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{{Short description|Asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 3915 Fukushima
| name = 3915 Fukushima
| background = #FFFFC0
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
| discovery_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
Line 9: Line 12:
| discoverer = [[Masayuki Yanai|M. Yanai]]<br />[[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]]
| discoverer = [[Masayuki Yanai|M. Yanai]]<br />[[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]]
| discovery_site = [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami Obs.]]
| discovery_site = [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami Obs.]]
| mp_name = 3915 Fukushima
| mpc_name = (3915) Fukushima
| alt_names = {{mp|1988 PA|1}}{{·}}1926 GQ<br />1935 UL{{·}}1935 UX<br />1950 QT{{·}}{{mp|1975 EX|5}}<br />{{mp|1977 TV|7}}{{·}}{{mp|1977 TW|3}}<br />{{mp|1979 FH|1}}{{·}}1983 EM
| alt_names = {{mp|1988 PA|1}}{{·}}1926 GQ<br />1935 UL{{·}}1935 UX<br />1950 QT{{·}}{{mp|1975 EX|5}}<br />{{mp|1977 TV|7}}{{·}}{{mp|1977 TW|3}}<br />{{mp|1979 FH|1}}{{·}}1983 EM
| named_after = [[Hisao Fukushima (astronomer)|Hisao Fukushima]]<br />{{small|(amateur astronomer)}}<ref name="springer" />
| named_after = Hisao Fukushima<br />{{nowrap|{{small|(Japanese amateur astronomer)}}<ref name="springer" />}}
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|(inner)}}&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|inner]])}}&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
| orbit_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
| orbit_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 31 July 2016 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2457600.5)
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = {{nowrap|65.55 yr (23,942 days)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}}
| observation_arc = 91.05 yr (33,256 days)
| aphelion = 2.5392 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| aphelion = 2.5392 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.3371 AU
| perihelion = 2.3394 AU
| semimajor = 2.4382 AU
| semimajor = 2.4393 AU
| eccentricity = 0.0415
| eccentricity = 0.0410
| period = 3.81 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,391 days)
| period = 3.81 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,392 days)
| mean_anomaly = 134.74[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_anomaly = 238.57[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2589|sup=ms}} / day
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2587|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 14.433°
| inclination = 14.431°
| asc_node = 173.51°
| asc_node = 173.51°
| arg_peri = 143.84°
| arg_peri = 143.54°
| dimensions = {{val|20.38|1.6}} km {{small|([[IRAS]]:9)}}<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|22.354|0.031}} km<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|22.82|0.38}} km<ref name="AKARI" />
| dimensions = {{nowrap|{{val|20.38|1.6}} km {{small|([[IRAS]]:9)}}<ref name="SIMPS" />}}<br />{{val|21.993|0.052}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|22.354|0.031}} km<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|22.82|0.38}} km<ref name="AKARI" />
| rotation = {{val|8.40|0.01}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Warner-2004a" /><br />{{val|9.41|0.01}} h<ref name="Shipley-2008" /><br />{{val|9.4177|0.0004}} h<ref name="geneva-obs" /><br />{{val|9.418|0.001}} h<ref name="Warner-2011j" />
| rotation = {{val|8.40|0.01}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Warner-2004a" /><br />{{val|9.41|0.01}} h<ref name="Shipley-2008" /><br />{{val|9.4177|0.0004}} h<ref name="geneva-obs" /><br />{{val|9.418|0.001}} h<ref name="Warner-2011j" />
| albedo = {{val|0.0441|0.0015}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.046|0.002}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.0561|0.010}} {{small|(IRAS:9)}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
| albedo = {{val|0.0441|0.0015}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.046|0.002}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.051|0.002}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|0.0561|0.010}} {{small|(IRAS:9)}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
| spectral_type = [[P-type asteroid|P]]&thinsp;<ref name="WISE" />{{·}}[[C-type asteroid|C]]&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
| spectral_type = [[P-type asteroid|P]]&thinsp;<ref name="WISE" />{{·}}[[C-type asteroid|C]]&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude = 12.2<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="WISE" /><br />12.3<ref name="jpldata" />
| abs_magnitude = 12.2<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" />{{·}}12.3<ref name="jpldata" />
}}
}}


'''3915 Fukushima''', provisional designation {{mp|1988 PA|1}}, is a carbonaceous [[asteroid]] from the inner regions of the [[asteroid belt]], about 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 August 1988, by Japanese astronomers [[Masayuki Yanai]] and [[Kazuro Watanabe]] at the [[Kitami Observatory]] in eastern Hokkaido, Japan.<ref name="MPC-Fukushima" />
'''3915 Fukushima''', provisional designation {{mp|1988 PA|1}}, is a carbonaceous [[asteroid]] from the inner regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately 21 kilometers in diameter.


It was discovered on 15 August 1988, by Japanese astronomers [[Masayuki Yanai]] and [[Kazuro Watanabe]] at the [[Kitami Observatory]] in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, and named after amateur astronomer [[Hisao Fukushima (astronomer)|Hisao Fukushima]].<ref name="springer" /><ref name="MPC-Fukushima" />
⚫
The [[C-type asteroid|C-type]] asteroid is also classified as a reddish [[P-type asteroid|P-type]] by the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]].<ref name="WISE" /> It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–2.5&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 3 years and 10 months (1,391 days). Its [[prograde orbit]]<ref name="starbrite" /> shows an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.04 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 14 degrees from the plane of the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The first identification was made at [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg Observatory]] in 1926, extending the body's [[observation arc]] by 62 years prior to its discovery.<ref name="MPC-Fukushima" />


== Orbit and classification ==
⚫
Several high-quality rotational [[light-curve]]s were obtained from photometric observations since 2003. An observation by Brian Warner at the U.S. Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado rendered a [[rotation period]] of {{val|9.418|0.001}} hours with a high brightness variation of 0.67 in magnitude ({{small|1=[[LCDB quality code|U]]=3}}), indicating that the body has a non-spherical shape.<ref name="Warner-2011j" /> This observation concurs with another measurement taken at the [[Oakley Observatory]] that rendered a period of {{val|9.41|0.01}} and an amplitude of 0.50 mag ({{small|1=[[LCDB quality code|U]]=3}}),<ref name="Shipley-2008" /> superseding a less accurate light-curve produced by the PDS of 8.40 hours ({{small|1=[[LCDB quality code|U]]=2}}).<ref name="Warner-2004a" /> In 2011, an observation by René Roy gave another concurring period of {{val|9.4177|0.0004}} hours and an amplitude of 0.79 mag ({{small|1=[[LCDB quality code|U]]=3}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" /> On 16 December 2012, the asteroid occulted the star HIP 4315 over parts of Europe and North America. At the time the body's brightness was 16.3 in [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] (mag) and that of the star was 8.5 mag.<ref name="fukushima" />


⚫
''Fukushima'' orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|inner]] main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.5&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 3 years and 10 months (1,392 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.04 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 14[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The asteroid was first identified as {{mp|1926 GQ}} at [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in 1926, extending the body's [[observation arc]] by 62 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kitami.<ref name="MPC-Fukushima" />
⚫
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari]] satellite, and the NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has a low [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] in the range of 0.044 and 0.056 with a diameter between 20.3 and 22.8 kilometers.<ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="WISE" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' gives preference to the results obtained by IRAS with an albedo of 0.0561 and a diameter of 20.38 kilometers.<ref name="lcdb" />


== Physical characteristics ==
⚫
The minor planet was named in honor of Japanese researcher and amateur astronomer, Hisao Fukushima (1910–1997), known for his research in hydrodynamics. He was professor emeritus at [[Hokkaido University]], and, as an active [[amateur astronomer]], a member of the ''Hokkaido Astronomical Liaison Group''.<ref name="springer" /> Naming citation was published on 23 December 1988 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 14030}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />


''Fukushima'' has been characterized as a reddish [[P-type asteroid]] by the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]].<ref name="WISE" /> It is also an assumed [[C-type asteroid]].<ref name="lcdb" />
⚫
== References ==
⚫
{{reflist
|refs=


=== Rotation period ===
⚫
<ref name="fukushima">[http://www.asteroidoccultation.com/2012_12/1216_3915_28342.htm Asteroid Occultation Updates]</ref>

⚫
Several high-quality rotational [[lightcurve]]s were obtained from photometric observations since 2003. An observation by [[Brian D. Warner]] at the U.S. Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado rendered a [[rotation period]] of {{val|9.418|0.001}} hours with a high brightness variation of 0.67 in magnitude ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}), indicating that the body has a non-spherical shape.<ref name="Warner-2011j" /> This observation concurs with another measurement taken at the [[Oakley Observatory]] that rendered a period of {{val|9.41|0.01}} and an amplitude of 0.50 mag ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}),<ref name="Shipley-2008" /> superseding a less accurate lightcurve produced by the PDS of 8.40 hours ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}).<ref name="Warner-2004a" /> In 2011, an observation by René Roy gave another concurring period of {{val|9.4177|0.0004}} hours and an amplitude of 0.79 mag ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" /> On 16 December 2012, the asteroid occulted the star HIP 4315 over parts of Europe and North America. At the time the body's brightness was 16.3 in [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] (mag) and that of the star was 8.5 mag.<ref name="fukushima" />

=== Diameter and albedo ===

⚫
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari]] satellite, and the NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has a low [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] in the range of 0.044 and 0.056 with a diameter between 20.3 and 22.8 kilometers.<ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' gives preference to the results obtained by IRAS with an albedo of 0.0561 and a diameter of 20.38 kilometers.<ref name="lcdb" />

== Naming ==

⚫
This [[minor planet]] was named in honor of Japanese researcher and amateur astronomer, Hisao Fukushima (1910–1997), known for his research in hydrodynamics. He was professor emeritus at [[Hokkaido University]], and, as an active [[amateur astronomer]], a member of the ''Hokkaido Astronomical Liaison Group''.<ref name="springer" /> The approved naming citation was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 23 December 1988 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 14030}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

⚫
== References ==
⚫
{{reflist|30em|refs=


⚫
<ref name="fukushima">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065939/http://www.asteroidoccultation.com/2012_12/1216_3915_28342.htm Asteroid Occultation Updates]</ref>
<ref name="starbrite">[http://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/pds/viewTargetProfile.jsp?TARGET_NAME=3915+FUKUSHIMA 3915 FUKUSHIMA]</ref>


<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2016-03-09 last obs.
|type = 2017-05-01 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3915 Fukushima (1988 PA1)
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3915 Fukushima (1988 PA1)
|url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2003915
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2003915
|publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 5 June 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref>


<ref name="springer">{{cite book
<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (3915) Fukushima
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (3915) Fukushima
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
|publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|page = 333
|page = 333
|date = 2007
|date = 2007
|url = http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_3904
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_3904 |chapter = (3915) Fukushima }}</ref>
⚫
|accessdate = 5 June 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="MPC-Fukushima">{{cite web
<ref name="MPC-Fukushima">{{cite web
|title = 3915 Fukushima (1988 PA1)
|title = 3915 Fukushima (1988 PA1)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3915
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3915
|accessdate = 5 June 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 5 June 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|accessdate = 5 June 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 5 June 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (3915) Fukushima
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (3915) Fukushima
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|publisher = Geneva Observatory
|publisher = [[Geneva Observatory]]
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#003915
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#003915
|accessdate = 5 June 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 5 June 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (3915) Fukushima
|title = LCDB Data for (3915) Fukushima
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=3915%7CFukushima
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=3915%7CFukushima
|accessdate = 5 June 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 5 June 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal
<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal
Line 101: Line 114:
|date = October 2004
|date = October 2004
|title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0
|title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2004PDSS...12.....T
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System
|volume = 12
|pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0
|bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T
|bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T
|access-date= 5 June 2016}}</ref>
|access-date= 22 October 2019}}</ref>


<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
Line 123: Line 138:
|date = October 2011
|date = October 2011
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
⚫
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011PASJ...63.1117U
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume = 63
|volume = 63
Line 130: Line 144:
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
|access-date= 5 June 2016}}</ref>
|doi-access=
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=3915 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>


<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
Line 205: Line 220:
|bibcode = 2011MPBu...38...96W
|bibcode = 2011MPBu...38...96W
|access-date= 1 February 2016}}</ref>
|access-date= 1 February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Masiero-2014">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer
|first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent
|first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson
|first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett
|date = August 2014
|title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos
⚫
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2014ApJ...791..121M
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 791
|issue = 2
|page = 11
|bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121
|arxiv = 1406.6645
⚫
|access-date= 5 December 2016}}</ref>


}} <!-- end of reflist -->
}} <!-- end of reflist -->


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info])
* [http://www.minorplanetobserver.com/pdolc/A3915_2003.HTM Lightcurve plot of 3915 Fukushima], Palmer Divide Observatory, [[Brian D. Warner|B. D. Warner]] (2003)
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.se/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|3915}}
* {{JPL small body|title=3915 Fukushima (1988 PA1)|id=2003915}}
* {{JPL small body}}


{{Minor planets navigator|3914 Kotogahama|number=3915|3916 Maeva}}
{{Minor planets navigator |3914 Kotogahama |number=3915 |3916 Maeva}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Fukushima}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fukushima}}
[[Category:Main-belt asteroids|003915]]
[[Category:Background asteroids|003915]]
[[Category:Numbered minor planets|003915]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Masayuki Yanai]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Masayuki Yanai]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Kazuro Watanabe]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Kazuro Watanabe]]
[[Category:Minor planets named for people]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:P-type asteroids (Tholen)|003915]]
[[Category:P-type asteroids (Tholen)|003915]]

Latest revision as of 01:40, 26 December 2023

3915 Fukushima
Discovery [1]
Discovered byM. Yanai
K. Watanabe
Discovery siteKitami Obs.
Discovery date15 August 1988
Designations
(3915) Fukushima
Named after
Hisao Fukushima
(Japanese amateur astronomer)[2]
1988 PA1 · 1926 GQ
1935 UL · 1935 UX
1950 QT · 1975 EX5
1977 TV7 · 1977 TW3
1979 FH1 · 1983 EM
main-belt · (inner) [3]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc91.05 yr (33,256 days)
Aphelion2.5392 AU
Perihelion2.3394 AU
2.4393 AU
Eccentricity0.0410
3.81 yr (1,392 days)
238.57°
0° 15m 31.32s / day
Inclination14.431°
173.51°
143.54°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions20.38±1.6 km (IRAS:9)[4]
21.993±0.052[5]
22.354±0.031 km[6]
22.82±0.38 km[7]
8.40±0.01 h[8]
9.41±0.01 h[9]
9.4177±0.0004 h[10]
9.418±0.001 h[11]
0.0441±0.0015[6]
0.046±0.002[7]
0.051±0.002[5]
0.0561±0.010 (IRAS:9)[4]
P [6] · C [3]
12.2[3][4][6][7] · 12.3[1]

3915 Fukushima, provisional designation 1988 PA1, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter.

It was discovered on 15 August 1988, by Japanese astronomers Masayuki Yanai and Kazuro Watanabe at the Kitami Observatory in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, and named after amateur astronomer Hisao Fukushima.[2][12]

Orbit and classification

[edit]

Fukushima orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,392 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] The asteroid was first identified as 1926 GQ at Heidelberg Observatory in 1926, extending the body's observation arc by 62 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kitami.[12]

Physical characteristics

[edit]

Fukushima has been characterized as a reddish P-type asteroid by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.[6] It is also an assumed C-type asteroid.[3]

Rotation period

[edit]

Several high-quality rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations since 2003. An observation by Brian D. Warner at the U.S. Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado rendered a rotation period of 9.418±0.001 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.67 in magnitude (U=3), indicating that the body has a non-spherical shape.[11] This observation concurs with another measurement taken at the Oakley Observatory that rendered a period of 9.41±0.01 and an amplitude of 0.50 mag (U=3),[9] superseding a less accurate lightcurve produced by the PDS of 8.40 hours (U=2).[8] In 2011, an observation by René Roy gave another concurring period of 9.4177±0.0004 hours and an amplitude of 0.79 mag (U=3).[10] On 16 December 2012, the asteroid occulted the star HIP 4315 over parts of Europe and North America. At the time the body's brightness was 16.3 in magnitude (mag) and that of the star was 8.5 mag.[13]

Diameter and albedo

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According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has a low albedo in the range of 0.044 and 0.056 with a diameter between 20.3 and 22.8 kilometers.[4][5][6][7] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link gives preference to the results obtained by IRAS with an albedo of 0.0561 and a diameter of 20.38 kilometers.[3]

Naming

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This minor planet was named in honor of Japanese researcher and amateur astronomer, Hisao Fukushima (1910–1997), known for his research in hydrodynamics. He was professor emeritus at Hokkaido University, and, as an active amateur astronomer, a member of the Hokkaido Astronomical Liaison Group.[2] The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 December 1988 (M.P.C. 14030).[14]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3915 Fukushima (1988 PA1)" (2017-05-01 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(3915) Fukushima". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (3915) Fukushima. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 333. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_3904. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e "LCDB Data for (3915) Fukushima". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
  8. ^ a b Warner, Brian D. (March 2004). "Rotation rates for asteroids 875, 926, 1679, 1796, 3915, 4209, and 34817". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 31 (1): 19–22. Bibcode:2004MPBu...31...19W. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  9. ^ a b Shipley, Heath; Dillard, Alex; Kendall, Jordan; Reichert, Matthew; Sauppe, Jason; Shaffer, Nelson; et al. (September 2008). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Oakley Observatory - September 2007". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 35 (3): 99–102. Bibcode:2008MPBu...35...99S. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  10. ^ a b Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (3915) Fukushima". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  11. ^ a b Warner, Brian D. (April 2011). "Upon Further Review: VI. An Examination of Previous Lightcurve Analysis from the Palmer Divide Observatory". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 38 (2): 96–101. Bibcode:2011MPBu...38...96W. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  12. ^ a b "3915 Fukushima (1988 PA1)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  13. ^ Asteroid Occultation Updates
  14. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
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