View source for SS Britannic (1874)

{{Short description|British ocean liner}}
{{For|other White Star liners with the same name|HMHS Britannic|MV Britannic (1929)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
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{{Infobox Ship Image
| Ship image = SS Britannic.jpg
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{{Infobox ship career
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| Ship name = '''''Britannic'''''
| Ship namesake = 
| Ship owner = [[White Star Line]]
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| Ship registry = {{flagicon|UK|civil}}
| Ship route = Liverpool to New York standard route.
| Ship builder = Harland & Wolff, [[Belfast]]
| Ship yard number = 83
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| Ship launched = 3 February 1874
| Ship completed = 6 June 1874
| Ship maiden voyage = 25 June 1874
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| Ship honors = [[Blue Riband|Blue Riband winner]]
| Ship captured = 
| Ship fate = Scrapped in 1903
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{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
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| Ship type = [[Steamship]]
| Ship tonnage = 5,004 [[Gross register tons|GRT]]<ref name="norwayheritage"/>
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| Ship length = {{convert|468|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
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| Ship depth = {{convert|45|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
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| Ship power = Steam
| Ship propulsion = Single [[screw propeller]]
| Ship sail plan = 4 masts, [[full-rigged ship]]
| Ship speed = {{convert|16|kn}}
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| Ship capacity = 220 Saloon- 1500 Steerage
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| Ship crew = 150
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'''SS ''Britannic''''' was an [[ocean liner]] of the [[White Star Line]]. She was the first of three ships of the White Star Line to sail with the ''Britannic'' name.

''Britannic'' was a single-screw passenger [[steamship]] equipped with sails built for the White Star Line's North Atlantic run.  She was initially to be called ''[[Greece|Hellenic]]'', but, just prior to her launch, her name was changed to ''Britannic''. Together with her sister [[SS Germanic (1874)|''Germanic'']], ''Britannic'' sailed for nearly thirty years, primarily carrying immigrant passengers on the highly trafficked [[Liverpool]] to [[New York City]] route. In 1876 she received the [[Blue Riband]], both westbound and eastbound, by averaging almost {{convert|16|kn|km/h}}.

== Design and engineering==
As with nearly all White Star ships ''Britannic'' was built at [[Harland & Wolff]], [[Belfast]]. She was built at a cost of £200,000 ({{Inflation|UK|200000|1874|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}<ref name="Kerbrech"/> ''Britannic'' was the first White Star ship to sport two [[Funnel (ship)|funnel]]s. She was primarily steam powered but, as was common for steamships of the era, was fitted with auxiliary sails, and was rigged as a four masted [[barque]]. She was powered by two [[compound steam engine|compound reciprocating engine]]s, which could produce 4,970 [[Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower|ihp]], and could propel the ship via a single screw to a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn}}. As Harland & Wolff had not yet gained an expertise in building steam engines, the engines were supplied by Messrs [[Maudslay, Sons and Field|Maudslay, Sons & Field]] of [[Lambeth]]. ''Britannic''{{'}}s hull was subdivided into eight [[watertight compartment]]s by nine watertight [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s.<ref name="Kerbrech">{{cite book|last1=Kerbrech|first1=Richard De|title=Ships of the White Star Line|date=2009|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|pages=25–29|isbn=978-0-7110-3366-5}}</ref> 
[[File:Compound engines of the White Star steamship Britannic (Maudslay, Sons and Field Engineers, dated 1876).jpg|thumb|left|Drawing of ''Britannic''{{'}}s engines]]
As built the ''Britannic'' incorporated an experimental system which allowed the single [[propeller]] to be raised and lowered while still connected to its shaft and without stopping the engine. This was achieved with a flexible coupling and an elongated aperture in the ship's sternpost. This feature was an attempt to overcome the disadvantage of long-hulled single-screw liners, which pitched in heavy seas. In bad weather the stern could rise enough to lift the propeller partially out of the water, reducing thrust and causing unpleasant vibration. The ''Britannic's'' adjustable propeller was angled below the horizontal when in the lowest position, to ensure the entire propeller remained submerged. In shallow water the shaft could be raised to the horizontal or slightly upwards to reduce the ship's draught and prevent a blade striking the seabed. The shaft was raised and lowered by a small auxiliary steam engine in the ship's stern, operating rods connected to a bearing collar on the propeller shaft via a [[worm drive]] reduction gear.<ref name="Kerbrech"/> 

The system however was not a success, as it made little difference to the tendency for the propeller to lift out of the water in heavy seas, it also proved to have significant downsides: When set at certain angles the flexible coupling caused heavy vibration and the equipment required significantly more maintenance than a standard drive system. It also reduced the efficiency of the propeller in calm weather unless the angle was adjusted to be perfectly parallel to the line of the hull, making ''Britannic'' slower than her conventionally-built sistership, the ''Germanic''. In 1875, after only nine voyages, ''Britannic'' was taken out of service to be refitted with the same conventional propeller arrangement as her sister - this work required not only removing the propeller mechanism and installing a new drive shaft but also fitting a new bed for the main engine to change its alignment. Once the ship was back in service her performance matched that of the ''Germanic'', allowing the ship to make its own attempts at the [[Blue Riband]].<ref name="Kerbrech"/>

==Accommodations==
[[Image:Verso.jpg|thumb|left|Deck plan of the Saloon accommodation on ''Britannic'' and ''Germanic'']]
The ''Britannic'' and her sister ''Germanic'' were both built to carry a total of 1,720 passengers in two classes when fully booked, 220 Saloon Class Passengers (Title of First Class at that time) and 1,500 [[Steerage]] Passengers. Saloon Class facilities, which included a dining saloon, a Ladies [[Boudoir]], State and Smoking rooms, a library and a barber shop were located amidships, and were luxuriously furnished.<ref name="Kerbrech2">{{cite book|last1=Kerbrech|first1=Richard De|title=Ships of the White Star Line|date=2009|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|pages=29–32|isbn=978-0-7110-3366-5}}</ref>  

The ship had three decks enclosed within the hull, the upper two of which were above the waterline. ''Britannic'' and ''Germanic''{{'}}s saloon accommodations, consisting of a number of two- and four-berth cabins were located in the centre of the upper of these decks. The steerage accommodations were located on the lower two decks and consisted of large open berth [[dormitory]] type cabins arranged around the edge of the deck, with an open space for the passengers to congregate in the centre. The steerage accommodation was of higher quality than was typical for ships of the period, being well lighted, ventilated and heated. An innovative feature of ''Britannic'' and ''Germanic'' was a ventilation system driven by a large steam powered fan, which could propel hot or cold air to every portion of the ship.<ref name="Kerbrech2"/><ref name="norwayheritage"/>

==Career==
[[File:Britannic White Star Line RMG PU6785.jpg|thumb|Drawing from 1878 of ''Britannic'' at sea]]
Launched on 3 February 1874, ''Britannic'' set out on her maiden voyage on 25 June 1874 from Liverpool to New York.<ref name="greatships"/><ref name="Kerbrech"/> On 8 March 1876, a fire developed in one of her forward holds whilst she was under repair at Belfast. The fire was extinguished and the ship was only slightly damaged.<ref name=LM090376>{{Cite news |title=A White Star Steamer on Fire |newspaper=Leeds Mercury |location=Leeds |date=9 March 1876 |issue=11829 }}</ref> Following the work to modify her propeller system, she became competitive for the [[Blue Riband]]. In November 1876, she captured the westbound Blue Riband, averaging a speed of 15.44 knots, and a month later set the eastbound record as well, averaging 15.95 knots, becoming the only White Star ship ever to hold both records simultaneously. She lost the westbound record to her sister, ''Germanic'', in April 1877 and the eastbound one to the Guion Line's [[SS Arizona|''Arizona'']] in July 1879.<ref name="greatships"/><ref name="Kerbrech"/>

Her first four years in service passed without incidents. However, on 26 October 1878 she ran down and sank the [[tugboat|tug]] ''Willie'' at [[Wapping]], [[Middlesex]] whilst on a voyage from [[London]] to [[Dundee]], [[Forfarshire]]. The tug's crew were rescued.<ref name=Times281078>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest Shipping Intelligence |date=28 October 1878 |issue=29397 |page=6 |column=F }}</ref> On 31 March 1881, she collided with and sank the [[schooner]] ''Julia'' near Belfast. The crew however were all saved, and the undamaged ''Britannic'' continued her voyage. Later that year on 4 July 1881 ''Britannic'' had another mishap, when she ran aground in fog off [[Kilmore, County Wexford|Kilmore]], [[County Wexford]], [[Ireland]], en-route to Liverpool and remained stuck for several days. The passengers boarded the lifeboats and were safely landed at [[Wexford]]. The ship was at first thought to be undamaged, but soon sprang a leak in her engine room. A team of salvage experts from Liverpool was quickly despatched, and set to work with pumps and divers to save the ship. The leak was patched up, the water pumped out, and her cargo was unloaded onto barges to lighten the ship, and on 8 July she was re-floated. On 9 July ''Britannic'' left for Liverpool under tow of tugs, but soon sprang another leak in her engine room which flooded within the hour, and she was hastily beached at [[Wexford|Wexford Bay]]. She had to be patched up and pumped again before returning to Liverpool on 14 July for repairs. As the damage was only minor and easily repaired, she re-entered service on schedule on 18 July.<ref name="Kerbrech"/><ref name="greatships"/><ref name="norwayheritage"/>
In 1883 [[Bram Stoker]], the Irish author famed for [[Dracula]] is believed to have crossed the Atlantic onboard ''Britannic''.<ref name="Kerbrech"/> On 13 January 1887, she collided with the steamship ''St. Fillans'' in the River Mersey. Both vessels sustained slight damage.<ref name=Times140187>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Collisions in the Mersey |date=14 January 1887 |issue=31969 |page=12 |column=C }}</ref>

===SS ''Celtic'' collision===
On 19 May 1887, at about 5:25pm, the White Star liner [[SS Celtic (1872)|SS ''Celtic'']] collided with ''Britannic'' in thick fog about {{convert|350|mi|km|-1}} east of [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey]]. ''Celtic'', with 870 passengers, had been steaming westbound for [[New York City]], while ''Britannic'', carrying 450 passengers, was on the second day of her eastward journey to [[Liverpool]]. The two ships collided at almost right angles, with ''Celtic'' burying her prow {{convert|10|ft|m|0}} in the aft port side of ''Britannic''. ''Celtic'' rebounded and hit two more times, before sliding past behind ''Britannic''.

Six [[steerage]] passengers were killed outright on board ''Britannic'' and another six were later found to be missing, having been washed overboard. There were no deaths on board ''Celtic''. Both ships were badly damaged, but ''Britannic'' more so, having a large hole below her waterline. Fearing that she would founder, the passengers on board began to panic and rushed the [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]]s. ''Britannic's'' captain, Hugh Hamilton Perry, pistol in hand, was able to restore some semblance of order, and the boats were filled with women and children, although a few men forced their way on board. After the lifeboats had launched, it was realised that ''Britannic'' would be able to stay afloat, and the lifeboats within hailing distance were recalled. The rest made their way over to ''Celtic''. The two ships remained together through the night and the next morning were joined by the Wilson Line's ''Marengo'' and ''British Queen'' of the [[American Line|Inman Line]], and the four slowly made their way into [[New York Harbor]]. ''Britannic'' was repaired at New York and was out of service for nearly a month.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/brit&celtic.shtml theshipslist.com]</ref><ref name="greatships">[https://greatships.net/britannic www.greatships.net/britannic]</ref>

Two-and-a-half-year-old [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] was on board the ''Britannic'' at the time of the collision, with her father Elliott, mother Anna and aunt Tissie. Eleanor was lowered into a lifeboat, screaming and protesting. She and her parents were taken to the ''Celtic'' and eventually returned to New York. Eleanor raised a huge protest at the prospect of going back on board a ship to continue the family's trip to Europe. Her parents went on to Europe, leaving the little girl with a maternal aunt. Eleanor had a lifelong fear of water and ships as a result of this incident.<ref>Lash, J. (1971). Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship, based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers. New York: W. W. Norton & Company</ref>

A subsequent Court of Enquiry held in New York in June 1887, found that the captains of both ships were guilty of 'not observing regulations for the prevention of collisions at sea'; the ''Celtic''{{'}}s captain Irvine was censured for failing to reduce speed whilst steaming through fog, whilst captain Perry of the ''Britannic'' was censured for failure to sound the ship's whistle before the collision. Another more far reaching recommendation was for the separate 'in' and 'out' shipping lanes be extended right across the Atlantic.<ref name="Kerbrech"/>

===Later career===
On 2 January 1890, ''Britannic'' collided with ''Czarowitz''—a British [[brigantine]] bound from [[Fowey]], [[Cornwall]], [[England]], to [[Runcorn]], [[Cheshire]], England, with a cargo of [[Kaolinite|china clay]]—in the Crosby Channel as ''Czarowitz'' was about to enter the [[River Mersey]]. ''Czarowitz'' sank.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Collisions at Sea |department=News |date=4 January 1890 |page=6 |issue=32900 |column=D }}</ref>

On one journey in August 1891 ''Britannic'', now 17 years old, recorded her fastest-ever crossing from New York to [[Cobh|Queenstown]], making the journey in 7 days, 6 hours, and 52 min.<ref name="norwayheritage"/>

====Naval service====
''Britannic'' made her final transatlantic voyage for White Star in August [[1899 in the United Kingdom|1899]], following this she was requisitioned by the [[Royal Navy]] and converted for use as a [[troopship]] to transport soldiers to the [[Second Boer War]] in [[South Africa]], gaining the designation HMT (Hired Military Transport) #62. During this period, under the command of [[Bertram Fox Hayes]], ''Britannic'' transported 37,000 troops to and from the conflict over three years.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/discus/messages/6937/114139.html?1179288509 News from 1924/1941: Retirement/Death of Commodore Hayes] - www.encyclopedia-titanica.org</ref> In November 1900 ''Britannic'' sailed to Australia with a [[Guard of Honour]] to represent Great Britain at the inauguration of the [[Australian Commonwealth]]. Upon arrival she took part in the [[fleet review]] at [[Sydney Harbour]] to mark the occasion. On the return journey she grounded in the [[Suez Canal]], and had to be refloated.<ref name="norwayheritage">[http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=brit1 www.norwayheritage.com]</ref><ref name="greatships"/><ref name="Kerbrech"/> 
[[File:Britannic (13603625213).jpg|thumb|''Britannic'' laid up alongside the unfinished [[RMS Cedric|RMS ''Cedric'']], just before being scrapped]]

===Demise===
Following the end of the war in October 1902, ''Britannic'' was released from government service and returned to White Star who sent her to her builders in Belfast for a survey, with the intention that she might be refurbished and modernised for further use. It was proposed that ''Britannic'' could be refitted with more modern [[triple-expansion engine]]s, as her sister ''Germanic'' had been, and that her interiors could be refurbished. The builders report in 1903 concluded that the expenditure required to bring the 29 year old ship up to modern standards would not be cost effective, instead, ''Britannic'' was sold for scrap for £11,500, and on 11 August 1903 she left Belfast under tow to [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]], where she was broken up.<ref name="Kerbrech"/>

==See also==
*[[SS Germanic (1874)|SS ''Germanic'' (1874)]] - sister ship
*[[HMHS Britannic|HMHS ''Britannic'']]
*[[MV Britannic (1929)|MV ''Britannic'' (1929)]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|Britannic (ship, 1874)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060524223026/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/brit%26celtic.html reprint of an article from Illustrated London News, 28 May 1887 of the collision]
*[http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=brit1 S/S Britannic (1), White Star Line]
*[http://www.greatships.net/britannic.html Greatships.net]
*[http://thegreatoceanliners.com/articles/britannic-i/ Britannic (I) thegreatoceanliners.com]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{s-bef|before=[[SS City of Berlin|''City of Berlin'']]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Holder of the [[Blue Riband]] (Westbound record)|years=1876 – 1877}}
{{s-aft|after=[[SS Germanic (1875)|''Germanic'']]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[SS Germanic (1875)|''Germanic'']]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Blue Riband]] (Eastbound record) |years=1876 – 1879}}
{{s-aft|after=[[SS Arizona|''Arizona'']]}}
{{end}}

{{White Star Line ships}}
{{1878 shipwrecks}}
{{1881 shipwrecks}}
{{1887 shipwrecks}}
{{1890 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Britannic (1874)}}
[[Category:1874 ships]]
[[Category:Blue Riband holders]]
[[Category:Victorian-era passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships built in Belfast]]
[[Category:Ships of the White Star Line]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in October 1878]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in July 1881]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in January 1887]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in May 1887]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1890]]
[[Category:Troop ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships built by Harland and Wolff]]