step: N2O2 + O2 2NO2 Overall reaction: 2NO + O2 2NO2 13.5
Intermediates are species that appear in a reaction mechanism but not in the overall balanced equation. An intermediate is always formed in an early elementary step and consumed in a later elementary step. Elementary step: NO + NO N 2 O2 + Elementary step: N2O2 + O2 2NO2 Overall reaction: 2NO + O2 2NO2 The molecularity of a reaction is the number of molecules reacting in an elementary step. • Unimolecular reaction – elementary step with 1 molecule • Bimolecular reaction – elementary step with 2 molecules • Termolecular reaction – elementary step with 3 molecules 13.5
     Temperature Concentration Pressure Surface area Presence of a catalyst
 Increase in temp.  increase in KE  increase in no. of collisions + increase in no. of particles with greater than required amount of activation energy  more particles react  increase rate of reaction
 Can you explain why food should be kept in deep-freeze compartments in order to ensure its freshness?  (answer on next slide)
  Answer: The low temperature slows down chemical reactions which makes the food turn bad.
 High concentration/pressure  more particles per unit volume  increase in frequency of collisions  rate of reaction increases
 Increase in surface area/particle size  increase in exposure to the other reactant  increase in probability of collisions  increase in rate of reaction
  Speeds up rate of reaction through lowering activation energy needed for reaction to occur Think: What can you infer from the above statement?
 Learn through understanding, not through memorization.

More Related Content

Chemical kinetics

  • 2. What is chemical kinetics
  • 3. Reaction Rates Rate of a chemical reaction = change in concentration (mol/L) of a reactant or product with time (s, min, hr); Rate of Reaction=
  • 4. Chemical Kinetics A B ∆[A] rate = ∆t ∆[A] = change in concentration of A over time period ∆t ∆[B] rate = ∆t ∆[B] = change in concentration of B over time period ∆t Because [A] decreases with time, ∆[A] is negative.
  • 6. We know how to work out the rate of reaction … … but that doesn’t tell us if the all the reactants make the same contribution to the overall reaction Look at this reaction … X may make more contribution to the rate of the reaction than Y That’s where the rate expression comes in X+Y→Z Or X may make no contribution to the rate of the reaction – instead it depends on Y The only way to find this out is through experimentation
  • 7. When you see square brackets around a formula it means concentration of [HCl] … means concentration of HCl So, we could say that the rate is proportional to the concentrations of the reactants … rate ∝ [X][Y]
  • 8. rate ∝ [X][Y] This suggests that X and Y both have an equal affect on the rate of this reaction Question … What would happen if we double the concentration of X or Y? Question … The rate of reaction would also double What would happen if we had [Y]2? Doubling the concentration of Y would quadruple the reaction rate
  • 9. Unfortunately, proportionality signs aren’t very useful to us, so we need to replace it with a constant … k is the symbol for the rate constant rate = k[X][Y] k is different for every reaction k varies with temperature so temperature must be stated when quoting k
  • 10. Let’s look at the rate equation for X and Y again … rate = k[X][Y]2 This is the order with respect to Y X must have an order of 1 [X] and [X]1 are the same … means that Y has double the effect of X on the rate of reaction The overall reaction order of X + Y is … 1+2 3rd order
  • 11. So, taking into account the rate constant and the reaction order, the overall rate expression is … rate = k[X]m[Y]n … where m and n are the orders of the reaction with respect to X and Y The overall reaction order is m + n
  • 12. The order can be determined experimentally using the initial rate method, but … … to do so, the concentration of the reactant under investigation should be changed – the other reactant’s concentration should remain the same The initial rate method involves plotting the data obtained from an experiment and using the tangent from time 0 to calculate the rate [A] time
  • 13. If rate doubles because the concentration is doubled, then it is a first order reaction [X] mol dm-3 0.01 [Y] mol dm-3 0.02 Rate mol dm-3 s-1 0.0004 0.01 0.04 0.0008 Concentratio Concentratio n remains n doubled the same Rate of reaction doubled Since the rate is doubled when [Y] is doubled the order with respect to Y is 1 Note: we don’t know the order of X and would have to do another experiment to find out
  • 14. Let’s add another result … [X] [Y] mol dm-3 mol dm-3 0.01 0.02 Rate mol dm-3 s-1 0.0004 0.01 0.04 0.04 What is the order of X? 0.0008 0.005 Question … 0.0004 So, the overall rate equation is … 1 rate = k[X][Y] Question … What is the value of the rate constant? k = rate [X][Y] = 0.0004 = 1.0 mol-1 dm-3 s-1 0.01 x 0.04
  • 15. If the concentrations are not simple whole numbers, then it may be easier to draw a graph of rate against concentration A first order reaction will be a straight line through 0 Rate Concentration The gradient in this case is the rate constant (k)
  • 16. Question … Order of reaction with respect to Y is 2 [Y] mol dm-3 0.02 Rate mol dm-3 s-1 0.0004 0.01 What is the order of Y? [X] mol dm-3 0.01 0.04 0.0016 Concentratio Concentratio n remains n doubled the same Question … What is the order of X? 0.02 0.02 3 0.0032 Rate of reaction quadrupled Question … What is rate equation? rate = k[X]3[Y]2
  • 17. In this case the rate is [X]2, giving a curve through the origin Rate Concentration
  • 18. Question … What is the order of X? 1 [X] mol dm-3 0.2 [Y] mol dm-3 0.1 Rate mol dm-3 s-1 0.0004 0.4 0.1 0.0008 0.8 0.2 0.0064 We cannot work out Y straight away – instead let’s look at the whole reaction … Question … Both reactant What is the overall reaction 3 concentrations have rate? doubled … So, the order of reaction with respect to Y is … … the reaction rate overall order = X order + Y order = 2 has increased by x8
  • 19. In a zero order reaction you get a straight line as concentration does not change with rate Rate In this case the rate = rate constant Concentration This means the reactant has no influence over the rate of reaction
  • 20. The units of the rate constant (k) vary depending on the order of the reaction … First order reaction … rate = k[A] rate (mol dm-3 s-1) [A] (mol dm-3) mol dm-3 s-1 = s-1 = k x mol dm-3 k Second order reaction … rate = k[A][B] mol dm-3 s-1 = k x mol dm-3 x mol dm-3 rate (mol dm-3 s-1) [A] & [B] (mol dm-3) mol-1 dm3 s-1 = k
  • 21. Question … What about this reaction? rate = k[A][B]2 rate (mol dm-3 s-1) [A] (mol dm-3) [B] (mol dm-3)2 mol dm-3 s-1 k Remember, the units of k vary depending on the order of the reactants = k x mol dm-3 x mol dm-3 x mol dm-3 = mol-2 dm6 s-1
  • 22. As a rule when the temperature increases so does the rate Generally, for every 10oC increase the rate doubles Look at the following rate equation … rate = k[A][B] Question … If we increase the If we increase the temperature of A or B temperature of A or B what happens to the what happens to the concentration? concentration? Nothing Therefore, the temperature only affects k
  • 23. Because k varies with temperature it can be used to compare the same reaction at different temperatures Question … Temperatu Rate re (K) 633 Constant (mol-1 dm3 s1 ) 0.0178 x 10-3 666 0.107 x 10-3 697 0.501 x 10-3 715 1.05 x 10-3 781 15.1 x 10-3 What can we deduce from the table? As temperature increases so does the value of k This only works if the concentration of the reactants remains the same
  • 24. Remember, temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy Particles will only react if Particles will only react if they collide and have they collide and have enough energy to start enough energy to start breaking bonds. breaking bonds. This energy is known as … This energy is known as … Particles with energy activation energy (Ea) Only the particles above Ea will react Ea Energy Notice there are more particles above Ea at the higher temperature
  • 25. Temperature Dependence of the Rate Constant k = A • exp( -Ea/RT ) (Arrhenius equation) Ea is the activation energy (J/mol) R is the gas constant (8.314 J/K•mol) T is the absolute temperature A is the frequency factor Ea 1 lnk = + lnA R T 13.4
  • 26. Ea 1 lnk = + lnA R T 13.4
  • 27. For any reaction to occur (a) Molecules must collide with each other. once molecules collide they may react together or they may not (b) Molecules must have sufficient energy, and (c) Molecules must have correct geometry. O3(g) + NO(g) → O2(g) + NO2(g) O=O-O + NO → [O=O-O⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅NO] → O=O(g) + ONO(g) √ O=O-O + ON → [O=O-O⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ON] → O=O(g) + OON(g)
  • 28.    energy barrier to the reaction amount of energy needed to convert reactants into the activated complex the activated complex is a chemical species with partially broken and partially formed bonds  always very high in energy because of partial bonds 28
  • 29. A+B Exothermic Reaction C+D Endothermic Reaction The activation energy (Ea) is the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. 13.4
  • 30. Reaction Mechanisms The overall progress of a chemical reaction can be represented at the molecular level by a series of simple elementary steps or elementary reactions. The sequence of elementary steps that leads to product formation is the reaction mechanism. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) N2O2 is detected during the reaction! Elementary step: NO + NO N 2 O2 + Elementary step: N2O2 + O2 2NO2 Overall reaction: 2NO + O2 2NO2 13.5
  • 31. Intermediates are species that appear in a reaction mechanism but not in the overall balanced equation. An intermediate is always formed in an early elementary step and consumed in a later elementary step. Elementary step: NO + NO N 2 O2 + Elementary step: N2O2 + O2 2NO2 Overall reaction: 2NO + O2 2NO2 The molecularity of a reaction is the number of molecules reacting in an elementary step. • Unimolecular reaction – elementary step with 1 molecule • Bimolecular reaction – elementary step with 2 molecules • Termolecular reaction – elementary step with 3 molecules 13.5
  • 33.  Increase in temp.  increase in KE  increase in no. of collisions + increase in no. of particles with greater than required amount of activation energy  more particles react  increase rate of reaction
  • 34.  Can you explain why food should be kept in deep-freeze compartments in order to ensure its freshness?  (answer on next slide)
  • 35.   Answer: The low temperature slows down chemical reactions which makes the food turn bad.
  • 36.  High concentration/pressure  more particles per unit volume  increase in frequency of collisions  rate of reaction increases
  • 37.  Increase in surface area/particle size  increase in exposure to the other reactant  increase in probability of collisions  increase in rate of reaction
  • 38.   Speeds up rate of reaction through lowering activation energy needed for reaction to occur Think: What can you infer from the above statement?
  • 39.  Learn through understanding, not through memorization.