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{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Year in Canada|1774}}
{{History of Canada}}

Events from the year '''1774 in Canada'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[List of Canadian monarchs|Monarch]]: [[George III]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kings and Queens of Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/kings-queens.html#e2 |website=aem |access-date=24 February 2021 |date=11 August 2017}}</ref>

===Governors===
*[[Governor General of the Province of Canada|Governor of the Province of Quebec]]: [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]]
*[[Governor of Nova Scotia]]: [[Francis Legge]]
*[[Colonial Governor of Newfoundland|Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland]]: [[Molyneux Shuldham, 1st Baron Shuldham]]
*[[List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island|Governor of St. John's Island]]: [[Walter Patterson (governor)|Walter Patterson]]

==Events==
==Events==

* [[September 4]] - Delegates from twelve colonies discuss measures for common safety, at [[Philadelphia]]. Canada and [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] are not represented, though invited. [[Vermont]], not being organized, is not invited.
* September 4 – Delegates from twelve colonies discuss measures for common safety, at [[Philadelphia]]. Canada and [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] are not represented, though invited. [[Vermont]], not being organized, is not invited.
* [[Lord Dunmore's War]] fought in [[Virginia]] between settlers and [[Shawnee (tribe)|Shawnee]]s.
* [[Lord Dunmore's War]] fought in [[Virginia]] between settlers and [[Shawnee (tribe)|Shawnee]]s.
* The [[first Continental Congress]] meets.
* The [[first Continental Congress]] meets.
* [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]]'s recommendations are instituted in the [[Quebec Act]], which introduces British criminal law but retains French civil law and guarantees religious freedom for [[Roman Catholics]]. The Act's geographical claims, and toleration of Roman Catholics, were so offensive to the 13 Colonies that it helped precipitate the American War of Independence.
* The [[Quebec Act]] ensures the loyalty of the seigneurs and the clergy to the new regime by guaranteeing the traditional language, civil law, and faith of the subjects.
* [[Guy_Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]]'s recommendations are instituted in the [[Quebec Act]], which introduces British criminal law but retains French civil law and guarantees religious freedom for [[Roman Catholics]]. The Act's geographical claims were so great that it helped precipitate the American Revolution.
* [[Juan José Pérez Hernández|Juan Perez]] ordered by Spain to explore west coast; discovers [[Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)|Prince of Wales Island]], [[Dixon Sound]].
* [[Juan José Pérez Hernández|Juan Perez]] ordered by Spain to explore west coast; discovers [[Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)|Prince of Wales Island]], [[Dixon Sound]].


==See also==
==Births==
* February 4: [[Frederick Traugott Pursh]], botanist (d.[[1820 in Canada|1820]])
* [[1773 in Canada]]
* March 13: [[Rose Fortune]], entrepreneur (d.[[1864 in Canada|1864]])
* [[1774|other events of 1774]]
* August 19: [[Denis-Benjamin Viger]], politician, businessman and politician (d.[[1861 in Canada|1861]])
* [[1775 in Canada]]
* September 5: [[Enos Collins]], seaman, merchant, financier, and legislator (d.[[1871 in Canada|1871]])
* [[Timeline of Canadian history]]
* September 17: [[William Fitzwilliam Owen]], naval officer, hydrographic surveyor (d.[[1857 in Canada|1857]])
* December 27: [[Brenton Halliburton]], army officer, lawyer, judge, and politician (d.[[1860 in Canada|1860]])

==Deaths==
* July 11: [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet]], superintendent of northern Indians (b. [[1715 in Canada|1715]])

==Historical documents==
Cover letter on [[Constitutional history of Canada#Quebec Act (1774)|British Quebeckers']] petition for provincial assembly to make laws that do not risk their success or their children's [[History of education in Canada#Religious schools|Protestant education]]<ref>[https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3333679 "The Memorial of the Freeholders, Merchants, Planters and others(...)now in the Province of Quebec"] (January 10, 1774), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. (See also their petition to King [https://primarydocuments.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/DocsConsHist1759Can1907.pdf pgs. 347-8 (PDF frames 361-2)]) Accessed 10 August 2022</ref>

[[Hector Theophilus de Cramahé|Cramahé]] warns [[William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth#Political career|Dartmouth]] of British Quebeckers with "American Ideas in regard to Taxation," saying their "Irregularity" is bad example to [[French Canadians|Canadians]]<ref>"Cramahé to Dartmouth" (July 15, 1774), ''Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759-1791'' (1907), [https://primarydocuments.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/DocsConsHist1759Can1907.pdf pg. 353 (PDF frame 367)] (See also Canadians' petition to King, immediately following Cramahé letter) Accessed 15 August 2022</ref>

[[Quebec Act]] allows Catholicism and Canadian civil law and rights, establishes legislative council and expands province to include land north of Ohio River<ref>[https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/quebec_act_1774.asp "An Act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec in North America"] (October 7, 1774), Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. (See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266409 summary of act] and [https://diffusion.banq.qc.ca/pdfjs-1.6.210-dist_banq/web/pdf.php/OBhafBVQ-3tgyxRelDE8zg.pdf#page=37 its background and policy] and [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf short list of objections to act in Commons] (pg. 49), plus [https://collections.musee-mccord-stewart.ca/en/objects/10358/this-sir-is-the-meaning-of-the-quebec-act-1774&idx=3 illustration] "This Sir is the meaning of the Quebec Act, 1774") Accessed 26 July 2022</ref>

"Can a better legislature be given than that of a [[Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies#Council|governor and council]]?" - [[Frederick North, Lord North#Prime Minister (1770–1782)|Lord North]] says Quebec assembly can't be set up as it would have to be Catholic<ref>May 26, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pg. 10 (PDF frame 26)] Accessed 27 July 2022</ref>

[[Francis Maseres|Former Quebec attorney general]] thinks temporary, Crown-appointed council with minority of Catholics better than Quebec bill's governor-appointed council<ref>June 2, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pg. 132 (PDF frame 148)] (See also [https://primarydocuments.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/DocsConsHist1759Can1907.pdf Maseres's earlier opinion] on council (pg. 340) and "Case of the British Merchants Trading to Quebec" (pgs. 359-66)) Accessed 1 August 2022</ref>

"House of riot" - [[William Hey (judge)|Quebec chief justice]] thinks Canadians see no advantage in provincial assembly that would be source of disturbance and obstruction<ref>June 3, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pg. 160 (PDF frame 176)] Accessed 1 August 2022</ref>

Against Quebec Act, [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham#Later life|Chatham]] says it would lose "hearts of all the Americans" and British Quebeckers would deplore loss of [[Jury trial#England and Wales|jury trials]] and [[habeas corpus]]<ref>''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pgs. iii-v] Accessed 14 July 2022 (See also warning (pgs. 228-9) that "all hope of peace in America will be destroyed" if Catholic army is raised in Canada, and [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20491/6 various references] from America to evils of Quebec Act)</ref>

[[Charles James Fox#Early Career: 1768–1774|Charles Fox]] for assembly, which can safely include Canadians, as Catholics have nothing "repugnant in their views to the principles of political freedom"<ref>June 8, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pgs. 246-7 (PDF frames 262-3)] Accessed 3 August 2022</ref>

"The great [[Maxim (philosophy)|maxim]] to be learned from the history of our colonization is—let men manage their own affairs" - [[George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)#British politics|MP]] opposes Quebec spread, other parts of bill<ref>June 6, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons(...)on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pgs. 187-8 (PDF frames 203-4)] (Johnstone further (pg. 242) says bill favours governor and receiver-general, and surrounds British colonies with "line of despotism") Accessed 2 August 2022</ref>

Supporter says Quebec bill adopts "a government suitable to the ''genius'' of the people" who were "tractable[,] easily governed [and] happy" under French<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20469/6 "Thoughts on the Act For making more Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec"] (1774). (See another supportive argument [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.36442/6 here]) Accessed 27 July 2022</ref>

"[[Isaac Barré#Political career|I]] never yet knew it was found a grievance to any nation, to give them the [[Common law#Common law legal systems as opposed to civil law legal systems|English laws]]," which Canadians value, and should be worked into their [[Custom of Paris in New France|civil law]]<ref>May 26, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pgs. 39-40 (PDF frames 55-6)] (See also assessment of Canadian opinion of English law (pgs. 125-6)) Accessed 28 July 2022</ref>

"A work of time and difficulty" - [[William Hey (judge)|Quebec chief justice]] describes way to mix Canadian and English laws to satisfaction of both, rather than apply former only<ref>June 3, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pgs. 156-7 (PDF frames 172-3)] Accessed 1 August 2022</ref>

Londoners trading to Quebec petition to relieve Quebec merchants by retaining English law (including [[Jury trial#England and Wales|jury trials]]) and "grants and commissions" of past<ref>May 31, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pg. 75 (PDF frame 90)] (See also how counsel for merchants explains their stand (pgs. 96-9)) Accessed 28 July 2022</ref>

Regarding juries, [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester#Governor of Quebec|Gov. Carleton]] says Canadians think it strange that British prefer trial verdicts of "tailors and shoemakers [and] gentlemen" over judges<ref>"June 2; Examination of General Carleton, Governor-General of Canada," ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pg. 102 (PDF frame 118)] (Also, Canadians ridicule jury's unanimity requirement as "trial by strength of body and power to fast longest" (pg. 128), and upper class jurors are humiliated by having to work with lower class men, while latter find jury duty burdensome (pg. 151)) Accessed 28 July 2022</ref>

[[Edmund Burke]]: [[:File:British colonies 1763-76 shepherd1923.PNG|Quebec border]] (upper St. Lawrence, lower Great Lakes to Pennsylvania line, south to Ohio River) will divide liberty from French slavery<ref>June 6, 1774, ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pgs. 194-7 (PDF frames 328-31)] Accessed 2 August 2022</ref>

Anonymous letter circulated among "French or Canadian Inhabitants" supports Quebec Act with answers to objections made by British seeking its repeal<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.36871/275 Letter to Canadians] (in French with English translation; delivered December 26, 1774), ''An Account of the Proceedings of the British, and other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebeck''[...]''to obtain An House of Assembly''[....] (1775), pgs. 264-75. Accessed 4 August 2022 (See also [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_03425/5 Gov. Carleton reports] Canadians' satisfaction with Act, but [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17750103&printsec=frontpage letter from Montreal] says "Canadians in general" oppose it and gentry and priests support it (Page 1 of 3))</ref>

[[James Marriott (judge)|Advocate General]] says Britain can safely and rightly allow Catholic worship in Quebec, but must ban [[Catholic theology|Catholic doctrine]] and [[Papal supremacy|papal]] or other foreign control<ref>James Marriott, [https://archive.org/details/cihm_50226/page/n130/mode/1up "Fourth article"] ''Plan of a Code of Laws for the Province of Quebec'' (1774), pgs. 119-70. (See also [https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/342175/the-justice-and-policy-of-the-late-act-of-parliament-for-mak?ctx=9e93f2ea7468ea0db99566b52e4cf73170f4ace5&idx=12 The Justice and Policy of the late Act of Pariament, for(...)Quebec, Asserted and Proved]) Accessed 4 August 2022</ref>

In Commons, [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester#Governor of Quebec|Carleton]] says Quebec trade (two thirds in Canadian hands) has greatly increased because of "very fast" [[History of Quebec#Royal Proclamation (1763–1774)|growth of population]] and farming<ref>"June 2; Examination of General Carleton, Governor-General of Canada," ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pgs. 104-5 (PDF frames 120-1)] Accessed 28 July 2022</ref>

"The body of the people are not at all dissatisfied with the [[Conquest of New France (1758–1760)|conquest]]" - [[William Hey (judge)|Quebec chief justice]] thinks Canadians enjoy improved cultivation and land value<ref>"Examination of William Hey, Esq., Chief Justice of Quebec" (June 3, 1774), ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pg. 154 (PDF frame 170)] Accessed 1 August 2022</ref>

Carleton says Canadians were told British law would make them happy, but felt mocked when denied civil rights and "places of profit, or trust, or honour"<ref>"June 2; Examination of General Carleton, Governor-General of Canada," ''Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec'' (1839), [https://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Arguments/1774-Debates_of_the_House_of_Commons-UK-Quebec_Act_1774.pdf pg. 113 (PDF frame 129)] Accessed 28 July 2022</ref>

Gathered in [[Continental Congress#First Continental Congress, 1774|congress]], 12 American colonies see Quebec Act erecting "arbitrary government" on their frontiers and inclining its inhabitants to hostility<ref>[https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/contcong_10-20-74.asp "The Articles of Association"] Journals of the Continental Congress (October 20, 1774), Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. (See also expression of [https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/resolves.asp "great danger"] Quebec poses, and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266425 rumour] in London that regiment of Royal Canadians might be raised (2nd pg.), and [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-21-02-0149 "sort of Enthusiasm"] prevailing in Boston ("our all is at stake")). Accessed 26 July 2022</ref>

"These are the rights ''you'' are entitled to" - Congress urges Canadians to join it and demand [[Bill of Rights 1689|rights of Englishmen]] to check Quebec Act's arbitrariness<ref>(John Dickinson?), [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.36354/6 "A Letter to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec; Extract from the Minutes of the Congress"] (October 26, 1774). (See also [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.28446/50 London common council petitions] opposing Quebec bill in Parliament) Accessed 27 July 2022</ref>

Letter received from Philadelphia congress inviting Quebec merchants to support measures of "southern Colonies" is burned, and aid for Boston blocked<ref>"Halifax, October 25," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17741025&printsec=frontpage (October 25, 1774)] Page 4 of 4. Accessed 10 August 2022</ref>

[[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester#Governor of Quebec|Carleton]] on Canadians' "Uneasiness" at some British Quebeckers' efforts "to throw this Province into the same Disorders that reign" in other colonies<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_03425/8 "Carleton to Dartmouth"] (November 11, 1774), ''Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada; 1759-1791''; ''Part II'' (2nd edition; 1918), pgs. 586-8. (See also [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-02-02-0062 John Adams' report] that Massachusetts and Boston are considering "opening a Communication with Several Parts of" Quebec) Accessed 16 August 2022</ref>

Petitions for repeal of Quebec Act, with 187 signatures from Montreal and Quebec City, are sent to King, House of Lords and House of Commons<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_03425/11 "Petitions for the Repeal of the Quebec Act"] (November 12, 1774), ''Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada; 1759-1791''; ''Part II'' (2nd edition; 1918), pgs. 589-94. Accessed 16 August 2022</ref>

In case situation worsens in Massachusetts, [[Thomas Gage#Governor of Massachusetts Bay|Gen. Gage]] asks Carleton if and how "[[French Canadians|Canadians]] and Indians" could be organized for military service there<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_03425/5 "Extract of a Letter from General Gage to General Carleton"] (September 4, 1774), ''Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada; 1759-1791''; ''Part II'' (2nd edition; 1918), pgs. 583-4. Accessed 16 August 2022</ref>

"Tuesday Morning last arrived from Boston the Sloop London Expedition, Capt. Chevalier, with 27 [[History of the Acadians|Acadiens]], come to settle here" in Quebec<ref>"Quebec, June 30," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266401 Nomb. 494] (June 30, 1774), 3rd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022</ref>

[[Francis Legge|Nova Scotia governor]] on meetings that "greatly tend to disturb the Peace; and to promote[...]public Disorders and the highest Contempt of Government"<ref>"Halifax, September 20; By his Excellency," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17740920&printsec=frontpage Number 209] (September 20, 1774), Page 5 of 5. Accessed 10 August 2022</ref>

As exporting grain and [[wikt:pease#English|pease]] "has been the Occasion of great Scarcity," bond and certificate of shipping within Nova Scotia are required through 1775<ref>[https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-prevent-limited-time-exportation-wheat-rye-barley-flour-meal-and-pease-province-0 "An Act to prevent for a limitted Time the Exportation of Wheat, Rye, Barley, Flour, Meal and Pease from this Province"] (1774), 14 George III - Chapter 4, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 26 July 2022</ref>

Military and "[[Vagrancy#Historical views|wandering]]" persons without passes, all who even threaten to desert family, and anyone "seriously [[Insanity#From the Middle Ages onward|mad]] and dangerous" are to be arrested<ref>[https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-punishing-rogues-vagabonds-and-other-idle-and-disorderly-persons "An Act for punishing Rogues, Vagabonds, and other idle and disorderly Persons"] (1774), 14 George III - Chapter 5, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 26 July 2022</ref>

[[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough, Yorkshire]] correspondent says town is full of emigrants, most of whom lack "good fortune[...]and expect to find it in the wilds of Nova Scotia"<ref>"April 8," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266401 Nomb. 494] (June 30, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022</ref>

Yorkshiremen see Nova Scotia's good crop land, pasture and timber, but settlers too few and "ignorant, indolent, bad managers, and[...]poor" to prosper<ref>John Robinson and Thomas Rispin, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20477/37 "They have good land"] A Journey through Nova Scotia (1774), pgs. 32-3. Accessed 3 August 2022</ref>

Touring farmers find [[Annapolis Valley]]'s poor, [[Rum#Colonial North America|rum]]-drinking [[New England Planters|New England settlers]] are very bad farmers ("strangers to cultivation") missing trade prospects<ref>John Robinson and Thomas Rispin, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20477/19 "Annapolis Royal"] A Journey through Nova Scotia (1774), pgs. 14-15. Accessed 3 August 2022</ref>

Nova Scotia women "very industrious house-wives" who on Sundays dress in silk and [[Calico#Politics of cotton in the British Empire|calico]] with long [[Ruffle (sewing)|ruffles]], their hair dressed high, and carrying [[Hand fan#17th century|fans]]<ref>John Robinson and Thomas Rispin, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20477/30 "The women(....)"] A Journey through Nova Scotia (1774), pgs. 25, 35-6. Accessed 3 August 2022</ref>

Halifax [[Workhouse#Georgian era|workhouse]] wants adults and children "to [[Oakum#History|pick Oakum]] or [[Hand spinning|Spin]]" for "good Victuals & Drink, and a good warm Stove Room to Work and Lodge in"<ref>"Employment for the Poor; Halifax Work-house," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17740208&printsec=frontpage Number 177] (February 8, 1774), Page 1 of 4. Accessed 5 August 2022</ref>

Elizabeth Fleming, "having perfectly learn'd the art of a [[Midwife]],[...]will readily at any moment wait on Rich or Poor"<ref>"To the Public," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17741101&printsec=frontpage (November 1, 1774)] Page 1 of 4. Accessed 11 August 2022</ref>

[[Grammar school#Grammar schools in the 18th and 19th centuries|Grammar school]] opened in Halifax to teach Greek, Latin and French, and writing, [[wikt:cyphering#English|cyphering]] and bookkeeping, with hours from 6 to 8, 10 to 12 and 3 to 5<ref>"Notice is hereby given," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17740607&printsec=frontpage Number 194] (June 7, 1774), Page 2 of 4. Accessed 10 August 2022</ref>

Evening school classes in writing, arithmatic and bookkeeping available to "young Gentlemen [[Apprenticeship#History|Apprentices]] and others" in Halifax<ref>"Mr M'Gowan," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17741101&printsec=frontpage (November 1, 1774)] Page 1 of 4. Accessed 11 August 2022</ref>

Halifax woman teaches reading and writing, sewing and [[History of knitting#Early European knitting|knitting]], and flowering, marking and mitts knitting in her school, plus she makes hats and dresses<ref>"Mrs. Blackburn," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17740809&printsec=frontpage Number 203] (August 9, 1774), Page 4 of 4. Accessed 10 August 2022</ref>

Three-act [[Comedy (drama)|comedy]] to run in Halifax that playwright says is entirely fictional, with characters "too ''[[wikt:outré#English|outre]]'' to be personal on any Persons here or elsewhere"<ref>"Halifax, February 1[...]Persons of the Drama, &c.," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17740201&printsec=frontpage Number 176] (February 1, 1774), Page 3 of 4. (See also [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4p3FJGzxjgAC&dat=17740412&printsec=frontpage synopsis] of play on front page) Accessed 5 August 2022</ref>

British [[frigate]] orders French frigate off "the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland#History|fishing banks at Newfoundland]]," but it refuses and in battle loses its masts and has to [[Striking the colors|strike its colours]]<ref>"August 6," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266425 Nomb. 515] (November 24, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022</ref>

[[George Cartwright (trader)#Voyages to Newfoundland and Labrador|George Cartwright]] gives "a severe beating" to employee lost in woods near his Labrador home, and teaches him "unerring rules" about finding his way<ref>C.W. Townsend (ed.), "Tuesday, October 18, 1774," ''Captain Cartwright and His Labrador Journal'' (1911), [https://collections.mun.ca/digital/collection/cns/id/61743 pg. 155] Accessed 5 August 2022</ref>

"[[Botany#Early modern botany|Collector]] of North-American Plants" is in Labrador "to make Discoveries in that uncultivated and barren Part of the World, where no Botanist ever was"<ref>"Edinburgh, March 3," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266399 Nomb. 492] (June 16, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022</ref>

"[[Boston Port Act|An Act]] to discontinue[...]landing[...]or shipping of Goods, Wares, and Merchandise at[...]Boston; Whereas dangerous Commotions and Insurrections[....]"<ref>"Anno Regni Georgii III," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266398 Nomb. 491] (June 9, 1774), 1st pg. Accessed 9 August 2022</ref>

Brief note that 1,000 [[bushel]]s of grain has arrived at [[Salem, Massachusetts]] from Quebec "for the poor at [[Boston Port Act#Aftermath|Boston]]"<ref>"New-York, October 6," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266422 Nomb. 512] (November 3, 1774), 3rd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022</ref>

Brief obituary for [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|Sir William Johnson]], {{sic|Superint|endant|hide=y}} of Indian Affairs<ref>"New-York, July 25," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266409 Nomb. 501] (August 18, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022</ref>

Inscription on [[James Wolfe#Legacy|Wolfe's]] [[sarcophagus]] ([[St Alfege Church, Greenwich#Notables buried here|removed?]]) in [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey#Memorials|Westminster Abbey]] lauds his "surmounting by Ability, and Valour, all obstacles of Art and Nature"<ref>"October 5," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266379 Nomb. 472] (January 27, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 8 August 2022</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Canadian history}}
{{Canada early year nav}}
{{North America topic|1774 in}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:1774 In Canada}}
[[Category:1774 in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)| ]]
[[Category:1774 by country|Canada]]
[[Category:1774 by country|Canada]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Canada|74]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Canada|74]]

Latest revision as of 03:17, 7 March 2024

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1774
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Events from the year 1774 in Canada.

Incumbents

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Governors

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Events

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Births

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Deaths

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Historical documents

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Cover letter on British Quebeckers' petition for provincial assembly to make laws that do not risk their success or their children's Protestant education[2]

Cramahé warns Dartmouth of British Quebeckers with "American Ideas in regard to Taxation," saying their "Irregularity" is bad example to Canadians[3]

Quebec Act allows Catholicism and Canadian civil law and rights, establishes legislative council and expands province to include land north of Ohio River[4]

"Can a better legislature be given than that of a governor and council?" - Lord North says Quebec assembly can't be set up as it would have to be Catholic[5]

Former Quebec attorney general thinks temporary, Crown-appointed council with minority of Catholics better than Quebec bill's governor-appointed council[6]

"House of riot" - Quebec chief justice thinks Canadians see no advantage in provincial assembly that would be source of disturbance and obstruction[7]

Against Quebec Act, Chatham says it would lose "hearts of all the Americans" and British Quebeckers would deplore loss of jury trials and habeas corpus[8]

Charles Fox for assembly, which can safely include Canadians, as Catholics have nothing "repugnant in their views to the principles of political freedom"[9]

"The great maxim to be learned from the history of our colonization is—let men manage their own affairs" - MP opposes Quebec spread, other parts of bill[10]

Supporter says Quebec bill adopts "a government suitable to the genius of the people" who were "tractable[,] easily governed [and] happy" under French[11]

"I never yet knew it was found a grievance to any nation, to give them the English laws," which Canadians value, and should be worked into their civil law[12]

"A work of time and difficulty" - Quebec chief justice describes way to mix Canadian and English laws to satisfaction of both, rather than apply former only[13]

Londoners trading to Quebec petition to relieve Quebec merchants by retaining English law (including jury trials) and "grants and commissions" of past[14]

Regarding juries, Gov. Carleton says Canadians think it strange that British prefer trial verdicts of "tailors and shoemakers [and] gentlemen" over judges[15]

Edmund Burke: Quebec border (upper St. Lawrence, lower Great Lakes to Pennsylvania line, south to Ohio River) will divide liberty from French slavery[16]

Anonymous letter circulated among "French or Canadian Inhabitants" supports Quebec Act with answers to objections made by British seeking its repeal[17]

Advocate General says Britain can safely and rightly allow Catholic worship in Quebec, but must ban Catholic doctrine and papal or other foreign control[18]

In Commons, Carleton says Quebec trade (two thirds in Canadian hands) has greatly increased because of "very fast" growth of population and farming[19]

"The body of the people are not at all dissatisfied with the conquest" - Quebec chief justice thinks Canadians enjoy improved cultivation and land value[20]

Carleton says Canadians were told British law would make them happy, but felt mocked when denied civil rights and "places of profit, or trust, or honour"[21]

Gathered in congress, 12 American colonies see Quebec Act erecting "arbitrary government" on their frontiers and inclining its inhabitants to hostility[22]

"These are the rights you are entitled to" - Congress urges Canadians to join it and demand rights of Englishmen to check Quebec Act's arbitrariness[23]

Letter received from Philadelphia congress inviting Quebec merchants to support measures of "southern Colonies" is burned, and aid for Boston blocked[24]

Carleton on Canadians' "Uneasiness" at some British Quebeckers' efforts "to throw this Province into the same Disorders that reign" in other colonies[25]

Petitions for repeal of Quebec Act, with 187 signatures from Montreal and Quebec City, are sent to King, House of Lords and House of Commons[26]

In case situation worsens in Massachusetts, Gen. Gage asks Carleton if and how "Canadians and Indians" could be organized for military service there[27]

"Tuesday Morning last arrived from Boston the Sloop London Expedition, Capt. Chevalier, with 27 Acadiens, come to settle here" in Quebec[28]

Nova Scotia governor on meetings that "greatly tend to disturb the Peace; and to promote[...]public Disorders and the highest Contempt of Government"[29]

As exporting grain and pease "has been the Occasion of great Scarcity," bond and certificate of shipping within Nova Scotia are required through 1775[30]

Military and "wandering" persons without passes, all who even threaten to desert family, and anyone "seriously mad and dangerous" are to be arrested[31]

Scarborough, Yorkshire correspondent says town is full of emigrants, most of whom lack "good fortune[...]and expect to find it in the wilds of Nova Scotia"[32]

Yorkshiremen see Nova Scotia's good crop land, pasture and timber, but settlers too few and "ignorant, indolent, bad managers, and[...]poor" to prosper[33]

Touring farmers find Annapolis Valley's poor, rum-drinking New England settlers are very bad farmers ("strangers to cultivation") missing trade prospects[34]

Nova Scotia women "very industrious house-wives" who on Sundays dress in silk and calico with long ruffles, their hair dressed high, and carrying fans[35]

Halifax workhouse wants adults and children "to pick Oakum or Spin" for "good Victuals & Drink, and a good warm Stove Room to Work and Lodge in"[36]

Elizabeth Fleming, "having perfectly learn'd the art of a Midwife,[...]will readily at any moment wait on Rich or Poor"[37]

Grammar school opened in Halifax to teach Greek, Latin and French, and writing, cyphering and bookkeeping, with hours from 6 to 8, 10 to 12 and 3 to 5[38]

Evening school classes in writing, arithmatic and bookkeeping available to "young Gentlemen Apprentices and others" in Halifax[39]

Halifax woman teaches reading and writing, sewing and knitting, and flowering, marking and mitts knitting in her school, plus she makes hats and dresses[40]

Three-act comedy to run in Halifax that playwright says is entirely fictional, with characters "too outre to be personal on any Persons here or elsewhere"[41]

British frigate orders French frigate off "the fishing banks at Newfoundland," but it refuses and in battle loses its masts and has to strike its colours[42]

George Cartwright gives "a severe beating" to employee lost in woods near his Labrador home, and teaches him "unerring rules" about finding his way[43]

"Collector of North-American Plants" is in Labrador "to make Discoveries in that uncultivated and barren Part of the World, where no Botanist ever was"[44]

"An Act to discontinue[...]landing[...]or shipping of Goods, Wares, and Merchandise at[...]Boston; Whereas dangerous Commotions and Insurrections[....]"[45]

Brief note that 1,000 bushels of grain has arrived at Salem, Massachusetts from Quebec "for the poor at Boston"[46]

Brief obituary for Sir William Johnson, Superintendant of Indian Affairs[47]

Inscription on Wolfe's sarcophagus (removed?) in Westminster Abbey lauds his "surmounting by Ability, and Valour, all obstacles of Art and Nature"[48]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Kings and Queens of Canada". aem. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  2. ^ "The Memorial of the Freeholders, Merchants, Planters and others(...)now in the Province of Quebec" (January 10, 1774), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. (See also their petition to King pgs. 347-8 (PDF frames 361-2)) Accessed 10 August 2022
  3. ^ "Cramahé to Dartmouth" (July 15, 1774), Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 1759-1791 (1907), pg. 353 (PDF frame 367) (See also Canadians' petition to King, immediately following Cramahé letter) Accessed 15 August 2022
  4. ^ "An Act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec in North America" (October 7, 1774), Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. (See also summary of act and its background and policy and short list of objections to act in Commons (pg. 49), plus illustration "This Sir is the meaning of the Quebec Act, 1774") Accessed 26 July 2022
  5. ^ May 26, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pg. 10 (PDF frame 26) Accessed 27 July 2022
  6. ^ June 2, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pg. 132 (PDF frame 148) (See also Maseres's earlier opinion on council (pg. 340) and "Case of the British Merchants Trading to Quebec" (pgs. 359-66)) Accessed 1 August 2022
  7. ^ June 3, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pg. 160 (PDF frame 176) Accessed 1 August 2022
  8. ^ Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pgs. iii-v Accessed 14 July 2022 (See also warning (pgs. 228-9) that "all hope of peace in America will be destroyed" if Catholic army is raised in Canada, and various references from America to evils of Quebec Act)
  9. ^ June 8, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pgs. 246-7 (PDF frames 262-3) Accessed 3 August 2022
  10. ^ June 6, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons(...)on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pgs. 187-8 (PDF frames 203-4) (Johnstone further (pg. 242) says bill favours governor and receiver-general, and surrounds British colonies with "line of despotism") Accessed 2 August 2022
  11. ^ "Thoughts on the Act For making more Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec" (1774). (See another supportive argument here) Accessed 27 July 2022
  12. ^ May 26, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pgs. 39-40 (PDF frames 55-6) (See also assessment of Canadian opinion of English law (pgs. 125-6)) Accessed 28 July 2022
  13. ^ June 3, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pgs. 156-7 (PDF frames 172-3) Accessed 1 August 2022
  14. ^ May 31, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pg. 75 (PDF frame 90) (See also how counsel for merchants explains their stand (pgs. 96-9)) Accessed 28 July 2022
  15. ^ "June 2; Examination of General Carleton, Governor-General of Canada," Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pg. 102 (PDF frame 118) (Also, Canadians ridicule jury's unanimity requirement as "trial by strength of body and power to fast longest" (pg. 128), and upper class jurors are humiliated by having to work with lower class men, while latter find jury duty burdensome (pg. 151)) Accessed 28 July 2022
  16. ^ June 6, 1774, Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pgs. 194-7 (PDF frames 328-31) Accessed 2 August 2022
  17. ^ Letter to Canadians (in French with English translation; delivered December 26, 1774), An Account of the Proceedings of the British, and other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebeck[...]to obtain An House of Assembly[....] (1775), pgs. 264-75. Accessed 4 August 2022 (See also Gov. Carleton reports Canadians' satisfaction with Act, but letter from Montreal says "Canadians in general" oppose it and gentry and priests support it (Page 1 of 3))
  18. ^ James Marriott, "Fourth article" Plan of a Code of Laws for the Province of Quebec (1774), pgs. 119-70. (See also The Justice and Policy of the late Act of Pariament, for(...)Quebec, Asserted and Proved) Accessed 4 August 2022
  19. ^ "June 2; Examination of General Carleton, Governor-General of Canada," Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pgs. 104-5 (PDF frames 120-1) Accessed 28 July 2022
  20. ^ "Examination of William Hey, Esq., Chief Justice of Quebec" (June 3, 1774), Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pg. 154 (PDF frame 170) Accessed 1 August 2022
  21. ^ "June 2; Examination of General Carleton, Governor-General of Canada," Debates of the House of Commons[...]on the Bill for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec (1839), pg. 113 (PDF frame 129) Accessed 28 July 2022
  22. ^ "The Articles of Association" Journals of the Continental Congress (October 20, 1774), Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. (See also expression of "great danger" Quebec poses, and rumour in London that regiment of Royal Canadians might be raised (2nd pg.), and "sort of Enthusiasm" prevailing in Boston ("our all is at stake")). Accessed 26 July 2022
  23. ^ (John Dickinson?), "A Letter to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec; Extract from the Minutes of the Congress" (October 26, 1774). (See also London common council petitions opposing Quebec bill in Parliament) Accessed 27 July 2022
  24. ^ "Halifax, October 25," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, (October 25, 1774) Page 4 of 4. Accessed 10 August 2022
  25. ^ "Carleton to Dartmouth" (November 11, 1774), Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada; 1759-1791; Part II (2nd edition; 1918), pgs. 586-8. (See also John Adams' report that Massachusetts and Boston are considering "opening a Communication with Several Parts of" Quebec) Accessed 16 August 2022
  26. ^ "Petitions for the Repeal of the Quebec Act" (November 12, 1774), Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada; 1759-1791; Part II (2nd edition; 1918), pgs. 589-94. Accessed 16 August 2022
  27. ^ "Extract of a Letter from General Gage to General Carleton" (September 4, 1774), Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada; 1759-1791; Part II (2nd edition; 1918), pgs. 583-4. Accessed 16 August 2022
  28. ^ "Quebec, June 30," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 494 (June 30, 1774), 3rd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022
  29. ^ "Halifax, September 20; By his Excellency," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, Number 209 (September 20, 1774), Page 5 of 5. Accessed 10 August 2022
  30. ^ "An Act to prevent for a limitted Time the Exportation of Wheat, Rye, Barley, Flour, Meal and Pease from this Province" (1774), 14 George III - Chapter 4, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 26 July 2022
  31. ^ "An Act for punishing Rogues, Vagabonds, and other idle and disorderly Persons" (1774), 14 George III - Chapter 5, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 26 July 2022
  32. ^ "April 8," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 494 (June 30, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022
  33. ^ John Robinson and Thomas Rispin, "They have good land" A Journey through Nova Scotia (1774), pgs. 32-3. Accessed 3 August 2022
  34. ^ John Robinson and Thomas Rispin, "Annapolis Royal" A Journey through Nova Scotia (1774), pgs. 14-15. Accessed 3 August 2022
  35. ^ John Robinson and Thomas Rispin, "The women(....)" A Journey through Nova Scotia (1774), pgs. 25, 35-6. Accessed 3 August 2022
  36. ^ "Employment for the Poor; Halifax Work-house," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, Number 177 (February 8, 1774), Page 1 of 4. Accessed 5 August 2022
  37. ^ "To the Public," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, (November 1, 1774) Page 1 of 4. Accessed 11 August 2022
  38. ^ "Notice is hereby given," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, Number 194 (June 7, 1774), Page 2 of 4. Accessed 10 August 2022
  39. ^ "Mr M'Gowan," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, (November 1, 1774) Page 1 of 4. Accessed 11 August 2022
  40. ^ "Mrs. Blackburn," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, Number 203 (August 9, 1774), Page 4 of 4. Accessed 10 August 2022
  41. ^ "Halifax, February 1[...]Persons of the Drama, &c.," The Nova-Scotia Gazette: and The Weekly Chronicle, Number 176 (February 1, 1774), Page 3 of 4. (See also synopsis of play on front page) Accessed 5 August 2022
  42. ^ "August 6," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 515 (November 24, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022
  43. ^ C.W. Townsend (ed.), "Tuesday, October 18, 1774," Captain Cartwright and His Labrador Journal (1911), pg. 155 Accessed 5 August 2022
  44. ^ "Edinburgh, March 3," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 492 (June 16, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022
  45. ^ "Anno Regni Georgii III," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 491 (June 9, 1774), 1st pg. Accessed 9 August 2022
  46. ^ "New-York, October 6," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 512 (November 3, 1774), 3rd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022
  47. ^ "New-York, July 25," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 501 (August 18, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 9 August 2022
  48. ^ "October 5," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 472 (January 27, 1774), 2nd pg. Accessed 8 August 2022
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