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{{pre2|<nowiki>== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}</nowiki>}}

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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Yemen". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2011". The United Nations. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Yemen". International News Safety Institute. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p.&nbsp;3
Jump up ^ Robert D. Burrowes (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. p.&nbsp;319. {{ISBN|0810855283}}.
Jump up ^ St. John Simpson (2002). Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen. British Museum Press. p.&nbsp;8. {{ISBN|0714111511}}.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p.&nbsp;116. {{ISBN|0802849601}}.
Jump up ^ Kishlansky, Mark (2012). e-Study Guide for: Civilization in the West, Volume A. Cram101 Textbook Reviews. p.&nbsp;351. {{ISBN|1467295108}}.
Jump up ^ Yaakov Kleiman (2004). DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews. Devora Publishing. p.&nbsp;70. {{ISBN|1930143893}}.
Jump up ^ Marta Colburn (2002). The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century. CIIR. p.&nbsp;13. {{ISBN|1852872497}}.
Jump up ^ Karl R. DeRouen, Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;810. {{ISBN|1851099190}}.
Jump up ^ "Yemen: World Bank Projects To Promote Water Conservation, Enhance Access To Infrastructure And Services For Poor". World Bank. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
Jump up ^ Laura Etheredge (2011). Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;137. {{ISBN|1615303359}}.
Jump up ^ "Transparency International's 2009 corruption index: the full ranking of 180 countries". Transparency international. Nov 17 2009. Retrieved Feb 2 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b James L. Gelvin (2012). The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;68. {{ISBN|019989177X}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Ginny Hill, Peter Salisbury, Léonie Northedge and Jane Kinninmont (2013). "Yemen: Corruption, Capital Flight and Global Drivers of Conflict". Chatham House. Retrieved Feb 2 2014.
Jump up ^ "National Dialogue Conference concludes | Yemen Times". Yementimes.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
Jump up ^ Day, Steven (27 Jan 2014). "The 'non conclusion' of Yemen's national dialogue". Foreign Policy Magazine. Retrieved 29 Jan 2014.
Jump up ^ Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic) 1. Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn. p.&nbsp;171.
Jump up ^ Robert D. Burrowes Historical Dictionary of Yemen p.&nbsp;145 Rowman & Littlefield, 2010 {{ISBN|0-81-085528-3}}
Jump up ^ "He was worshiped by the Madhij and their allies at Jorash (Asir) in Northern Yemen" William Robertson Smith Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia P.193 {{ISBN|1117531937}}
Jump up ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p.&nbsp;4
Jump up ^ David Hatcher Childress (1989). Lost Cities & Ancient Mysteries of Africa & Arabia. Adventures Unlimited Press. p.&nbsp;223. {{ISBN|0932813062}}.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p.&nbsp;594. {{ISBN|0802849601}}.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 4. p.&nbsp;254. {{ISBN|0802837840}}.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Clapp (2002). Sheba: Through the Desert in Search of the Legendary Queen. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.&nbsp;204. {{ISBN|0618219269}}.
Jump up ^ P. M. Holt, Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (21 April 1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;7.
Jump up ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p.&nbsp;5 2007
Jump up ^ Jerry R. Rogers, Glenn Owen Brown, Jürgen Garbrecht (1 January 2004). Water Resources and Environmental History. ASCE Publications. p.&nbsp;36. {{ISBN|0784475504}}.
Jump up ^ Werner Daum (1987). Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilization in Arabia Felix. Pinguin-Verlag. p.&nbsp;73. {{ISBN|3701622922}}.
Jump up ^ "The kingdoms of ancient South Arabia". British Museum. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic) 2. Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn. p.&nbsp;19.
Jump up ^ George Hatke (2013). Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. p.&nbsp;19. {{ISBN|0814762832}}.
Jump up ^ Teshale Tibebu (1995). The making of modern Ethiopia: 1896–1974. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. p. xvii. {{ISBN|1569020019}}.
Jump up ^ Peter R. Schmidt (2006). Historical Archaeology in Africa: Representation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions. Rowman Altamira. p.&nbsp;281. {{ISBN|0759114153}}.
Jump up ^ Ali Aldosari (2007). Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. p.&nbsp;24. {{ISBN|0761475710}}.
Jump up ^ D. T. Potts (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. John Wiley & Sons. p.&nbsp;1047. {{ISBN|1405189886}}.
Jump up ^ Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson (2005). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Continuum. p.&nbsp;137. {{ISBN|0826485715}}.
Jump up ^ Lionel Casson (2012). The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton University Press. p.&nbsp;150. {{ISBN|1400843200}}.
Jump up ^ Peter Richardson (1999). Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans. Continuum. p.&nbsp;230. {{ISBN|0567086755}}.
Jump up ^ Hârun Yahya (1999). Perished Nations. Global Yayincilik. p.&nbsp;115. {{ISBN|1897940874}}.
Jump up ^ Jan Retso (2013). The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. p.&nbsp;402. {{ISBN|1136872825}}.
Jump up ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1989). The Encyclopedia of Islam 6. Brill Archive. p.&nbsp;561. {{ISBN|9004090827}}.
Jump up ^ Stuart Munro-Hay (2002). Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide. I.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;236. {{ISBN|1860647448}}.
Jump up ^ G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (1979). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 3. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p.&nbsp;448. {{ISBN|0802823270}}.
Jump up ^ Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic) 2. Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn. p.&nbsp;482.
Jump up ^ Albert Jamme (1962). Inscriptions From Mahram Bilqis (Marib). Baltimore. p.&nbsp;392.
Jump up ^ Dieter Vogel, Susan James (1990). Yemen. APA Publications. p.&nbsp;34.
Jump up ^ Klaus Schippmann (2001). Ancient South Arabia: from the Queen of Sheba to the advent of Islam. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp.&nbsp;52–53. {{ISBN|1558762361}}.
Jump up ^ Francis E. Peters (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. SUNY Press. p.&nbsp;48. {{ISBN|0791418758}}.
Jump up ^ Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;265. {{ISBN|0195336933}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Shlomo Sand (2010). The Invention of the Jewish People. Verso. p.&nbsp;193. {{ISBN|9781844676231}}.
Jump up ^ Y. M. Abdallah, (1987). The Inscription CIH 543: A New Reading Based on the Newly-Found Original in C. Robin & M. Bafaqih (Eds.) Sayhadica: Recherches Sur Les Inscriptions De l’Arabie Préislamiques Offertes Par Ses Collègues Au Professeur A.F.L. Beeston. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner S.A. pp.&nbsp;4–5.
Jump up ^ Raphael Patai, Jennifer Patai (1989). The Myth of the Jewish Race. Wayne State University Press. p.&nbsp;63. {{ISBN|0814319483}}.
Jump up ^ Uwidah Metaireek Al-Juhany (2002). Najd before the Salafi reform movement: social, political and religious conditions during the three centuries preceding the rise of the Saudi state. Ithaca Press. p.&nbsp;171. {{ISBN|0863724019}}.
Jump up ^ Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;266. {{ISBN|0195336933}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;282. {{ISBN|0195336933}}.
Jump up ^ Irfan Shahîd (1989). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century. Dumbarton Oaks. p.&nbsp;65. {{ISBN|0884021521}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Ken Blady (2000). Jewish Communities in Exotic Places. Jason Aronson. p.&nbsp;9. {{ISBN|146162908X}}.
Jump up ^ Eric Maroney (2010). The Other Zions: The Lost Histories of Jewish Nations. Rowman & Littlefield. p.&nbsp;94. {{ISBN|1442200456}}.
Jump up ^ Joan Comay, Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok (2 November 1995). Who's who in Jewish history after the period of the Old Testament. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;391. {{ISBN|0195210794}}.
Jump up ^ D. W. Phillipson (2012). Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC - AD 1300. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p.&nbsp;204. {{ISBN|1847010415}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael Marx (2010). The Quran in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Quranic Milieu. BRILL. p.&nbsp;49. {{ISBN|9004176888}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;293. {{ISBN|0195336933}}.
Jump up ^ Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;285. {{ISBN|0195336933}}.
Jump up ^ Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;298. {{ISBN|0195336933}}.
Jump up ^ Sabarr Janneh. Learning From the Life of Prophet Muhammad. AuthorHouse. p.&nbsp;17. {{ISBN|1467899666}}.
Jump up ^ Abd al-Muhsin Madʼaj M. Madʼaj The Yemen in Early Islam (9-233/630-847): A Political History p.&nbsp;12 Ithaca Press, 1988 {{ISBN|0863721028}}
Jump up ^ Wilferd Madelung The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate p.&nbsp;199 Cambridge University Press, 15 October 1998 {{ISBN|0521646960}}
Jump up ^ Ṭabarī The History of al-Tabari Vol. 12: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine A.D. 635-637/A.H. 14–15 p.&nbsp;10-11 SUNY Press, 1992 {{ISBN|0791407330}}
Jump up ^ Idris El Hareir The Spread of Islam Throughout the World p.&nbsp;380 UNESCO, 2011 {{ISBN|9231041533}}
Jump up ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society BRILL, 1993 {{ISBN|9004097058}}
Jump up ^ Hugh Kennedy The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State p.&nbsp;33 Routledge, 17 June 2013 {{ISBN|1134531133}}
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Rippin The Islamic World p.&nbsp;237 Routledge, 23 October 2013 {{ISBN|1136803432}}
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Wheatley The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries p.&nbsp;128 University of Chicago Press, 2001 {{ISBN|0226894282}}
Jump up ^ Kamal Suleiman Salibi A History of Arabia p.&nbsp;108 Caravan Books, 1980 OCLC Number: 164797251
Jump up ^ Paul Lunde, Alexandra Porter (2004). Trade and travel in the Red Sea Region: proceedings of Red Sea project I held in the British Museum, October 2002. Archaeopress. p.&nbsp;20. {{ISBN|1841716227}}. "in 976-77 AD[...] the then ruler of Yemen received slaves, as well as amber and leopard skins from the chief of the Dahlak islands (off the coast from Massawa)."
Jump up ^ Stephen W. Day Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union p.&nbsp;31 Cambridge University Press, 2012 {{ISBN|1107022150}}
Jump up ^ Gerhard Lichtenthäler Political Ecology and the Role of Water: Environment, Society and Economy in Northern Yemen p.&nbsp;55 Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2003 {{ISBN|0754609081}}
Jump up ^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 p.&nbsp;145 BRILL, 1993 {{ISBN|9004097961}}
Jump up ^ E. J. Van Donzel Islamic Desk Reference p.&nbsp;492 BRILL, 1994 {{ISBN|9004097384}}
Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;237.
Jump up ^ Henry Cassels Kay (1999). Yaman its early medieval history. Adegi Graphics LLC. p.&nbsp;14. {{ISBN|1421264641}}.
Jump up ^ J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 p.&nbsp;119 Cambridge University Press,1977 {{ISBN|0521209811}}
Jump up ^ William Charles Brice An Historical Atlas of Islam [cartographic Material] P.338 BRILL, 1981 {{ISBN|9004061169}}
Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies: A Historical Introduction to an Islamic Community p.&nbsp;92 I.B.Tauris, 2005 {{ISBN|1845110919}}
Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines p.&nbsp;199 Cambridge University Press, 2007 {{ISBN|1139465783}}
^ Jump up to: a b Fatima Mernissi The Forgotten Queens of Islam p.&nbsp;14 U of Minnesota Press, 1997 {{ISBN|0816624399}}
Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;237.
Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies: A Historical Introduction to an Islamic Community p.&nbsp;93 I.B.Tauris, 2005 {{ISBN|1845110919}}
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Steven C. Caton Yemen p.&nbsp;51 ABC-CLIO, 2013 {{ISBN|159884928X}}
Jump up ^ Bonnie G. Smith (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History (in Arabic) 4. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;163. {{ISBN|0195148908}}.
Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;414.
Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;303.
Jump up ^ Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;159. {{ISBN|1598843370}}.
Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;311.
Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;260. {{ISBN|1139465783}}.
Jump up ^ Farhad Daftary (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;260. {{ISBN|1139465783}}.
Jump up ^ Josef W. Meri (2004). Medieval Islamic Civilization. Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;871. {{ISBN|0415966906}}.
Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;350.
Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;354.
Jump up ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;371.
^ Jump up to: a b Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p.&nbsp;407.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Alexander D. Knysh (1999). Ibn 'Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. SUNY Press. p.&nbsp;230. {{ISBN|1438409427}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p.&nbsp;84. {{ISBN|8175330082}}.
Jump up ^ Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p.&nbsp;85. {{ISBN|8175330082}}.
Jump up ^ Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p.&nbsp;86. {{ISBN|8175330082}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p.&nbsp;86. {{ISBN|8175330082}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis. p.&nbsp;669. {{ISBN|0415966922}}.
Jump up ^ David J Wasserstein, Ami Ayalon (2013). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. p.&nbsp;201. {{ISBN|1136579176}}.
^ Jump up to: a b David J Wasserstein, Ami Ayalon (2013). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. p.&nbsp;201. {{ISBN|1136579176}}.
Jump up ^ Abdul Ali (1996). slamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p.&nbsp;94. {{ISBN|8175330082}}.
Jump up ^ Jane Hathaway (2003). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. SUNY Press. {{ISBN|0791458830}}.
^ Jump up to: a b ^ Daniel Martin Varisco (1993). the Unity of the Rasulid State under al-Malik al-Muzaffar . Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée P.21 Volume 67
Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1994). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;320. {{ISBN|0521343151}}.
Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1994). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;320. {{ISBN|0521343151}}.
Jump up ^ Bernard Haykel (2003). Revival and Reform in Islam: The Legacy of Muhammad Al-Shawkani. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;30. {{ISBN|0521528909}}.
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71. OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;2. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ Giancarlo Casale (2010). The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;43. {{ISBN|0199798796}}.
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;88. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;88. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ Jane Hathaway (2012). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. SUNY Press. p.&nbsp;83. {{ISBN|0791486109}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert W. Stookey (1978). Yemen: the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. p.&nbsp;134. {{ISBN|0891583009}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;95. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ R. B. Serjeant, Ronald Lewcock (1983). Sana: An Arabian Islamic City. World of Islam Festival Pub. Co. p.&nbsp;70. {{ISBN|0905035046}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (19894). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;333. {{ISBN|0521343151}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;132. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;134. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;180. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p.&nbsp;103. {{ISBN|8175330082}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;198. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;200. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;208. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;210. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ Nancy Um (2009). he merchant houses of Mocha: trade and architecture in an Indian Ocean port. University of Washington Press. p.&nbsp;19. {{ISBN|0295989106}}.
Jump up ^ Robert W. Stookey (1978). Yemen: the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. p.&nbsp;141. {{ISBN|0891583009}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c Michel Tuchscherer. "Chronologie du Yémen (1506-1635)', Chroniques yémenites". Retrieved Feb 3 2014.
Jump up ^ Harold F. Jacob (2007). Kings of Arabia: The Rise and Set of the Turkish Sovranty in the Arabian Peninsula. Garnet & Ithaca Press. p.&nbsp;70. {{ISBN|1859641989}}.
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569-71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;197. {{ISBN|1860648363}}.
Jump up ^ 'Abd al-Samad al-Mawza'i (1986). al-Ihsan fî dukhûl Mamlakat al-Yaman taht zill Adalat al-'Uthman [الإحسان في دخول مملكة اليمن تحت ظل عدالة آل عثمان] (in Arabic). New Generation Library. pp.&nbsp;99–105.
Jump up ^ Amira Maddah (1982). l-Uthmâniyyun wa-l-Imam al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Ali fo-l-Yaman [العثمانيون والإمام القاسم بن محمد في اليمن] (in Arabic). p.&nbsp;839.
Jump up ^ Musflafâ Sayyid Salim (1974). al-Fath al-'Uthmani al-Awwal li-l-Yaman [الفتح العثماني الأول لليمن] (in Arabic). p.&nbsp;357.
^ Jump up to: a b c Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p.&nbsp;75.
^ Jump up to: a b Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p.&nbsp;76.
Jump up ^ Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p.&nbsp;78.
Jump up ^ Kjetil Selvik, Stig Stenslie (2011). Stability and Change in the Modern Middle East. I. B. Tauris. p.&nbsp;90. {{ISBN|1848855893}}.
Jump up ^ Anna Hestler, Jo-Ann Spilling (2010). Yemen. Marshall Cavendish. p.&nbsp;23. {{ISBN|0761448500}}.
Jump up ^ Richard N. Schofield (1994). Territorial foundations of the Gulf states. UCL Press. p.&nbsp;90. {{ISBN|1857281217}}.
Jump up ^ Robert D. Burrowes (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. p.&nbsp;295. {{ISBN|0810855283}}.
Jump up ^ Nelly Hanna (2005). Society and Economy in Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1600-1900: Essays in Honor of André Raymond. American Univ in Cairo Press. p.&nbsp;124. {{ISBN|9774249372}}.
Jump up ^ Roman Loimeier (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. p.&nbsp;193. {{ISBN|0253007976}}.
Jump up ^ Marta Colburn (2002). The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century. CIIR. p.&nbsp;15. {{ISBN|1852872497}}.
Jump up ^ Ari Ariel (2013). Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. BRILL. p.&nbsp;24. {{ISBN|9004265376}}.
Jump up ^ R.L. Playfair (1859), A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen. Bombay; R.B. Serjeant & R. Lewcock (1983), San'a': An Araban Islamic City. London.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;120. {{ISBN|1860647677}}.
Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;124. {{ISBN|1860647677}}.
Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;121. {{ISBN|1860647677}}.
Jump up ^ R. J. Gavin (1975). Aden Under British Rule, 1839-1967. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p.&nbsp;60. {{ISBN|0903983141}}.
Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;132. {{ISBN|1860647677}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;120. {{ISBN|1860647677}}.
Jump up ^ Reeva S. Simon, Michael Menachem Laskier, Sara Reguer (2013). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. Columbia University Press. p.&nbsp;390. {{ISBN|0231507593}}.
Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;59. {{ISBN|1860647677}}.
Jump up ^ Derryl N. Maclean, Sikeena Karmali Ahmed (2012). Cosmopolitanisms in Muslim Contexts: Perspectives from the Past. Edinburgh University Press. p.&nbsp;54. {{ISBN|0748644563}}.
^ Jump up to: a b B. Z. Eraqi Klorman (1993). The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community. BRILL. p.&nbsp;11. {{ISBN|9004096841}}.
Jump up ^ Ari Ariel (2013). Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. BRILL. p.&nbsp;37. {{ISBN|9004265376}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Doğan Gürpınar (2013). Ottoman/Turkish Visions of the Nation, 1860-1950. Palgrave Macmillan. p.&nbsp;71. {{ISBN|1137334215}}.
Jump up ^ Caesar E. Farah (2002). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p.&nbsp;96. {{ISBN|1860647677}}.
Jump up ^ B. Z. Eraqi Klorman (1993). The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community. BRILL. p.&nbsp;12. {{ISBN|9004096841}}.
Jump up ^ Eugene L. Rogan (2002). Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521892236}}.
Jump up ^ Clive Leatherdale (1983). Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: The Imperial Oasis. Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;140. {{ISBN|0714632201}}.
Jump up ^ Nikshoy C. Chatterji (1973). Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 1. Abhinav Publications. p.&nbsp;197. {{ISBN|0391003046}}.
Jump up ^ Harold F. Jacob (2007). Kings of Arabia: The Rise and Set of the Turkish Sovereignty in the Arabian Peninsula. Garnet & Ithaca Press. p.&nbsp;82. {{ISBN|1859641989}}.
Jump up ^ James Minahan (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;195. {{ISBN|0313321094}}.
Jump up ^ Bernard Reich (1990). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;508. {{ISBN|0313262136}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Dresch (2000). A History of Modern Yemen. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;34. {{ISBN|052179482X}}.
^ Jump up to: a b Bernard Reich (1990). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;509. {{ISBN|0313262136}}.
Jump up ^ Ameen Rihani (1960). Kings of the Arabs [Muluk al-Arab]. Beirut: Dar al-Rihani. p.&nbsp;214,215,216.
Jump up ^ Massimiliano Fiore (2010). Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 1922-1940. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p.&nbsp;21. {{ISBN|0754697479}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c Madawi al-Rasheed (2002). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;101. {{ISBN|0521644127}}.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Madawi al-Rasheed. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;97. {{ISBN|052176128X}}.
Jump up ^ Raymond A. Hinnebusch, Anoushiravan Ehteshami (2002). The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p.&nbsp;262. {{ISBN|1588260208}}.
Jump up ^ Glen Balfour-Paul (1994). The End of Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Relinquishment of Power in Her Last Three Arab Dependencies. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;60. {{ISBN|0521466369}}.
Jump up ^ F. Gregory Gause (1990). "Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence". Books.google.com (Columbia University Press). p.&nbsp;60. {{ISBN|978-0-231-07044-7}}. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Dresch, Paul (2000). "A History of Modern Yemen". Books.google.com (Cambridge University Press). p.&nbsp;115. {{ISBN|978-0-521-79482-4}}. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Schmitthoff, Clive Macmillan, Clive M. Schmitthoff's select essays on international trade law p.&nbsp;390
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Yemen profile (timeline)". BBC. 26 Oct

==Using multiple pages from the same source==
{{details|Help:References and page numbers}}
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, most Wikipedia editors have chosen to use [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] (see {{sfnote}}). An alternative method is to use the template {{tl|rp}}, which appends page number information such as {{rp|2345}} after a superscripted footnote number.

==Creating links to citations==
[[Wikipedia:Glossary#Wikilink|Wikilinks]] to citation templates can be created using the templates {{tl|harv}}, {{tl|harvnb}}, {{tl|harvtxt}}, {{tl|sfn}}, etc. For example this "{{harvnb|Mumford|1999}}" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest for [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Inline citations|inline citations]] using [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical referencing]] or when using [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]].<ref>In contrast to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical reference|parenthetical referencing]] or [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], citations using the [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Footnote system|footnote system]] don't require [[Wikipedia:Glossary#Wikilink|wikilinks]] of course, as the inline citations in this method simply appear as numbers within the text, linking to a list of full citations (and notes) at the end of the article (like this).</ref> (See the [[#Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples|examples]] below or [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations#Wikilinks to full references|wikilinks to full references]])

==Using commas rather than periods==
{{tl|Citation}} creates a citation in the same format as most of the {{cs1}} templates, except that the periods are replaced with commas and there is no final period. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by {{tl|citation}} can be found at {{tl|citation/core}}. The parameters {{para|separator}} {{para|postscript}} (available for most templates) can also be used to alter the punctuation.

==Examples==
{{see also cat|Citation templates}}
Below are examples of how to use various [[Wikipedia:template|templates]] to cite a '''book''', '''encyclopedia''', '''journal''', '''website''', '''comic strip''', '''video''' and '''editorial comics''', etc.
* '''For full description of a template''' and the parameters which can be used with it—'''click the template name''' (e.g. {{tl|Citation}} or {{cite xxx}}) in the "'''template'''" column of the table below.
* '''Required''' field(s) are indicated in '''bold'''
* Copy and paste the text under "'''common usage'''" to use the template.
* Following each example is the resulting article text.

For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: [[Wikipedia:Citation tools]].

Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]].
{{-}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! source
! template
! common usage
! Example 1
! Example 2
|-
<!--
********************************
 cite book
********************************
-->
|-
| rowspan=2 | book
| {{tl|cite book}}<br />'''title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite book
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | title =
 | publisher =
 | series =
 | volume =
 | edition =
 | date =
 | location =
 | pages =
 | language =
 | url =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | isbn =
 | mr =
 | zbl =
 | jfm = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite book
 | last = Mumford
 | first = David
 | authorlink = David Mumford
 | title = The Red Book of V...
 | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]
 | series = Lecture Notes ...
 | volume = 1358
 | edition = 2nd expanded
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 1999
 | page = 198
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | isbn = 354063293X
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 }}
</pre>
{{cite book
 | last = Mumford
 | first = David
 | authorlink = David Mumford
 | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes
 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]]
 | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics
 | volume = 1358
 | edition = 2nd expanded
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 1999
 | page = 198
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | isbn = 354063293X
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.
 | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb
 | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan
 | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]
 | location = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]
 | pages = 198–203
 | date = September 2001
 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }}
</pre>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.
 | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb
 | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan
 | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]
 | location = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]
 | pages = 198–203
 | date = September 2001
 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | last2 =
 | first2 =
 | author2-link =
 | title =
 | place =
 | publisher =
 | series =
 | volume =
 | origyear =
 | year =
 | month=
 | edition =
 | chapter =
 | chapterurl =
 | page =
 | pages =
 | language =
 | url =
 | archiveurl =
 | archivedate =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | isbn =
 | mr =
 | zbl =
 | jfm = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | first = David | last = Mu...
 | author-link = David Mumfo...
 | title = The Red Book of V...
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]
 | series = Lecture Notes ...
 | volume = 1358
 | edition = 2nd expanded
 | year = 1999
 | page = 198
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | isbn = 354063293X
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | first = David | last = Mumford
 | author-link = David Mumford
 | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]
 | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics
 | volume = 1358
 | edition = 2nd expanded
 | year = 1999
 | page = 198
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | isbn = 354063293X
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.
 | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff
 | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David
 | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]
 |pages = 198–203
 | date = September 2001
 | year = 2001
 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.
 | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff
 | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David
 | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]
 |pages = 198–203
 | date = September 2001
 | year = 2001
 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }}
<!--
*******************************************************
 cite journal (or paper, thesis or dissertation)
*******************************************************
-->
|-
| rowspan=2 | journal<br />paper<br />thesis<br />dissertation
| {{tl|cite journal}}<br />'''Title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite journal
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | title =
 | journal =
 | volume =
 | issue =
 | pages =
 | publisher =
 | location =
 | date =
 | language =
 | url =
 | jstor =
 | issn =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | mr =
 | zbl =
 | jfm =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite journal
 | authorlink = Stephen Brey...
 | title = Copyright: A Rejo...
 | journal = UCLA Law Review
 | volume = 20
 | pages = 75–83
 | date = October 1972 }}
</pre>
{{cite journal
 | last = Breyer
 | first = Stephen
 | authorlink = Stephen Breyer
 | title = Copyright: A Rejoinder
 | journal = UCLA Law Review
 | volume = 20
 | pages = 75–83
 | date = October 1972}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.
 | author1-link = David H. Bailey
 | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter
 | author2-link = Peter Borwein
 | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.
 | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein
 | title = The Quest for Pi
 | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 50–57
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 25 June 1997
 | year = 1997
 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/...
 | issn =0343-6993
 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340
 | mr = 1439159
 | zbl = 0878.11002 }}
</pre>
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.
 | author1-link = David H. Bailey
 | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter
 | author2-link = Peter Borwein
 | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.
 | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein
 | title = The Quest for Pi
 | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 50–57
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 25 June 1997
 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf
 | issn =0343-6993
 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340
 | mr = 1439159
 | zbl = 0878.11002 }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''journal''' (or '''periodical''')
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | last2 =
 | first2 =
 | author2-link =
 | title =
 | journal =
 | volume =
 | issue =
 | pages =
 | date =
 | origyear =
 | year =
 | month =
 | language =
 | url =
 | jstor =
 | archiveurl =
 | archivedate =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | mr =
 | zbl =
 | jfm = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Breyer
 | first = Stephen
 | author-link = Stephen Bre...
 | title = Copyright: A Rejo...
 | journal = UCLA Law Review
 | volume = 20
 | pages = 75–83
 | date = October 1972
 | year = 1972 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Breyer
 | first = Stephen
 | author-link = Stephen Breyer
 | title = Copyright: A Rejoinder
 | journal = UCLA Law Review
 | volume = 20
 | pages = 75–83
 | date = October 1972
 | year = 1972 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.
 | author1-link = David H. Bailey
 | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter
 | author2-link = Peter Borwein
 | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.
 | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein
 | title = The Quest for Pi
 | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 50–57
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 25 June 1997
 | year = 1997
 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/...
 | issn =0343-6993
 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340
 | mr = 1439159
 | zbl = 0878.11002 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.
 | author1-link = David H. Bailey
 | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter
 | author2-link = Peter Borwein
 | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.
 | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein
 | title = The Quest for Pi
 | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 50–57
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 25 June 1997
 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf
 | issn = 0343-6993
 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340
 | mr = 1439159
 | zbl = 0878.11002 }}
<!--
****************************
 cite web
****************************
-->
|-
| rowspan = 2 | website
| {{tl|cite web}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''url'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite web
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | title =
 | work =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | url =
 | format =
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 
 | archiveurl = 
 | archivedate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite web
 | last = Spiegel
 | first = Rachel
 | title = Research: Thalido...
 | url = http://science-educat...
 | accessdate = 30 April 2006 
 | archiveurl = http://web.archive...
 | archivedate = 3 March 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite web
 | last = Spiegel
 | first = Rachel
 | title = Research in the News: Thalidomide
 | url = http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html
 | accessdate = 30 April 2006 
 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060303065356/http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html
 | archivedate = 3 March 2006
}}
<pre>
{{cite web
| title =
| url =
| date = 
| accessdate = }}
</pre>
(Write date as one of the formats shown at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Full date formatting|MOS:DATE]]; e.g. {{para|date|22 July 2009}} or {{para|date|July 22, 2009}}.)
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite web
 | last = Hansen
 | first = James E.
 | authorlink = James E. Hansen
 | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.
 | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.
 | title = GISS Surface Temperature An...
 | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for...
| date = December 15, 2005
 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis...
 | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite web
 | last = Hansen
 | first = James E.
 | authorlink = James Hansen
 | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.
 | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.
 | title = GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation
 | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies|NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies]]
 | date = December 15, 2005
 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
 | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''url'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | last2 =
 | first2 =
 | author2-link =
 | title =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | year =
 | url =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Spiegel
 | first = Rachel
 | title = Research: Thalido...
 | url=http://science-educat...
 | accessdate = 30 April 2006 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Spiegel
 | first = Rachel
 | title = Research in the News: Thalidomide
 | url = http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html
 | accessdate = 30 April 2006 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E.
 | author1-link = James Hansen
 | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.
 | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.
 | title = GISS Surface Temperature An...
 | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ...
| date = December 15, 2005
 | year = 2005
 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis...
 | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E.
 | author1-link = James Hansen
 | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.
 | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.
 | title = GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation
 | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies|NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies]]
 | date = December 15, 2005
 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
 | accessdate = September 28, 2006 }}
<!--
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|-
|comic
| {{tl|cite comic}}<ref>
Notes on {{tl|cite comic}}:
* This template allows for a cartoonist field to be used instead of the individual fields if there is a sole creator, as in ''[[Bone (comics)|Bone]]'', or an artist field if the penciller and inker is the same person.
* The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' [http://www.english.ufl.edu/comics/scholars/guide.html Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide], 1999.
* See the [[template talk:cite comic|talk page]] for more details and field explanations.
</ref>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite comic
 | writer=
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 | title=
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</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite comic
| writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]]
| penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]]
| inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]]
| story=The Fantastic Four!
| title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]]
| volume=1
| issue=1
| date=November, 1961
| publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
| page=3
| panel=2 }}
</pre>
{{cite comic
| writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]]
| penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]]
| inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]]
| story=The Fantastic Four!
| title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]]
| volume=1
| issue=1
| date=November, 1961
| publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
| page=3
| panel=2 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<!--
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 cite comic strip
****************************
-->
|-
|comic strip
| {{tl|comic strip reference}}<ref>
Notes on {{tl|comic strip reference}}
* The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' [http://www.english.ufl.edu/comics/scholars/guide.html Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide], 1999.
* See the [[Template talk:Comic strip reference|talk page]] for more details and field explanations.
</ref>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{comic strip reference
 | cartoonist=
 | strip=
 | paper=
 | location=
 | date=
 | supplement=
 | syndicate=
 | page= }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{comic strip reference
 | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]]
 | strip=[[Steve Canyon]]
 | paper=Journal Herald
 | location=Dayton, OH
 | date=July 15, 1967
 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement
 | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate
 | page=1 }}
</pre>
{{comic strip reference
 | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]]
 | strip=[[Steve Canyon]]
 | paper=Journal Herald
 | location=Dayton, OH
 | date=July 15, 1967
 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement
 | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate
 | page=1 }}
<!--
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 cite conference
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-->
|-
| rowspan=2 | conference<br />report<br />or paper
| {{tl|cite conference}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''booktitle'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite conference
 | first =
 | last =
 | authorlink =
 | title =
 | booktitle =
 | pages =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | location =
 | url =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite conference
 | first = M.
 | last = Turk
 | first2 = A.
 | last2 = Pentland
 | title = Face recognition ...
 | booktitle = Proc IEEE Con...
 | place = Maui, Hawaii
 | pages = 586–591
 | year = 1991 }}
</pre>
{{cite conference
 | first = M.
 | last = Turk
 | authorlink =
 | first2 = A.
 | last2 = Pentland
 | title = Face recognition using eigenfaces
 | booktitle = Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
 | place = Maui, Hawaii
 | pages = 586–591
 | year = 1991 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite conference
 | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.
 | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.
 | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.
 | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.
 | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.
 | title = Direct detection of the ...
 | booktitle = American Astronomical Society 207th ...
 | publisher = AAS
 | date = January 9, 2006
 | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm }}
</pre>
{{cite conference
 | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.
 | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.
 | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.
 | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.
 | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.
 | title = Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope
 | booktitle = American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting
 | publisher = AAS
 | date = January 9, 2006
 | url = http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n4/aas207/1130.htm }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | first =
 | last =
 | author-link =
 | first2 =
 | last2 =
 | author2-link =
 | editor-last =
 | editor-first =
 | editor2-last =
 | editor2-first =
 | contribution =
 | contribution-url =
 | series =
 | year =
 | pages =
 | place =
 | publisher =
 | url =
 | doi =
 | id = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Turk | first1 = M.
 | last2 = Pet... | first2 = A.
 | contribution = Face recog...
 | series = Proc IEEE Confere...
 | place = Maui, Hawaii
 | pages = 586–591
 | year = 1991 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Turk | first1 = M.
 | last2 = Petland | first2 = A.
 | contribution = Face recognition using eigenfaces
 | series = Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
 | place = Maui, Hawaii
 | pages = 586–591
 | year = 1991 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.
 | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.
 | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.
 | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.
 | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.
 | contribution = Direct detection of ...
 | series = American Astronomical...
 | publisher = AAS
 | date = January 9, 2006
 | contribution-url = http://...30.htm }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.
 | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.
 | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.
 | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.
 | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.
 | contribution = Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope
 | series = American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting
 | publisher = AAS
 | date = January 9, 2006
 | contribution-url = http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n4/aas207/1130.htm }}
<!--
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 cite court
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-->
|-
| court case (legal decision)
| <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[template:cite court|cite&nbsp;court]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>{{cite court
 |litigants =
 |vol =
 |reporter =
 |opinion =
 |pinpoint =
 |court =
 |date =
 |url= }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite court
 |litigants=Roe v. Wade
 |vol=410
 |reporter=U.S.
 |opinion=113
 |date=1973
 |url=http://www.law.corn... }}
</pre>
{{cite court
 |litigants=Roe v. Wade
 |vol=410
 |reporter=U.S.
 |opinion=113
 |date=1973
 |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.html}}
<!--
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 cite encyclopedia, article in a collection
****************************
-->
|-
| rowspan=2 | encyclopedia,<br />edited collection
| {{tl|cite encyclopedia}}<br />'''Title'''<br />'''encyclopedia'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | title =
 | encyclopedia =
 | volume =
 | pages =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | id =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | title = Kirkegaard...
 | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri...
 | editor-last = Winkler Pri...
 | editor-first = Anthony
 | editor-link = Anthony Win...
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1882 }}
</pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | title = Kirkegaard, Ole Lund
 | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Prins
 | editor-last = Winkler Prins
 | editor-first = Anthony
 | editor-link = Anthony Winkler Prins
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1882 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | last = Kramer
 | first = Martin
 | authorlink = Martin Kramer
 | editor-last = Boyd
 | editor-first = Kelley
 | title = Bernard Lewis
 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist...
 | volume = 1
 | pages = 719–720
 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
 | location = London
 | date = 1999
 | url = }}
</pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | last = Kramer
 | first = Martin
 | authorlink = Martin Kramer
 | editor-last = Boyd
 | editor-first = Kelley
 | title = Bernard Lewis
 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
 | volume = 1
 | pages = 719–720
 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
 | location = London
 | date = 1999
 | url = }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''contribution'''=name of article
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | contribution =
 | year =
 | title =
 | editor-last =
 | editor-first =
 | volume =
 | pages =
 | place =
 | publisher =
 | id = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | contribution = Kirkegaard...
 | title = Grote Winkler Pri...
 | editor-last = Winkler Pri...
 | editor-first = Anthony
 | editor-link = Anthony Win...
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1882 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | contribution = Kirkegaard, Ole Lund
 | title = Grote Winkler Prins
 | editor-last = Winkler Prins
 | editor-first = Anthony
 | editor-link = Anthony Winkler Prins
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1882 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Kramer
 | first = Martin
 | author-link = Martin Kramer
 | contribution = Bernard Lewis
 | editor-last = Boyd
 | editor-first = Kelley
 | title = Encyclopedia of Historians ...
 | volume = 1
 | pages = 719–720
 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
 | place = London
 | year = 1999
 | contribution-url = http://...is.htm }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Kramer
 | first = Martin
 | author-link = Martin Kramer
 | contribution = Bernard Lewis
 | editor-last = Boyd
 | editor-first = Kelley
 | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
 | volume = 1
 | pages = 719–720
 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
 | place = London
 | year = 1999
 | contribution-url = }}
<!--
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 cite episode
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-->
|-
| episode<br />(television or radio)
| {{tl|cite episode}}<br />'''title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite episode
| title =
| episodelink =
| url =
| series =
| serieslink =
| credits =
| network =
| station =
| city =
| airdate =
| began =
| ended =
| season =
| seriesno =
| number =
| minutes =
| transcript =
| transcripturl= }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite episode
| title = BBC-TV Presents: ...
| episodelink = BBC Snooker World ...
| series = Wide World of Snooker
| serieslink = Wide World of Snooker ...
| credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ...
| network = [[BBC]]
| station = [[BBC Two]]
| city = [[Sheffield]], ...
| airdate = 2008-04-27
| minutes = 2:34}}
</pre>
{{cite episode
| title = BBC-TV Presents: The 2008 World Snooker Championship Live at The Crucible
| episodelink = BBC Snooker World Championship coverage (2008)
| series = Wide World of Snooker
| serieslink = Wide World of Snooker (tv show)
| credits = Presenters: [[Dennis Taylor]] and [[Clive Everton]]
| network = [[BBC]]
| station = [[BBC Two]]
| city = [[Sheffield]], [[England]]
| airdate = 2008-04-27
| minutes = 2:34}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite episode
 | title = Duet
 | episodelink = Duet (Stargate Atlant...
 | series = Stargate Atlantis
 | serieslink = Stargate Atlantis
 | airdate = August 5, 2005
 | season = 2
 | number = 4 }}
</pre>
{{cite episode
 | title = Duet
 | episodelink = Duet (Stargate Atlantis)
 | series = Stargate Atlantis
 | serieslink = Stargate Atlantis
 | airdate = August 5, 2005
 | season = 2
 | number = 4 }}
<!--
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****************************
-->
|-
|mailing list
| {{tl|cite mailing list}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''url'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite mailing list
 | last =
 | first =
 | authorlink =
 | title =
 | mailinglist =
 | date =
 | url =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite mailing list
 |last=Murdock
 |first=Ian
 |authorlink=Ian Murdock
 |title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9...
 |mailinglist=debian-announce
 |date=26 October 1995
 |url=http://lists.debian.or...
 |accessdate=20 April 2007 }}
</pre>
{{cite mailing list
 | last = Murdock
 | first = Ian
 | authorlink = Ian Murdock
 | title = Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available
 | mailinglist = debian-announce
 | date = 26 October 1995
 | url=http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1995/msg00007.html
 | accessdate=20 April 2007 }}
<!--
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-->
|-
|map
| {{tl|cite map}}<br />'''publisher'''<br />'''title'''<br />'''edition'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite map
 |publisher =
 |title =
 |url =
 |edition =
 |section =
 |accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite map
 |publisher=Kansas Departmen...
 |title=Official State Trans...
 |url=http://www.ksdot.org/b...
 |edition=2005–2006
 |section=F9
 |accessdate=March 30, 2007 }}
</pre>
{{cite map
 |publisher=Kansas Department of Transportation
 |title=Official State Transportation Map
 |url=http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/state-pdf/kansas0708.pdf
 |edition=2005–2006
 |section=F9
 |accessdate=March 30, 2007 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite map
 |publisher=Skelly Oil Company
 |title=Highway Map of Oklahoma
 |cartography=Diversified Map Co
 |edition=1966
 |section=11C }}
</pre>
{{cite map
 |publisher=Skelly Oil Company
 |title=Highway Map of Oklahoma
 |cartography=Diversified Map Co
 |edition=1966
 |section=11C }}
<!--
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 cite news
********************************
-->
|-
| rowspan = 2 | news article
| {{tl|cite news}}<br />'''Title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite news
 | last =
 | first =
 | title =
 | newspaper =
 | location =
 | pages =
 | language =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | url =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite news
 | last = Finn
 | first = Gary
 | title = What a growing lad needs is ...
 | pages =
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = London
 | date = 31 August 1998
 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk ...
}}
</pre>
{{cite news
 | last = Finn
 | first = Gary
 | title = What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair
 | pages =
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = London
 | date = 31 August 1998
 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html
}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite news
 | last = Andersen
 | first = David
 | last2 = Witter
 | first2 = Lameen
 | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO...
 | work = Marine Corps News
 | date = 17 February 2006
 | url = http://www.military.com/Caree...
 | accessdate = 6 June 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite news
 | last = Andersen
 | first = David
 | last2 = Witter
 | first2 = Lameen
 | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success
 | work = Marine Corps News
 | date = 17 February 2006
 | url = http://www.military.com/Careers/Content1?file=careersArticlesGoDaddy.htm&area=Reference
 | accessdate = 6 June 2006 }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''newspaper''' (or '''magazine''', '''journal''', '''periodical''')
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | last2 =
 | first2 =
 | author2-link =
 | title =
 | newspaper =
 | pages =
 | year =
 | date =
 | url =
 | archiveurl =
 | archivedate =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Finn
 | first = Gary
 | title = What a growing lad needs is ...
 | pages =
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = London
 | date = 31 August 1998
 | url =http://www.independent.co.uk ...
 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation ...
 | archivedate = 2010-03-06
}}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Finn
 | first = Gary
 | title = What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair
 | pages =
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = London
 | date = 31 August 1998
 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html
 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5o2QlSnnD
 | archivedate = 2010-03-06
}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David
 | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen
 | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO...
 | newspaper = Marine Corps News
 | date = 17 February 2006
 | year = 2006
 | url = http://www.military.com/Ca...
 | accessdate = 2 June 2006
}}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David
 | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen
 | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success
 | newspaper = Marine Corps News
 | date = 17 February 2006
 | url = http://www.military.com/Careers/Content1?file=careersArticlesGoDaddy.htm&area=Reference
 | accessdate = 2 June 2006
}}
<!--
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 cite newsgroup
*****************************
-->
|-
| newsgroup<br />posting<br />('''DO NOT'''<br />'''USE TO'''<br />'''[[WP:V|VERIFY]]''')
| {{tl|cite newsgroup}}<br />'''Title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | title =
 | author =
 | date =
 | newsgroup =
 | id =
 | url =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | author = Gary S. Terhune
 | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del...
 | date = January 11, 2004
 | newsgroup = microsoft.pub...
 | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2...
 | url = http://groups.googl...
 | accessdate = May 16, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | author = Gary S. Terhune
 | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd
 | date = January 11, 2004
 | newsgroup = microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion
 | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl
 | url = http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion/msg/54f1c50b9eab17fb
 | accessdate = May 16, 2006 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | title = How can helping "Kids in Af...
 | author = Trodel
 | date = June 10, 2006
 | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob...
 | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20...
 | url = http://groups.google.com/grou...
 | accessdate = July 3, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | title = How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest
 | author = Trodel
 | date = June 10, 2006
 | newsgroup = humanities.philosophy.objectivism
 | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com
 | url = http://groups.google.com/group/humanities.philosophy.objectivism/browse_frm/thread/79fd9ef419914f2e
 | accessdate = July 3, 2006 }}
<!--
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 cite paper (deprecated, use cite journal)
******************************************************
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<!--
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|-
| patent
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''inventor-last'''
| style="vertical-align: top;"|
<pre>{{Citation
 | inventor-last =
 | inventor-first =
 | inventorlink =
 | inventor2-last =
 | inventor2-first =
 | inventorlink2 =
 | publication-date =
 | issue-date =
 | title =
 | country-code =
 | description =
 | patent-number = }}
</pre>
|<pre>
{{Citation
 | inventor1-last = Degermark
 | inventor1-first = Mikael
 | inventor2-last = Brodnik
 | inventor2-first = Andrej
 | inventor3-last = Carlsson
 | inventor3-first = Svante
 | inventor4-last = Pink
 | inventor4-first = Stephen
 | title = Fast routing lookup system
using complete prefix tree, bit vector,
and pointers in a routing table for
determining where to route IP datagrams
 | issue-date = 2001
 | patent-number = 6266706
 | country-code = US}}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor1-last = Degermark
 | inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor2-last = Brodnik
 | inventor3-first = Svante | inventor3-last = Carlsson
 | inventor4-first = Stephen | inventor4-last = Pink
 | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams
 | issue-date = 2001
 | patent-number = 6266706
 | country-code = US}}
<!--
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 cite press release
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-->
|-
| press release
| {{tl|cite press release}}<br />'''Title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite press release
 | title =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | url =
 | accessdate = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite press release
 | title = Nature compares W...
 | publisher = The Wikimedia...
 | date = 15 December 2005
 | url = http://en.wikipedia...
 | accessdate = 3 July 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite press release
 | title = Nature compares Wikipedia and Britannica
 | publisher = The Wikimedia Foundation
 | date = 15 December 2005
 | url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/Nature_compares_Wikipedia_and_Britannica
 | accessdate = 3 July 2006 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite press release
 | title = HFPA Announces Timetable fo...
 | publisher = [[Hollywood Foreign P...]]
 | date = May 25, 2006
 | url = http://www.hfpa.org/news/id/32
 | accessdate = June 13, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite press release
 | title = HFPA Announces Timetable for 64th Annual Golden Globe Awards
 | publisher = [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]]
 | date = May 25, 2006
 | url = http://www.hfpa.org/news/id/32
 | accessdate = June 13, 2006 }}
<!--
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 cite AV media
******************************
-->
|-
| video<br />(movie, television production, documentary, etc.)
| {{tl|cite AV media}}<br />'''people'''<br />'''title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people =
 | title =
 | medium =
 | publisher =
 | location =
 | date =
 | url = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director)
 | title = [http://www.imdb...]
 | medium = Television production
 | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om...
 | location = Lebanon
 | date = 2001 }}
</pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director)
 | title = [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0386207 Harab libnan]
 | medium = Television production
 | publisher = Al-Issawi, Omar
 | location = Lebanon
 | date = 2001 }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people = Dick Cavett
 | title = The Dick Cavett Show&nbsp;— Rock...
 | medium = DVD
 | publisher = Shout Factory
 | date = 2005 }}
</pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people = Dick Cavett
 | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969)
 | medium = DVD
 | publisher = Shout Factory
 | date = 2005 }}
<!--
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 cite video game
****************************
-->
|-
|video game
| {{tl|cite video game}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''developer'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite video game
 | title =
 | developer =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | platform =
 | version =
 | level =
 | language =
 | isolang =
 | quote = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite video game
 |title=[[Halo 3]]
 |developer= [[Bungie]]
 |publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]]
 |date=September 25, 2007
 |platform=[[Xbox 360]]
 |version=1.0
 |level=The Storm
 |language=English
 |isolang=
 |quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /...
</pre>
{{cite video game
 | title=[[Halo 3]]
 | developer= [[Bungie]]
 | publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]]
 | date=September 25, 2007
 | platform=[[Xbox 360]]
 | version=1.0
 | level=The Storm
 | language=English
 | isolang=
 | quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? / '''Master Chief''': Worse. }}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
|}
<!-- |10 |20 |30 |40 |50 |60 |70 |80-->
<!--Ref 1 end here(30 chars)->| |<-Ref 2 end there(40 chars) -->
----
<!--Other templates-->
* {{Tl|cite album-notes}}
* {{Tl|cite thesis}}

==Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples==
{{see also|Template:Harvard citation documentation}}

These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All the following templates are supported: {{tl|citation}} · {{tl|cite book}} · {{tl|cite journal}} · {{tl|cite web}} · {{tl|cite conference}} · {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} · {{tl|cite mailing list}} · {{tl|cite news}} · {{tl|cite press release}} · {{tl|cite arXiv}} · {{tl|cite AV media}} (an up-to-date list is at [[Template:Citation/core]]). To use the links, the template must define "Surname" (or "Last") and "Year" and must include {{para|ref=harv}}

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! What to type
! What it makes
|- valign = "top"
|
* Article text.<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:sfn|sfn]]<nowiki>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</nowiki> (Shortened footnote template)
* Article text.<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:sfn|sfn]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879|p=289}}</nowiki>
<nowiki>==Notes==</nowiki><br />
{{tl|reflist}}
|
* Article text.<sup id="A1t" class="reference">[[:#A1f|[1]]]</sup>
* Article text.<sup id="A2t" class="reference">[[:#A2f|[2]]]</sup>
{{Fake heading|Notes}}
{{refbegin}}
# <li id="A1f">'''[[#A1t|^]]'''{{Harvnb|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</li>
# <li id="A2f">'''[[#A2t|^]]'''{{Harvnb|Smith|1879|p=289}}</li>
{{refend}}
|- valign = "top"
|
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation|Harvard citation]]<nowiki>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation|Harv]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879|p=289}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation text|Harvtxt]]<nowiki>|Turner|1851}}</nowiki> asserts that ... (author's name part of text)
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation no brackets|Harvnb]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879}}</nowiki> (no brackets)
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation|Harv]]<nowiki>|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}</nowiki> (multi-author)
|
* {{Harvard citation|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}
* {{Harv|Smith|1879|p=289}}
* {{Harvtxt|Turner|1851}} asserts that ...
* {{Harvnb|Smith|1879}}
* {{Harv|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}
|- valign = "top"
|
Three '''Harvcol''' templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers.
* <nowiki> {{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcol|Harvcol]]<nowiki>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki> {{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcol|Harvcol]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879|p=289}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki> {{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcoltxt|Harvcoltxt]]<nowiki>|Blust|1999}}</nowiki> asserts that ...
* <nowiki> {{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcolnb|Harvcolnb]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcolnb|Harvcolnb]]<nowiki>|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}</nowiki>
|
'''Harvcol''' templates
* {{Harvcol|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}
* {{Harvcol|Smith|1879|p=289}}
* {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}} asserts that ...
* {{Harvcolnb|Smith|1879}}
* {{Harvcolnb|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}
|}

==Variations==
Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link short-form inline citations with the full-form citations in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short-form citations.

There are three primary ways to format individual citations:
# By hand. When using inline citations (see below), these are simply typed directly; however, when using shortened footnotes or parenthetical references, these can be surrounded with {{tl|wikicite}} to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.
# Using the {{cs1}} templates, such as {{tl|cite book}}, {{tl|cite web}}, {{tl|cite journal}}, or {{tl|cite news}}.
# Using the generic {{tl|Citation}} template.

The main differences between the generic {{tl|Citation}} template and the specific {{cs1}} templates are:
# The {{cs1}} templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while {{tl|Citation}} separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the {{para|separator}} and {{para|postscript}} parameters.)
# Not all {{cs1}} templates can easily be replaced by the {{tl|Citation}} template. Generally, any {{cs1}} template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.
# Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} template, with {{para|title}} for the article name and {{para|encyclopedia}} for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in {{tl|Citation}} are named {{code|contribution}} and {{code|title}}, respectively.
# When using [[WP:parenthetical referencing|parenthetical referencing]], a Harv templates template that identifies a citation by author and year will automatically link to the appropriate citation elsewhere in the article if created using {{tl|Citation}}. If created using {{cs1}}, however, a {{para|ref|harv}} parameter must be added.

There are also at least three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article:
# Inline citations. These simply place the citation inside of a {{tag|ref}} reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an [[endnote]]) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using {{tl|reflist}}, which is typically placed by itself in a ''Notes'' (or ''References'') section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using <code>&lt;ref name="foo"&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;</code> the first time, and just <code>&lt;ref name="foo"/&gt;</code> elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the {{tl|rp}} template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number.
# Shortened footnotes. Instead of the full-form citation appearing in the footnote, a shortened form appears, giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.
# [[WP:Parenthetical references|Parenthetical references]]. These are conceptually similar to shortened footnotes, but the shortened reference appears inline in the text, in parentheses, rather than in a footnote.

When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical references, there are multiple ways to link the shortened and full-form references:
# Don't link them. This happens by default when the shortened references are typed in by hand.
# Insert manual links. These look like e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]</nowiki></code>. The anchor <code>#refPereira2006</code> is attached to the full-form citation by surrounding it with {{tl|wikicite}} (if inserted by hand), or adding a {{para|ref}} parameter to the citation template.
# Insert links using a Harv templates template, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</nowiki></code>. This will insert "{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}" into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. As mentioned above, when using a {{cs1}} template, the parameter {{para|ref|harv}} must be added, but this is unnecessary for {{tl|Citation}}. When using parenthetical references, the plain {{tl|Harv}} template is used, which automatically inserts parentheses. Other variations format the page number or parentheses differently.
# Use the {{tlx|sfn}} template for the whole of the footnote. The {{tlx|sfn}} template creates its own named {{tag|ref}} tags: {{tlx|sfn|Pereira|2006|4=p=25}} is exactly equivalent to {{tag|ref|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006]]</nowiki>, p.&nbsp;25.|params=name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625}} which is itself equivalent to {{tag|ref|content={{tlx|Harvnb|Pereira|2006|4=p=25}}|params=name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625}}.

See also [[WP:Footnotes]] and [[WP:Citing sources]] for general information, and [[WP:CITEX]] for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.

==See also==
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles]] for templates about citation-related problems in articles

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}
<noinclude>
[[:Category:Citation templates| ]]
[[:Category:Bibliography file formats]]
[[:id:Wikipedia:Templat kutipan]]
</noinclude>