View source for Aryabhata (satellite)

{{short description|India's first satellite in space (1975–1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Aryabhata
| image                 = Aryabhata Satellite.jpg
| image_size            = 300px
| image_caption         = ''Aryabhata'', India's first indigenously built satellite.

| mission_type          = [[Astrophysics]]
| operator              = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID             = 1975-033A
| SATCAT                = 7753
| mission_duration      = {{time interval|19 Apr 1975|Mar 1981|sep=,}}<br><small>''(Experiments ended during 5th day in orbit)''</small><ref name=remember/>

| manufacturer          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| launch_mass           = {{cvt|360|kg|lbs}}{{r|Brit|AB_ISRO}}
| dimensions            = {{cvt|1.4|xx|1.4|m|ft}}
| power                 = 46&nbsp;watts<ref name=AB_ISRO/>

| launch_date           = {{start-date|19 April 1975, 07:30|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name=launchlog/>
| launch_rocket         = [[Kosmos-3M]]<ref name=AB_URSC/>
| launch_site           = [[Kapustin Yar]] [[Kapustin Yar Site 107|107/2]]
| launch_contractor     = [[KB Pivdenne|Yuzhnoye]]

| last_contact          = {{end-date|March 1981}}<ref name=AB_ISRO/>
| decay_date            = 10 February 1992<ref name=AB_ISRO/>

| orbit_epoch           = 19 May 1975<ref name=satcat/>
| orbit_reference       = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis       = {{cvt|563|km|mi}}<ref name=AB_ISRO/>
| orbit_apoapsis        = {{cvt|619|km|mi}}<ref name=AB_ISRO/>
| orbit_inclination     = 50.7&nbsp;degrees<ref name=AB_ISRO/>
| orbit_period          = 96.46&nbsp;minutes
| apsis                 = gee

| trans_bandwidth       = 256 bit/sec<ref name=skyrocket1/>
| trans_capacity        = 137.44 MHz<ref name=skyrocket1/>
}}

'''Aryabhata''' was [[India]]'s first [[satellite]],<ref name=Brit/> named after [[Aryabhata|the astronomer.]]<ref name=AB_ISRO/> It was launched on 19 April 1975<ref name=Brit/> from [[Kapustin Yar]], a [[Soviet]] rocket launch and development site in [[Astrakhan Oblast]] using a [[Kosmos-3M]] launch vehicle. It was built by [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]], and launched by the [[Soviet Union]] as a part of the Soviet [[Interkosmos]] programme which provided access to space for friendly states.

==Launch==
It was launched by India on 19 April 1975<ref name=Brit/> from [[Kapustin Yar]], a [[Russia]]n rocket launch and development site in [[Astrakhan Oblast]] using a [[Kosmos-3M]] launch vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).<ref name=hindustan1/> The launch came from an agreement between India and the Soviet Union directed by [[Udupi Ramachandra Rao|UR Rao]] and signed in 1972. It allowed the USSR to use Indian ports for tracking ships and launching vessels in return for launching various different Indian satellites.<ref name=Harvey_2000/>

On 19 April 1975, the satellite's 96.46-minute orbit had an [[Apsis|apogee]] of {{convert|619|km|mi}} and a perigee of {{convert|563|km|mi}}, at an inclination of 50.7 degrees.{{r|satcat|AB_ISRO}} It was built to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics. The spacecraft was a 26-sided polyhedron {{convert|1.4|m|ft}} in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered with solar cells.<ref name=AB_URSC/> A power failure halted experiments after four days and 60 orbits, with all signals from the spacecraft lost after five days of operation.<ref name=remember/> Spacecraft mainframe remained active till March 1981.<ref name=AB_ISRO/> the satellite entered Earth's atmosphere on 10 February 1992 due to orbital decay.<ref name=AB_ISRO/>

==Legacy==

*It was named after the 6th century astronomer and mathematician from India by [[Aryabhata]].<ref name=Harvey_2000/>
* The satellite's image appeared on the reverse of [[Indian 2-rupee note|Indian two rupee banknotes]] between 1976 and 1997 ([[Pick catalog]]).<ref name=AB_URSC/>

<gallery class="center" heights="200px" mode="packed">
File:1984 CPA 5493.jpg|1984 [[Stamps of the Soviet Union|USSR stamp]] featuring [[Bhaskara (satellite)|Bhaskara]]-I, Bhaskara-II and Aryabhata satellites
File:2 Rupees (Reverse) Aryabhata.jpg|Illustration of Aryabhata spacecraft on {{INR}}[[Indian 2-rupee note|2 currency bill]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini RS-1 (Rohini-1B)]]
* [[Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="AB_ISRO">{{cite web
| url= https://www.isro.gov.in/aryabhata_1.html
| title= Aryabhata
| website= www.isro.org
| publisher= [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| access-date= 31 August 2019 }}
</ref>

<ref name="AB_URSC">{{cite web
| title= Aryabhata
| url= https://www.ursc.gov.in/experimental-satellites/html/aryabhata.jsp 
| website= usrc.gov.in
| access-date= 31 August 2019 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia
| title= Aryabhata
| url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aryabhata
| encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| location= Chicago, USA
| publisher= [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]]
| edition= 15th
| year= 1992
| volume= 1
| page= 611 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Harvey_2000">{{cite book
| author1= Brian Harvey
| title= The Japanese and Indian Space Programmes: Two Roads into Space
| date= 2000
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NZZTAAAAMAAJ
| publisher= [[Springer Publishing|Springer]]
| location= London, UK
| isbn= 978-1-852-33199-3
| pages= 133–134 }}
</ref>

<ref name="hindustan1">{{cite web
| author1= Arun Dev
| url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-sheds-for-office-and-1-big-dream-how-india-s-1st-satellite-took-form-101618081166283.html
| title= Four sheds in Bengaluru and one big dream: How India’s 1st satellite took form
| newspaper= [[Hindustan Times]]
| date= 12 April 2021
| access-date= 16 August 2024 }}
</ref>

<ref name="launchlog">{{cite web
| author1= Jonathan McDowell
| url= https://planet4589.org/space/gcat/data/derived/launchlog.html
| title= Launch Log
| website= Jonathan's Space Page
| access-date= 22 January 2014 }}
</ref>

<ref name="remember">{{cite news
| author1= Martand Jha
| title= Aryabhata: Remembering India's first satellite
| url= https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/aryabhata-remembering-india-s-first-satellite
| date= 17 April 2020
| newspaper= The Interpreter
| access-date= 31 December 2022 }}
</ref>

<ref name="satcat">{{cite web
| author1= Jonathan McDowell
| url= https://planet4589.org/space/gcat/data/derived/currentcat.html
| title= Satellite Catalog
| website= Jonathan's Space Page
| access-date= 22 January 2014 }}
</ref>

<ref name="skyrocket1">{{cite web
| author1= Gunter D. Krebs
| url= https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/aryabhata-1.htm
| title= Aryabhata 1
| website= Gunter's Space Page
| access-date= 16 August 2024 }}
</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aryabhata (satellite)}}
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 Aryabhata-1 Official ISRO Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200808/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 |date=15 August 2018 }}
* [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/aryabhata.html NASA HEASARC Page].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020211065517/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/arybhata.htm Astronautix Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027104057/http://geocities.com/hari_ghk/arya.htm India in Space Page]
* [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp NSSDC Master Catalog Search]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 1975}}
{{Portal bar|Spaceflight |India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryabhata (Satellite)}}
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1992]]
[[Category:1975 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1975 in India]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:First artificial satellites of a country]]
[[Category:Satellites of India]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1975]]