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{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhism tulku lineage dispute}}
{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhism tulku lineage dispute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{multiple issues|
{{independent sources|date=January 2024}}
{{primary sources|date=January 2024}}
}}
There are currently two, separately enthroned 17th [[Karmapa|Gyalwang Karmapas]]: [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] and [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]]. The Karmapa is the spiritual leader of the nine-hundred-year-old Karma Kagyu lineage of the Kagyu school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].
There are currently two, separately enthroned 17th [[Karmapa|Gyalwang Karmapas]]: [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] and [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]]. The Karmapa is the spiritual leader of the nine-hundred-year-old Karma Kagyu lineage of the Kagyu school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].


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==Background==
==Background==
===Conflicts with previous Karmapa recognitions===

This is not the first controversy around a Karmapa incarnation. The [[Karmapa#Recognition of Karmapas|recognitions of the Karmapa incarnations]] are of central importance in the [[Karma Kagyu]] lineage. The 8th, 10th, and 12th incarnations, as well as the [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa|widely renowned 16th Karmapa]], experienced minor conflicts during their recognitions, each of which was ultimately resolved.{{sfnp|Thrangu Rinpoche|2000}}{{sfnp|Wong|2010|p=2}}{{sfnp|Bausch|2018|p=41}}{{sfnp|Kunsang|Binder-Schmidt|2005|pp=152–154}}
This is not the first controversy around a Karmapa incarnation. The [[Karmapa#Recognition of Karmapas|recognitions of the Karmapa incarnations]] are of central importance in the [[Karma Kagyu]] lineage. The 8th, 10th, and 12th incarnations, as well as the [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa|widely renowned 16th Karmapa]], experienced minor conflicts during their recognitions, each of which was ultimately resolved.{{sfnp|Thrangu Rinpoche|2000}}{{sfnp|Wong|2010|p=2}}{{sfnp|Bausch|2018|p=41}}{{sfnp|Kunsang|Binder-Schmidt|2005|pp=152–154}}

===Re-emergence of recognition of Shamar Rinpoche===


The [[14th Shamarpa, Mipham Chokyi Lodro|14th Shamar Rinpoche]], nephew of the [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa|16th Karmapa]], traveled alongside him during his escape to [[Bhutan]] from Tibet. In 1964, the eight year old was granted permission by the [[Dalai Lama]] and the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Government-in-Exile]] to be officially recognized. With the 172-year ban on recognizing Shamarpa reincarnations lifted, [[Shamar Rinpoche]] reclaimed his place as senior student and deputy of the [[Karmapa]]. The ban had begun after the 10th Sharmapa was accused by members of the [[Karma Kagyu]] lineage of being a traitor, and of instigating the [[Sino-Nepalese War]] between Tibet and Nepal.{{sfnp|Van Schaik|2011|p=282}}{{sfnp|Douglas|White|1975|pp=150–151}}{{sfnp|Brown|2004|pp=98–99}} The ban affected Shamar Rinpoche's lineage and supporting administration, but his enthronement in 1964 at the [[Rumtek Monastery]] allowed him back into his historical position as the second-ranking lama of the [[Karma Kagyu]] lineage, following the [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa|16th Karmapa]].{{sfnp|Brown|2004|p=223}}{{sfnp|Lehnert|2019|p=56}}
The [[14th Shamarpa, Mipham Chokyi Lodro|14th Shamar Rinpoche]], nephew of the [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa|16th Karmapa]], traveled alongside him during his escape to [[Bhutan]] from Tibet. In 1964, the eight year old was granted permission by the [[Dalai Lama]] and the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Government-in-Exile]] to be officially recognized. With the 172-year ban on recognizing Shamarpa reincarnations lifted, [[Shamar Rinpoche]] reclaimed his place as senior student and deputy of the [[Karmapa]]. The ban had begun after the 10th Sharmapa was accused by members of the [[Karma Kagyu]] lineage of being a traitor, and of instigating the [[Sino-Nepalese War]] between Tibet and Nepal.{{sfnp|Van Schaik|2011|p=282}}{{sfnp|Douglas|White|1975|pp=150–151}}{{sfnp|Brown|2004|pp=98–99}} The ban affected Shamar Rinpoche's lineage and supporting administration, but his enthronement in 1964 at the [[Rumtek Monastery]] allowed him back into his historical position as the second-ranking lama of the [[Karma Kagyu]] lineage, following the [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa|16th Karmapa]].{{sfnp|Brown|2004|p=223}}{{sfnp|Lehnert|2019|p=56}}


Incarnations like the 12th Shamarpa, son of the [[Khakyab Dorje, 15th Karmapa Lama|15th Karmapa]], enjoyed more leniency—but not official recognition—from the government thanks to the close personal relationship of that Karmapa and the [[13th Dalai Lama]].{{sfnp|Lehnert|2019|p=50}}{{sfnp|Samuel|1993|p=271}}
Incarnations like the 12th Shamarpa, son of the [[Khakyab Dorje, 15th Karmapa Lama|15th Karmapa]], enjoyed more leniency—but not official recognition—from the government thanks to the close personal relationship of that Karmapa and the [[13th Dalai Lama]].{{sfnp|Lehnert|2019|p=50}}{{sfnp|Samuel|1993|p=271}}

===Collaboration to recognize a Karmapa incarnation===


The Karmapas traditionally predict their deliberately chosen rebirths, and prepare their predictions for their closest students so as to be located after birth. Although not strictly defined, the usual process to locate, recognize and enthrone a Karmapa incarnation was facilitated quietly by those previously close students, collaboratively and behind closed doors. Multiple judgements ensured harmony and continuity of the lineage.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=95}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=86}} Among the collaborative participants, the [[Shamar Rinpoche]]s have played an important role in confirming the identity of the Karmapas for several centuries. The [[Tai Situpa|Tai Situ]] Rinpoches and [[Goshir Gyaltsab Rinpoche]]s have played similar roles, as the circumstances dictated.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=94}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=86}}
The Karmapas traditionally predict their deliberately chosen rebirths, and prepare their predictions for their closest students so as to be located after birth. Although not strictly defined, the usual process to locate, recognize and enthrone a Karmapa incarnation was facilitated quietly by those previously close students, collaboratively and behind closed doors. Multiple judgements ensured harmony and continuity of the lineage.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=95}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=86}} Among the collaborative participants, the [[Shamar Rinpoche]]s have played an important role in confirming the identity of the Karmapas for several centuries. The [[Tai Situpa|Tai Situ]] Rinpoches and [[Goshir Gyaltsab Rinpoche]]s have played similar roles, as the circumstances dictated.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=94}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=86}}


⚫
The Shamar Rinpoches have had a hand in recognizing seven of the Karmapas and were often successors and teachers of the Karmapas—the relationship between the two has been characterized as being like father and son, or as brothers.{{sfnp|Roberts|2011|p=24}}{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=94}} The 5th Dalai Lama, for instance, affirmed the Karmapa and Shamarpa incarnations as having equal status, and in early texts the Shamarpa (Tibetan: ཞྭ་དམར་པ། [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''zhwa dmar pa'', "red-hatted one") is referred to as the "Red Hat Karmapa".{{sfnp|Roberts|2007|p=27}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=86}} Upon his enthronement in 1964, the [[Mipham Chokyi Lodro|14th Shamarpa]] was named by [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa|16th Karmapa]] as [[#Re-emergence of recognition of Shamar Rinpoche|his spiritual heir]] and was the senior-most lama of the lineage during the controversy.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|pp=94, 97}}{{sfnp|Frammolino|2014}} The Tai Situ Rinpoches and Gyaltsap Rinpoches have also had a close historical relationship with the Karmapas. The Tai Situ Rinpoches have identified — either independently or in conjunction with the Shamar or Gyaltsap Rinpoches — three of the Karmapa incarnations, and similarly, the Gyaltsap Rinpoches have helped identify four incarnations.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|pp=94, 97}}
====Role of the Shamarpas====
⚫
The Shamar Rinpoches have had a hand in recognizing seven of the Karmapas and were often successors and teachers of the Karmapas—the relationship between the two has been characterized as being like father and son, or as brothers.{{sfnp|Roberts|2011|p=24}}{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=94}} The 5th Dalai Lama, for instance, affirmed the Karmapa and Shamarpa incarnations as having equal status, and in early texts the Shamarpa (Tibetan: ཞྭ་དམར་པ། [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''zhwa dmar pa'', "red-hatted one") is referred to as the "Red Hat Karmapa".{{sfnp|Roberts|2007|p=27}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=86}} Upon his enthronement in 1964, the [[Mipham Chokyi Lodro|14th Shamarpa]] was named by [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa|16th Karmapa]] as [[#Re-emergence of recognition of Shamar Rinpoche|his spiritual heir]] and was the senior-most lama of the lineage during the controversy,{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|pp=94, 97}}{{sfnp|Frammolino|2014}}


⚫
A prophecy was made by the 19th century [[Nyingma]] master, [[Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa|Chokgyur Lingpa]], based a vision he had whereby Guru Rinpoche manifests as past and future Karmapas, and the minds of the 17th Karmapa and Tai Situ Rinpoche are "inseparably one" as they sit together under a "verdant tree on a rocky mountain".{{sfnp|Thrangu Rinpoche|2000}} While disputing the interpretation of the prophecy, the Shamarpa, while supporting his selection of [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]], maintained it could be reinterpreted to correspond to the 16th Karmapa and the 11th Tai Situ Rinpoche.{{sfnp|Wong|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Brown|2004|pp=170–171}}
====Role of Tai Situ Rinpoches and Gyaltsap Rinpoches====


In Tibet, the 14th [[Dalai Lama]]'s [[Gelug]] school historically had a strong political and spiritual-leadership role, which was tempered by the autonomy of the three other schools of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]—the [[Kagyu]] school, the [[Nyingma]] school and the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] school. The Nyingma school has always been non-political. In 1992, after [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] was located and recognized, the search committee, then led by Tai Situ Rinpoche, requested that the Dalai Lama bestow the Buktham Rinpoche seal, or the Buktham Letter, on the recognized 17th Gyalwang Karmapa. The seal was made official on 30 June 1992.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=95}} Supporters of [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] maintain that the [[14th Dalai Lama]] has the spiritual authority to recognize an incarnation of the Karmapa. The Karmapa lineage is the oldest tulku lineage in Tibetan Buddhism, predating the Dalai Lama lineage by more than two centuries.{{sfnp|Vasudeva|2018}} Followers of the [[Karma Kagyu]] lineage historically have considered themselves independent of the Dalai Lama's authority, and see the Karmapas as spiritually equal to the historical Buddha.{{sfnp|Levine|2013|p=62}} Supporters of [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]] claim any previous involvement of the Dalai Lama and Tibetan government was merely a final stamp of approval following an individual monastery's (or lama's administration) independent decision.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=95}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|pp=134–135}}{{sfnp|Wong|2010|p=75}}
The Tai Situ Rinpoches and Gyaltsap Rinpoches have also had a close historical relationship with the Karmapas. The Tai Situ Rinpoches have identified — either independently or in conjunction with the Shamar or Gyaltsap Rinpoches — three of the Karmapa incarnations, and similarly, the Gyaltsap Rinpoches have helped identify four incarnations.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|pp=94, 97}}


Within the [[antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party]] is an ongoing directive to halt the recognition of high [[Tulku|tulkus]] and control the naming of Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas, Karmapas, and Shamarpas, in order to gain spiritual and temporal control of Tibet and of Tibetan Buddhism. Official Beijing decrees were initiated in 1991, then revised as the [[State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5]], to outlaw the recognition of tulkus and lamas without China's state approvals. An ineffective lottery system was reported following [[#Re-emergence of recognition of Shamar Rinpoche|the ban of the Shamarpas]]. In 1992, China tried another tactic which approved the 17th Karmapa's enthronement and posited its plan to eventually replace the 14th Dalai Lama with the 17th Karmapa.{{sfnp|Brown|2004|pp=99–100}}{{sfnp|Shakabpa|1984|p=172}}{{sfnp|Kuzmin|2017|p=37}}{{sfnp|Terhune|2004|pp=14, 232}}
===Chokgyur Lingpa's prophecy of 17th Karmapa and Tai Situ Rinpoche===
⚫
A prophecy was made by the 19th century [[Nyingma]] master, [[Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa|Chokgyur Lingpa]], based a vision he had whereby Guru Rinpoche manifests as past and future Karmapas, and the minds of the 17th Karmapa and Tai Situ Rinpoche are "inseparably one" as they sit together under a "verdant tree on a rocky mountain".{{sfnp|Thrangu Rinpoche|2000}}


⚫
In the centuries following the inception of the system used to identify reincarnate lamas (beginning in the 13th century with [[Tulku#History|the second Karmapa]]), the process became increasingly corrupted and politicized by those living outside monastic-ordination systems, as the process also led indirectly to sources of material wealth and power in Tibet.{{sfnp|McKay|2003|page=237}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|pp=4–5}}{{sfnp|Samuel|1993|p=285}}{{sfnp|Thondup Rinpoche|2011|p={{pn|date=January 2024}}}} Highly respected teachers like the 14th Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche have bemoaned the practice as belonging to feudal times, and have advocated revamping the system in way that divorces the reincarnate teacher from administrative politics and allows them to distinguish themselves.{{sfnp|Puri|2019}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=254}}{{sfnp|Frayer|2019}}{{sfnp|Terhune|2004|p=141}}
While disputing the interpretation of the prophecy, the Shamarpa, while supporting his selection of [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]], maintained it could be reinterpreted to correspond to the 16th Karmapa and the 11th Tai Situ Rinpoche.{{sfnp|Wong|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Brown|2004|pp=170–171}}

===The 14th Dalai Lama===
In Tibet, the 14th [[Dalai Lama]]'s [[Gelug]] school historically had a strong political and spiritual-leadership role, which was tempered by the autonomy of the three other schools of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]—the [[Kagyu]] school, the [[Nyingma]] school and the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] school. The Nyingma school has always been non-political.

In 1992, after [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] was located and recognized, the search committee, then led by Tai Situ Rinpoche, requested that the Dalai Lama bestow the Buktham Rinpoche seal, or the Buktham Letter, on the recognized 17th Gyalwang Karmapa. The seal was made official on 30 June 1992.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=95}} Supporters of [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] maintain that the [[14th Dalai Lama]] has the spiritual authority to recognize an incarnation of the Karmapa.

The Karmapa lineage is the oldest tulku lineage in Tibetan Buddhism, predating the Dalai Lama lineage by more than two centuries.{{sfnp|Vasudeva|2018}} Followers of the [[Karma Kagyu]] lineage historically have considered themselves independent of the Dalai Lama's authority, and see the Karmapas as spiritually equal to the historical Buddha.{{sfnp|Levine|2013|p=62}}

Supporters of [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]] claim any previous involvement of the Dalai Lama and Tibetan government was merely a final stamp of approval following an individual monastery's (or lama's administration) independent decision.{{sfnp|Damcho|2016|p=95}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|pp=134–135}}{{sfnp|Wong|2010|p=75}}

====Chinese attempts to control incarnations====
Within the [[Antireligious campaigns in China]] is an ongoing directive to halt the recognition of high [[Tulku|tulkus]] and control the naming of Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas, Karmapas, and Shamarpas, in order to gain spiritual and temporal control of Tibet and of Tibetan Buddhism.

Official Beijing decrees were initiated in 1991, then revised as the [[State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5]], to outlaw the recognition of tulkus and lamas without China's state approvals. An ineffective lottery system was reported following [[#Re-emergence of recognition of Shamar Rinpoche|the ban of the Shamarpas]].

In 1992, China tried another tactic which approved the 17th Karmapa's enthronement and posited its plan to eventually replace the 14th Dalai Lama with the 17th Karmapa.{{sfnp|Brown|2004|pp=99–100}}{{sfnp|Shakabpa|1984|p=172}}{{sfnp|Kuzmin|2017|p=37}}{{sfnp|Terhune|2004|pp=14, 232}}

====Corruption of the Tibetan ''tulku'' system====
⚫
In the centuries following the inception of the system used to identify reincarnate lamas (beginning in the 13th century with [[Tulku#History|the second Karmapa]]), the process became increasingly corrupted and politicized by those living outside monastic-ordination systems, as the process also led indirectly to sources of material wealth and power in Tibet.{{sfnp|McKay|2003|page=237}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|pp=4–5}}{{sfnp|Samuel|1993|p=285}}{{sfnp|Thondup Rinpoche|2011|p={{pn}}}} Highly respected teachers like the 14th Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche have bemoaned the practice as belonging to feudal times, and have advocated revamping the system in way that divorces the reincarnate teacher from administrative politics and allows them to distinguish themselves.{{sfnp|Puri|2019}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=254}}{{sfnp|Frayer|2019}}{{sfnp|Terhune|2004|p=141}}


==History==
==History==
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One central issue in the recognition of the 17th Karmapa was a prediction letter Tai Situ claimed was written by the 16th Karmapa. It indicated the parents, location, and year of the 17th Karmapa's rebirth.
One central issue in the recognition of the 17th Karmapa was a prediction letter Tai Situ claimed was written by the 16th Karmapa. It indicated the parents, location, and year of the 17th Karmapa's rebirth.


In January 1981, nine months before the 16th Karmapa's ''parinirvāṇa'', the 12th Tai Situpa maintained that the Karmapa gave him an amulet with a yellow-brocade cover, telling him, "This is your protection amulet. In the future, it will confer great benefit." Although Tai Situpa wore the locket on a gold chain for about a year after the Karmapa's death, he moved it to a side pocket, not realizing its significance or that it contained a message. Tai Situpa states that he followed an intuition to open the amulet and found in late 1990 the third prediction letter, inside an envelope marked "Open in the Metal Horse Year".
In January 1981, nine months before the 16th Karmapa's ''parinirvāṇa'', the 12th Tai Situpa maintained that the Karmapa gave him an amulet with a yellow-brocade cover, telling him, "This is your protection amulet. In the future, it will confer great benefit."{{cite quote|date=January 2024}} Although Tai Situpa wore the locket on a gold chain for about a year after the Karmapa's death, he moved it to a side pocket, not realizing its significance or that it contained a message. Tai Situpa states that he followed an intuition to open the amulet and found in late 1990 the third prediction letter, inside an envelope marked "Open in the Metal Horse Year".


===Shamar Rinpoche questions the letter's authenticity===
===Shamar Rinpoche questions the letter's authenticity===
Shamar Rinpoche questioned the authenticity of Tai Situ's prediction letter presented in 1992. He requested a forensic examination to prove or disprove its age and authorship. Shamar Rinpoche stated the inner letter appeared to be older than its outer envelope, and claimed the handwriting and grammar did not match that of the 16th Karmapa.{{sfnp|Wong|2010|p=3}} Tai Situ rejected the idea of a scientific evaluation.<ref>Roberts, Elizabeth and John B., "Freeing Tibet: 50 Years of Struggle, Resilience, and Hope" 2009 p. 242</ref>{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=130}}{{sfnp|Lehnert|1998|p=84}}
Shamar Rinpoche questioned the authenticity of Tai Situ's prediction letter presented in 1992. He requested a forensic examination to prove or disprove its age and authorship. Shamar Rinpoche stated the inner letter appeared to be older than its outer envelope, and claimed the handwriting and grammar did not match that of the 16th Karmapa.{{sfnp|Wong|2010|p=3}} Tai Situ rejected the idea of a scientific evaluation.{{sfnp|Roberts|Roberts|2009|p=242}}{{sfnp|Curren|2006|p=130}}{{sfnp|Lehnert|1998|p=84}}


===Recognizing the current Karmapa===
===Recognizing the current Karmapa===
Among tulkus of the Karma Kagyu lineage, the 7th [[Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche]], the 9th [[Thrangu Rinpoche]], the 7th [[Mingyur Rinpoche]], and the 9th [[Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche]] hold [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] to be the 17th Karmapa. [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]] has been recognized by [[Mipham Chokyi Lodro|Shamar Rinpoche]], [[Lama Jigme Rinpoche]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jigmela.org/biography.htm |title=Lama Jigme Rinpoche |publisher=Dhagpo Kagyu Ling |access-date=27 June 2012}}</ref> Topga Yulgyal Rinpoche, Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche, Sherab Gyaltsen Rinpoche, Khenchen Rinpoche Drupon Trinley Paljor, and the Fourth Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche.
Among tulkus of the Karma Kagyu lineage, the 7th [[Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche]], the 9th [[Thrangu Rinpoche]], the 7th [[Mingyur Rinpoche]], and the 9th [[Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche]] hold [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] to be the 17th Karmapa. [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]] has been recognized by [[Mipham Chokyi Lodro|Shamar Rinpoche]], [[Lama Jigme Rinpoche]],{{cn|date=January 2024}} Topga Yulgyal Rinpoche, Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche, Sherab Gyaltsen Rinpoche, Khenchen Rinpoche Drupon Trinley Paljor, and the Fourth Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche.


The government of the [[People's Republic of China]] officially recognized Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the 17th Karmapa in 1992.<ref>[http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=1038&catid=6&subcatid=33 KARMAPA LAMA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215082736/http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=1038&catid=6&subcatid=33 |date=2010-12-15 }} - China Facts and Details</ref><ref name="fmprc">{{cite web |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3585_665495/3592_665509/3598_665521/t17974.shtml |title=The Reincarnation of the Living Buddhas |access-date=2020-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503130004/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3585_665495/3592_665509/3598_665521/t17974.shtml |archive-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> The PRC has continued to recognize Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the Karmapa even after he departed Tibet and arrived in India in January 2000.<ref name="ChinaReport">{{cite journal |date=May 1, 2001 |title=China and South Asia, 2000: A Chronology |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000944550103700212 |journal=China Report |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=285–301 |doi=10.1177/000944550103700212 |s2cid=220880155 |access-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref> Ogyen Trinley has been referred to as the 'Beijing Karmapa', due to the backing he receives from the government of the PRC. Trinley Thaye, meanwhile, is referred to as the 'Delhi Karmapa', due to his having the support of the government of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://wap.business-standard.com/article/international/beijing-karmapa-gains-acceptance-as-delhi-karmapa-marries-117033100204_1.html |title='Beijing Karmapa' gains acceptance as 'Delhi Karmapa' marries |newspaper=Business Standard India|date=18 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2022|last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai }}</ref>
The government of the [[People's Republic of China]] officially recognized Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the 17th Karmapa in 1992.{{sfnp|Hays|2010}}{{sfnp|Ministry of Foreign Affairs|n.d.}}{{sfnp|Kuzmin|2017}} The PRC has continued to recognize Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the Karmapa even after he departed Tibet and arrived in India in January 2000.{{sfnp|China Report staff|2001}} Ogyen Trinley has been referred to as the 'Beijing Karmapa', due to the backing he receives from the government of the PRC. Trinley Thaye, meanwhile, is referred to as the 'Delhi Karmapa', due to his having the support of the government of India.{{sfnp|Shukla|2017}}


[[Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche]] said of his father, [[Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche]], that "As far as my father was concerned, they were both to be respected and perceived with pure appreciation."<ref>[[Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche]] quoted in {{harvp|Tweed|2006}}.</ref>
[[Second Beru Khyentse|Beru Khyentse Rinpoche]] holds a distinctly minority view, believing both Karmapas are legitimate.<ref>[http://www.rigpedorje.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=11&MMN_position=19:18 Letter to International Dharma Community Nov 03 – Kagyu Rime Dharjay Choling<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223132820/http://www.rigpedorje.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=11&MMN_position=19:18 |date=2007-02-23 }}</ref> He states, "It is possible that there can be two Karmapas in order to benefit sentient beings because the Karmapa can manifest in many different forms," and writes that the 14th Karmapa highlighted that "in many universes a hundred million Karmapas have manifested. The Karmapa is also the Buddha's emanation, thus until all the thousand Buddhas have come and their doctrine is not diminishing, my activity of the Karmapa emanations will not end."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.karmapa.org.nz/articles/2003/bkrletter.html |title=Letter to International Dharma Community from His Eminence Beru Khyentse Rinpoche. November, 2003 |access-date=2008-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014112700/http://www.karmapa.org.nz/articles/2003/bkrletter.html |archive-date=2008-10-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


⚫
===Court battle over Rumtek Monastery===
⚫
[[Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche]] said that, "As far as my father ([[Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche]]) was concerned, they were both to be respected and perceived with pure appreciation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rangjung.com/gl/Losar_Announcement_2006.htm |title=The speech given at Ka-Nying Shedrub Ling by Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche on the third day of the Tibetan New Year, 2006 |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |access-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416143239/http://www.rangjung.com/gl/Losar_Announcement_2006.htm |archive-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{main|Rumtek Monastery#Controversy}}
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[[Image:Rumtek monastery.jpg|right|thumb|Rumtek Monastery]]


⚫
In 1982, Shamar Rinpoche and his cousin, Topga Yugyal, gained control of the estate at [[Rumtek Monastery]] a month after the 16th Karmapa's passing. Three monasteries in Bhutan were sold and control was gained over the Karmapa Charitable Trust, organized in 1961 by the 16th Karmapa. Disagreements over the Shamarpa's and Topga's financial dealings began in 1988.{{cn|date=January 2024}}
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===Court battle over Rumtek Monastery in 1998===
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[[Image:Rumtek monastery.jpg|220px|right|thumb|Rumtek Monastery]]
Control of [[Rumtek Monastery]], which was the seat of the 16th Karmapa in exile, has been the subject of a legal contest filed in 1998 "by the Karmapa Charitable Trust, [and the plaintiffs] Shri T.S. Gyaltshen, Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche, and Shri Gyan Jyoti Kansakar against the State of Sikkim, the Secretary of Ecclessiastical Affairs and Goshir Gyaltsab Rinpoche. The plaintiffs seek to evict the monks and other occupants of Dhama Chakra Centre, Rumtek and to possess and administer the monastery for their own purposes."<ref name="court">{{Cite web |title=The Supreme Court of India Decision Regarding Litigation in Sikkim District Court {{!}} Karmapa – The Official Website of the 17th Karmapa |url=https://kagyuoffice.org/official-releases/the-supreme-court-of-india-decision-regarding-litigation-in-sikkim-district-court/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>


Ogyen Trinley Dorje's followers maintain that the trust was established solely for the sake of seeing to the welfare of the Karmapa's followers, providing funds for the maintenance of the monastery, and for the monks' medical fees. The administration of the monastery was the responsibility of the Tsurphu Labrang, which was organized as a legal entity for a related case.{{sfnp|Vasudeva|2018b}}{{better source needed|date=January 2024}}
⚫
Previously, in 1982, Shamar Rinpoche and his cousin, Topga Yugyal, gained control of the estate at Rumtek monastery a month after the 16th Karmapa's passing. Three monasteries in Bhutan were sold,<ref name=Enlightenedheart>Enlightened Heart, ''Tibet's Kagyu Buddhists face a leadership battle'', (24 March 1999), https://www.karmapa.org.nz/news/15/64/Tibet-s-Kagyu-Buddhists-face-a-leadership-battle/</ref> and control was gained over the Karmapa Charitable Trust, organized in 1961 by the 16th Karmapa. Disagreements over the Shamarpa's and Topga's financial dealings began in 1988.<ref name=Enlightenedheart/>


⚫
{{update|section|date=January 2024}}
Ogyen Trinley Dorje's followers maintain that the trust was established solely for the sake of seeing to the welfare of the Karmapa's followers, providing funds for the maintenance of the monastery, and for the monks' medical fees. The administration of the monastery was the responsibility of the Tsurphu Labrang, which was organized as a legal entity for a related case:<ref name="sourceofcopies">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-08-31 |title=The Karmapa Controversy |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/the-karmapa-controversy-1502680000.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> The Indian Supreme Court was considering<ref>[http://www.karmapa-issue.org/arguments/indian_supreme_court.htm Indian Supreme Court decision on Rumtek<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> a motion made to join Tsurphu Labrang with the defendants in order to speed the process,<ref name=court/> but the motion was denied. The case by plaintiffs Shamar Rinpoche, ''et al.'', remains on the docket of the District Court.


===Ogyen Trinley escapes Tibet in 1999===
===Ogyen Trinley escapes Tibet in 1999===
In late 1999, fourteen-year-old Ogyen Trinley Dorje decided that the restrictions placed on him by the PRC government at Tsurphu limited his ability to teach his disciples and receive teachings from lineage masters.<ref name="April 27, 2001 Press Statement">{{cite web|url=http://rumtek.org/hh/hi/india2001c.php |title=Press Statement from His Holiness the Seventeenth Gyalwa Karmapa Orgyen Trinley Dorje |access-date=2011-02-03}}</ref> He escaped over the Himalayas in the middle of winter, evading Chinese authorities and making his way through Nepal and on to [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], India, arriving on January 5, 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kagyuoffice.org/karmapa.reference.officialreleases.010427Statement.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041018205444/http://www.kagyuoffice.org/karmapa.reference.officialreleases.010427Statement.html|url-status=dead|title=Biographical Information on the 17th Karmapa - the Karmapa website<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=October 18, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-28 |title=Daring escape of the Karmapa |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/28/lukeharding |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
In late 1999, fourteen-year-old Ogyen Trinley Dorje decided that the restrictions placed on him by the PRC government at Tsurphu limited his ability to teach his disciples and receive teachings from lineage masters. He escaped over the Himalayas in the middle of winter, evading Chinese authorities and making his way through Nepal and on to [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], India, arriving on January 5, 2000.{{sfnp|Harding|2001}}


===Ogyen Trinley Dorje meeting with Shamar Rinpoche in 2007===
===Ogyen Trinley Dorje meeting with Shamar Rinpoche in 2007===
{{independent sources|section|date=January 2024}}
Ogyen Trinley Dorje requested to meet [[Shamar Rinpoche]], and asked to arrange a personal meeting with him. The two met in the [[Oberoi Hotels|Oberoi International Hotel]] in [[New Delhi]] on 9 January 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shamarpa.org/letters/ut-07/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206095149/http://www.shamarpa.org/letters/ut-07/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Letters and Statements<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=February 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rumtek.org/index.php?lang=en|title=Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre - Home|website=rumtek.org}}</ref>
Ogyen Trinley Dorje requested to meet [[Shamar Rinpoche]], and asked to arrange a personal meeting with him. The two met in the [[Oberoi Hotels|Oberoi International Hotel]] in [[New Delhi]] on 9 January 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shamarpa.org/letters/ut-07/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206095149/http://www.shamarpa.org/letters/ut-07/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Letters and Statements<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=February 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rumtek.org/index.php?lang=en|title=Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre - Home|website=rumtek.org}}</ref>


Shamar Rinpoche had declined the first invitation in 2005, which was received by telephone call from Drikung Chetsang Rinpoche, because to have accepted it "at that time would invite unwarranted suspicions from the India government upon himself." According to Dawa Tsering, spokesperson for the administration of Shamar Rinpoche, "He (Urgyen Trinley Dorje) was confident that this meeting would bring peace in the Kagyu School in general and thus help in flourishing Buddha Dharma. This meeting has created a basis to re-unite all in the Dharma Sangha. Therefore, such an initiative should be appreciated by all."
Shamar Rinpoche had declined the first invitation in 2005, which was received by telephone call from Drikung Chetsang Rinpoche, because to have accepted it "at that time would invite unwarranted suspicions from the India government upon himself."{{cite quote|date=January 2024}} According to Dawa Tsering, spokesperson for the administration of Shamar Rinpoche, "He (Urgyen Trinley Dorje) was confident that this meeting would bring peace in the Kagyu School in general and thus help in flourishing Buddha Dharma. This meeting has created a basis to re-unite all in the Dharma Sangha. Therefore, such an initiative should be appreciated by all."{{cite quote|date=January 2024}}


To underscore his willingness to be supportive, Shamar Rinpoche even provided the necessary help for Ogyen Trinley Dorje to obtain Indian government approval for a visit to the US, though at the same time maintained the stance that Trinley Thaye Dorje is the authentic Karmapa."<ref>[http://www.karmapa-issue.org/ikkbo/20080523-ikkbo.pdf Message of IKKBO by K. Wangchuk, May 23, 2008]</ref>
To underscore his willingness to be supportive, Shamar Rinpoche even provided the necessary help for Ogyen Trinley Dorje to obtain Indian government approval for a visit to the US, though at the same time maintained the stance that Trinley Thaye Dorje is the authentic Karmapa."<ref>[http://www.karmapa-issue.org/ikkbo/20080523-ikkbo.pdf Message of IKKBO by K. Wangchuk, May 23, 2008]</ref>


===Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche meet in 2010===
===Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche meet in 2010===
The Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche met on 13 August 2010 at the Dalai Lama's residence to discuss ways of ending the controversy. The Shamarpa wrote, "Although this matter is not easily resolved, since it is connected to the politics of China and India as well, with His Holiness Dalai Lama's blessing and support I am confident that there will be an amicable solution, which will be beneficial for the Karma Kagyü lineage, as well as for Tibetan Buddhism in general."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karmapa.org/|title=The 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje: Official Website of His Holiness Karmapa|website=The 17th Karmapa: Official website of Thaye Dorje, His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa}}</ref>
The Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche met on 13 August 2010 at the Dalai Lama's residence to discuss ways of ending the controversy. The Shamarpa wrote, "Although this matter is not easily resolved, since it is connected to the politics of China and India as well, with His Holiness Dalai Lama's blessing and support I am confident that there will be an amicable solution, which will be beneficial for the Karma Kagyü lineage, as well as for Tibetan Buddhism in general."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karmapa.org/|title=The 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje: Official Website of His Holiness Karmapa|website=The 17th Karmapa: Official website of Thaye Dorje, His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa}}</ref>{{third-party inline|date=January 2024}}


===India accuses Ogyen Trinley Dorje of being a Chinese spy in 2011===
===India accuses Ogyen Trinley Dorje of being a Chinese spy in 2011===
In February 2011, Ogyen Trinley Dorje was accused of being a Chinese spy by government officials of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh,<ref name="India">{{Cite web |title=To counter China, India should allow the return of the 17th Karmapa |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/08/12/to-counter-china-india-should-allow-the-return-of-the-17th-karmapa.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> allegations which the Karmapa denied. India's intelligence report is said to have been lacking sufficient evidence. Money in the amount of one million dollars cash—some of the money in Chinese yuan—found in his monastery was later deemed to be legitimate donations.
In February 2011, Ogyen Trinley Dorje was accused of being a Chinese spy by government officials of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh,{{sfnp|Ahuja|2020}} allegations which the Karmapa denied.{{cn|date=January 2024}} India's intelligence report is said{{by whom|date=January 2024}} to have been lacking sufficient evidence.{{cn|date=January 2024}} Money in the amount of one million dollars cash—some of the money in Chinese yuan—found in his monastery was later deemed to be legitimate donations.{{cn|date=January 2024}}


===Ogyen Trinley Dorje's travel restrictions lifted in 2011===
===Ogyen Trinley Dorje's travel restrictions lifted in 2011===
Ogyen Trinley Dorje's ability to travel had been restricted since 2000. Narendra Modi's government coming into power changed dynamics towards the Karmapa case. In March 2011, the Indian central government lifted some of the travel restrictions on Ogyen Trinley Dorje, allowing him to travel out of [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]],<ref>''New Delhi escapes Karmapa muddle'', (27 March 2011), http://www.sikkimtimes.com/Columns/New-Delhi-escapes-Karmapa-muddle.html</ref>
Ogyen Trinley Dorje's ability to travel had been restricted since 2000. Narendra Modi's government coming into power changed dynamics towards the Karmapa case. In March 2011, the Indian central government lifted some of the travel restrictions on Ogyen Trinley Dorje, allowing him to travel out of [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]].<ref>''New Delhi escapes Karmapa muddle'', (27 March 2011), http://www.sikkimtimes.com/Columns/New-Delhi-escapes-Karmapa-muddle.html</ref>
In May 2015, Karmapa travelled to the United Kingdom from India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=His Holiness the Karmapa Begins Landmark UK Visit|url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/his-holiness-the-karmapa-begins-landmark-uk-visit|access-date=|website=}}</ref> By then, the Modi government lifted all travel restrictions placed by the previous government, except to Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 May 2017|title=Indian Govt. to lift Karmapa's travel restrictions|url=http://www.phayul.com/2017/05/24/39077/|access-date=|website=phayul}}</ref>
In May 2015, Karmapa travelled to the United Kingdom from India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=His Holiness the Karmapa Begins Landmark UK Visit|url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/his-holiness-the-karmapa-begins-landmark-uk-visit|access-date=|website=}}</ref> By then, the Modi government lifted all travel restrictions placed by the previous government, except to Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim.{{sfnp|Dharpo|2017}}


===Trinley Thaye Dorje weds in 2017===
===Trinley Thaye Dorje weds in 2017===
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https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/senior-tibetan-lama-announces-decision-to-disrobe-marry-childhood-friend</ref>
https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/senior-tibetan-lama-announces-decision-to-disrobe-marry-childhood-friend</ref>


Trinley Thaye Dorje is not the first Karmapa to marry and have children. The [[10th Karmapa]] fathered several sons and daughters. One of his sons, Norbu Zangpo, was recognized as the Sixth Tsurpu Gyeltsap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Choying-Dorje/P1382|title = The Tenth Karmapa, Choying Dorje}}</ref> For his part, the [[15th Karmapa]] composed a text on how to "return one's vows" (cease to be a monk) properly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shamarpa.org/erik-currens-interview-with-shamar-rinpoche/|title = Erik Curren's Interview with Shamar Rinpoche &#124; the Shamarpa| date=15 November 2013 }}</ref> As a [[Tertön]], he had numerous consorts; his children included Khyentsé Özer, who was recognised as the [[Jamgon Kongtrul#2nd Jamgon Kongtrul (1902–1952)|Second Jamgon Kongtrul]], and Jamyang Rinpoché, an unrecognised Shamarpa.<ref>Gobel, Detlev and Knoll, Claudia, "The Tantric Consorts and Children of the 15th Karmapa, Buddhism Today, Spring/Summer 2020 issue 45 p 38-41</ref><ref>Naher, Gaby (2004). Wrestling the dragon : in search of the boy lama who defied China. London: Rider. {{ISBN|978-1844132317}}</ref>
Trinley Thaye Dorje is not the first Karmapa to marry and have children. The [[10th Karmapa]] fathered several sons and daughters. One of his sons, Norbu Zangpo, was recognized as the Sixth Tsurpu Gyeltsap.{{sfnp|Mengele|2013}} For his part, the [[15th Karmapa]] composed a text on how to "return one's vows" (cease to be a monk) properly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shamarpa.org/erik-currens-interview-with-shamar-rinpoche/|title = Erik Curren's Interview with Shamar Rinpoche &#124; the Shamarpa| date=15 November 2013 }}</ref> As a [[Tertön]], he had numerous consorts; his children included Khyentsé Özer, who was recognised as the [[Jamgon Kongtrul#2nd Jamgon Kongtrul (1902–1952)|Second Jamgon Kongtrul]], and Jamyang Rinpoché, an unrecognised Shamarpa.{{sfnp|Gobel|Knoll|2020|pp=38-41}}{{sfnp|Naher|2004|p={{pn|date=January 2024}}}}


==Reconciliation==
==Reconciliation==
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On 20 October 2019, Thinley Thaye Dorje and Orgyen Thinley Dorje announced that they had together composed a long-life prayer for the 15th Shamarpa, and published its text in both Tibetan and an English translation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karmapa.org/joint-long-life-prayer-for-kunzig-shamar-rinpoches-reincarnation-by-trinley-thaye-dorje-and-ogyen-trinley-dorje/|title=Joint long life prayer for Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche's reincarnation by Trinley Thaye Dorje and Ogyen Trinley Dorje|date=27 October 2019 }}</ref>
On 20 October 2019, Thinley Thaye Dorje and Orgyen Thinley Dorje announced that they had together composed a long-life prayer for the 15th Shamarpa, and published its text in both Tibetan and an English translation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karmapa.org/joint-long-life-prayer-for-kunzig-shamar-rinpoches-reincarnation-by-trinley-thaye-dorje-and-ogyen-trinley-dorje/|title=Joint long life prayer for Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche's reincarnation by Trinley Thaye Dorje and Ogyen Trinley Dorje|date=27 October 2019 }}</ref>


On December 4, 2023, Thaye Dorje and Ogyen Trinley Dorje wrote a joint statement, that they would recognize the 15th Shamar Rinpoche together, as well as oversee his education, empowerments and instructions. They said the responsibility had fallen on both of them, that they had met several times over this issue, and they will not accept interference from any uninvolved parties.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/two-karmapas-issue-joint-statement-on-reincarnation-of-kunzig-shamar-rinpoche/|title= Two Karmapas Issue Joint Statement on Reincarnation of Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche|last= Whitaker|first= Justin|date= December 5, 2023|website= Buddhist Door Global|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.tibetanreview.net/two-karmapas-vow-joint-effort-for-one-shamarpa-reincarnation-but-china-menace-lurks/|title= Two Karmapas vow joint effort for one Shamarpa reincarnation, but China menace lurks|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= December 6, 2023|website= Tibetan Review|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
On December 4, 2023, Thaye Dorje and Ogyen Trinley Dorje wrote a joint statement, that they would recognize the 15th Shamar Rinpoche together, as well as oversee his education, empowerments and instructions. They said the responsibility had fallen on both of them, that they had met several times over this issue, and they will not accept interference from any uninvolved parties.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/two-karmapas-issue-joint-statement-on-reincarnation-of-kunzig-shamar-rinpoche/|title= Two Karmapas Issue Joint Statement on Reincarnation of Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche|last= Whitaker|first= Justin|date= December 5, 2023|website= Buddhist Door Global|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>


==Notes==
==References==
{{incomplete citations|date=December 2023}}
{{incomplete citations|date=December 2023}}
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{{overquotation|section|date=December 2023}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==References==
===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
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<!-- A -->
* {{Cite news |first=Namrata Biji |last=Ahuja |date=August 12, 2020 |title=To counter China, India should allow the return of the 17th Karmapa |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/08/12/to-counter-china-india-should-allow-the-return-of-the-17th-karmapa.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |newspaper=The Week |language=en}}
* {{cite magazine |url=https://www.lionsroar.com/two-claimants-to-karmapa-title-release-joint-statement-reunify-lineage/ |title=Two claimants to "Karmapa" title release joint statement calling for unity |last=Atwood |first=Haleigh |date=11 October 2018 |magazine=Lion's Roar |language=en-US |access-date=24 July 2020}}
* {{cite magazine |url=https://www.lionsroar.com/two-claimants-to-karmapa-title-release-joint-statement-reunify-lineage/ |title=Two claimants to "Karmapa" title release joint statement calling for unity |last=Atwood |first=Haleigh |date=11 October 2018 |magazine=Lion's Roar |language=en-US |access-date=24 July 2020}}
<!-- B -->
<!-- B -->
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* {{cite book |title=[[The Dance of 17 Lives|The Dance of 17 Lives: The Incredible True Story of Tibet's 17th Karmapa]] |author-link=Mick Brown (journalist) |first=Mick |last=Brown |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2004 |isbn=0-7475-7161-9}}
* {{cite book |title=[[The Dance of 17 Lives|The Dance of 17 Lives: The Incredible True Story of Tibet's 17th Karmapa]] |author-link=Mick Brown (journalist) |first=Mick |last=Brown |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2004 |isbn=0-7475-7161-9}}
<!-- C -->
<!-- C -->
* {{cite journal |author=China Report staff |date=May 1, 2001 |title=China and South Asia, 2000: A Chronology |journal=China Report |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=285–301 |doi=10.1177/000944550103700212 |s2cid=220880155}}
* {{cite book |title=Buddha's Not Smiling: Uncovering Corruption at the Heart of Tibetan Buddhism Today |first=Erik |last=Curren |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2006 |isbn=978-1577330264}}
* {{cite book |title=Buddha's Not Smiling: Uncovering Corruption at the Heart of Tibetan Buddhism Today |first=Erik |last=Curren |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2006 |isbn=978-1577330264}}
<!-- D -->
<!-- D -->
* {{cite book |title=Karmapa: 900 Years |last=Damcho |first=Lhundup |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-934608-28-9|publisher=KTD Publications}}
* {{cite book |title=Karmapa: 900 Years |last=Damcho |first=Lhundup |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-934608-28-9|publisher=KTD Publications}}
* {{Cite magazine |first1=Emily |last1=DeMaioNewton |first2=Karen |last2=Jensen |date=15 February 2020 |title=Buddha Buzz Weekly: Karmapas Work Together to Identify Reincarnated Lama |url=https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/karmapas-work-together/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |magazine=[[Tricycle: The Buddhist Review]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite magazine |first1=Emily |last1=DeMaioNewton |first2=Karen |last2=Jensen |date=15 February 2020 |title=Buddha Buzz Weekly: Karmapas Work Together to Identify Reincarnated Lama |url=https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/karmapas-work-together/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |magazine=[[Tricycle: The Buddhist Review]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |first=Tenzin |last=Dharpo |date=24 May 2017 |title=Indian Govt. to lift Karmapa's travel restrictions |url=http://www.phayul.com/2017/05/24/39077/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |newspaper=Phayul}}
* {{cite book |title=Karmapa: The Black Hat Lama of Tibet |editor1-first=Nik |editor1-last=Douglas |editor2-first=Meryl |editor2-last=White |year=1975 |publisher=Luzac & Company |isbn=0-7189-0187-8}}
* {{cite book |title=Karmapa: The Black Hat Lama of Tibet |editor1-first=Nik |editor1-last=Douglas |editor2-first=Meryl |editor2-last=White |year=1975 |publisher=Luzac & Company |isbn=0-7189-0187-8}}
<!-- F -->
<!-- F -->
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* {{cite news |url= https://tibetexpress.net/426/shamar-rinpoche-passes-away-in-germany/ |title=Shamar Rinpoche passes away in Germany |last=Gaphel |first=Tenzin |date=12 June 2014 |work=The Tibet Express |access-date=12 December 2023}}
* {{cite news |url= https://tibetexpress.net/426/shamar-rinpoche-passes-away-in-germany/ |title=Shamar Rinpoche passes away in Germany |last=Gaphel |first=Tenzin |date=12 June 2014 |work=The Tibet Express |access-date=12 December 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last=Gérard |first=Stéphanie |date=21 May 2020 |title=Disparu depuis vingt-cinq ans, le panchen-lama mène une «vie normale», assure Pékin |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/05/21/disparu-depuis-vingt-cinq-ans-le-panchen-lama-mene-une-vie-normale-assure-pekin_1789033/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Libération |language=fr}}
* {{Cite web |last=Gérard |first=Stéphanie |date=21 May 2020 |title=Disparu depuis vingt-cinq ans, le panchen-lama mène une «vie normale», assure Pékin |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/05/21/disparu-depuis-vingt-cinq-ans-le-panchen-lama-mene-une-vie-normale-assure-pekin_1789033/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Libération |language=fr}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Gobel |first1=Detlev |last2=Knoll |first2=Claudia |title=The Tantric Consorts and Children of the 15th Karmapa |magazine=Buddhism Today |date=Spring–Summer 2020 |issue=45}}
* {{Cite news |last=Griffiths |first=James |date=20 May 2020 |title=A boy chosen as the Panchen Lama disappeared in 1995. China says he's now a college grad with a job |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/20/asia/china-tibet-panchen-lama-dalai-lama-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |work=CNN}}
* {{Cite news |last=Griffiths |first=James |date=20 May 2020 |title=A boy chosen as the Panchen Lama disappeared in 1995. China says he's now a college grad with a job |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/20/asia/china-tibet-panchen-lama-dalai-lama-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |work=CNN}}
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<!-- H -->
* {{Cite news |first=Luke |last=Harding |date=27 April 2001 |title=Daring escape of the Karmapa |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/28/lukeharding |access-date=2022-12-06 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}
* {{cite web |first=Jeffrey |last=Hays |date=April 2010 |url=http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=1038&catid=6&subcatid=33 |title=Karmapa Lama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215082736/http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=1038&catid=6&subcatid=33 |archive-date=2010-12-15 |website=China Facts and Details}}
<!-- K -->
<!-- K -->
* {{cite book |title=Blazing Splendor: The Memoirs of the Dzogchen Yogi Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche |first1=Eric Pema |last1=Kunsang |first2=Marcia |last2=Binder-Schmidt |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |date=2005 |isbn=978-9627341567}}
* {{cite book |title=Blazing Splendor: The Memoirs of the Dzogchen Yogi Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche |first1=Eric Pema |last1=Kunsang |first2=Marcia |last2=Binder-Schmidt |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |date=2005 |isbn=978-9627341567}}
Line 172: Line 156:
* {{cite magazine |url=https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/karmapas-meet/|title=Karmapas Unite |last=Lefferts |first=Gabriel |date=11 October 2018 |website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review |language=en |access-date=24 July 2020}}
* {{cite magazine |url=https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/karmapas-meet/|title=Karmapas Unite |last=Lefferts |first=Gabriel |date=11 October 2018 |website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review |language=en |access-date=24 July 2020}}
* {{cite book |title=Rogues in Robes: An Inside Chronicle of a Recent Chinese-Tibetan Intrigue in the Karma Kagyu Lineage of Diamond Way Buddhism |first=Tomek |last=Lehnert |publisher=Blue Dolphin Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=1-57733-026-9}}
* {{cite book |title=Rogues in Robes: An Inside Chronicle of a Recent Chinese-Tibetan Intrigue in the Karma Kagyu Lineage of Diamond Way Buddhism |first=Tomek |last=Lehnert |publisher=Blue Dolphin Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=1-57733-026-9}}
**{{cite book |title=Rogues in Robes: The Karmapa Intrigue in Tibetan Buddhism: An Inside Chronicle |first=Tomek |last=Lehnert |publisher=Diamond Way Press |year=2019 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1072495475}}
*{{cite book |title=Rogues in Robes: The Karmapa Intrigue in Tibetan Buddhism: An Inside Chronicle |first=Tomek |last=Lehnert |publisher=Diamond Way Press |year=2019 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1072495475}}
* {{cite book |title=The Miraculous 16th Karmapa: Incredible Encounters with the Black Crown Buddha |first=Norma |last=Levine |year=2013 |publisher=Shang Shung Publications |isbn=978-88-7834-133-3}}
* {{cite book |title=The Miraculous 16th Karmapa: Incredible Encounters with the Black Crown Buddha |first=Norma |last=Levine |year=2013 |publisher=Shang Shung Publications |isbn=978-88-7834-133-3}}
<!-- M -->
<!-- M -->
* {{cite book |title=Music in the Sky: The Life, Art, and Teaching of the 17th Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje |first=Michele |last=Martin |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |year=2003 |isbn=1-55939-195-2}}
* {{cite book |title=Music in the Sky: The Life, Art, and Teaching of the 17th Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje |first=Michele |last=Martin |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |year=2003 |isbn=1-55939-195-2}}
* {{cite book |title=The History of Tibet |volume=3 |first=Alex |last=McKay |isbn=0-415-30844-5 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |year=2003}}
* {{cite book |title=The History of Tibet |volume=3 |first=Alex |last=McKay |isbn=0-415-30844-5 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |year=2003}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Tenth Karmapa, Choying Dorje |first=Irmgard |last=Mengele |date=January 2013 |journal=[[The Treasury of Lives]] |issn=2332-077X |url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Choying-Dorje/P1382}}
* {{cite web |author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=n.d. |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3585_665495/3592_665509/3598_665521/t17974.shtml |title=The Reincarnation of the Living Buddhas |website=fmprc.gov.cn |publisher=People's Republic of China |access-date=2020-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503130004/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3585_665495/3592_665509/3598_665521/t17974.shtml |archive-date=2019-05-03}}
<!-- N -->
<!-- N -->
* {{cite book |last=Naher |first=Gaby |year=2004 |title=Wrestling the Dragon: In Search of the Boy Lama who Defied China |place=London |publisher=Rider |isbn=978-1844132317}}
* {{cite book |title=Riding the Tiger, Twenty Years on the Road: The Risks and Joys of Bringing Tibetan Buddhism to the West |first=Ole |last=Nydahl |author-link=Ole Nydahl |publisher=Blue Dolphin Publishing |year=2011 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0931892677}}
* {{cite book |title=Riding the Tiger, Twenty Years on the Road: The Risks and Joys of Bringing Tibetan Buddhism to the West |first=Ole |last=Nydahl |author-link=Ole Nydahl |publisher=Blue Dolphin Publishing |year=2011 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0931892677}}
<!-- O -->
<!-- O -->
Line 184: Line 171:
* {{cite news |title=Reincarnation feudal, should end now: Dalai Lama amid successor row with China |first=Shri |last=Puri |date=October 26, 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reincarnation-feudal-should-end-now-dalai-lama-amid-successor-row-with-china/articleshow/71769825.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 August 2020}}
* {{cite news |title=Reincarnation feudal, should end now: Dalai Lama amid successor row with China |first=Shri |last=Puri |date=October 26, 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reincarnation-feudal-should-end-now-dalai-lama-amid-successor-row-with-china/articleshow/71769825.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 August 2020}}
<!-- R -->
<!-- R -->
* {{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=John B. |last2=Roberts |first2=Elizabeth A. |year=2009 |title=Freeing Tibet: 50 Years of Struggle, Resilience, and Hope |publisher=AMACOM |isbn=978-0814409831}}
* {{cite book |title=The Biographies of Rechungpa: The Evolution of a Tibetan Hagiography |first=Peter Alan |last=Roberts |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0415596220}}
* {{cite book |title=The Biographies of Rechungpa: The Evolution of a Tibetan Hagiography |first=Peter Alan |last=Roberts |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0415596220}}
* {{cite book |title=Mahamudra and Related Instructions: Core Teachings of the Kagyu Schools |first=Peter Alan |last=Roberts |year=2011 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0861714445}}
* {{cite book |title=Mahamudra and Related Instructions: Core Teachings of the Kagyu Schools |first=Peter Alan |last=Roberts |year=2011 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0861714445}}
Line 189: Line 177:
* {{cite book |title=Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies |first=Geoffery |last=Samuel |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |year=1993 |isbn=1-56098-231-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies |first=Geoffery |last=Samuel |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |year=1993 |isbn=1-56098-231-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Tibet: A Political History |publisher=Potala Publications |year=1984 |first=Tsepon W. D. |last=Shakabpa |isbn=978-0961147419}}
* {{cite book |title=Tibet: A Political History |publisher=Potala Publications |year=1984 |first=Tsepon W. D. |last=Shakabpa |isbn=978-0961147419}}
* {{Cite news |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/international/beijing-karmapa-gains-acceptance-as-delhi-karmapa-marries-117033100204_1.html |title='Beijing Karmapa' gains acceptance as 'Delhi Karmapa' marries |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=18 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2022 |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai}}
<!-- T -->
<!-- T -->
* {{cite book |title=Karmapa: The Politics of Reincarnation |first=Lea |last=Terhune |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year=2004 |isbn=0-86171-180-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Karmapa: The Politics of Reincarnation |first=Lea |last=Terhune |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year=2004 |isbn=0-86171-180-7}}
Line 194: Line 183:
* {{cite book |title=Incarnation: The History and Mysticism of the Tulku Tradition of Tibet |first=Tulku |last=Thondup Rinpoche |publisher=Shambala Publications |isbn=978-1-59030-839-4 |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |title=Incarnation: The History and Mysticism of the Tulku Tradition of Tibet |first=Tulku |last=Thondup Rinpoche |publisher=Shambala Publications |isbn=978-1-59030-839-4 |year=2011}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.rinpoche.com/controversy.htm |title=The Karmapa Controversy |author=Thrangu Rinpoche |author-link=Thrangu Rinpoche |date=24 May 2000 |website=Rinpoche.com |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040907130404/http://rinpoche.com/controversy.htm |archive-date=2004-09-07 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.rinpoche.com/controversy.htm |title=The Karmapa Controversy |author=Thrangu Rinpoche |author-link=Thrangu Rinpoche |date=24 May 2000 |website=Rinpoche.com |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040907130404/http://rinpoche.com/controversy.htm |archive-date=2004-09-07 |url-status=dead}}
⚫
* {{cite web |editor-first=Michael |editor-last=Tweed |translator=Erik Pema Kunsang |url=http://www.rangjung.com/gl/Losar_Announcement_2006.htm |title=Announcement of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche's Reincarnation |date=30 January 2006 |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |access-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416143239/http://www.rangjung.com/gl/Losar_Announcement_2006.htm |archive-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}
<!-- V -->
<!-- V -->
* {{cite book |title=Tibet: A History |first=Sam |last=Van Schaik |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15404-7 |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |title=Tibet: A History |first=Sam |last=Van Schaik |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15404-7 |year=2011}}
* {{Cite web |last=Vasudeva |first=P. K. |date=30 August 2018 |title=Karmapa's Controversy Leads to the Dalai Lama's Headache |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/karmapas-controversy-leads-to-the-dalai-lamas-headache/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Vasudeva |first=P. K. |date=30 August 2018 |title=Karmapa's Controversy Leads to the Dalai Lama's Headache |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/karmapas-controversy-leads-to-the-dalai-lamas-headache/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Vasudeva |first=P. K. |date=September 1, 2018b |title=The Karmapa Controversy |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/the-karmapa-controversy-1502680000.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}
<!-- W -->
<!-- W -->
* {{cite book |title=The Karmapa Prophecies |first=Sylvia |last=Wong |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-208-3480-4}}
* {{cite book |title=The Karmapa Prophecies |first=Sylvia |last=Wong |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-208-3480-4}}
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite news |first=Julian |last=Gearing |date=July 21, 2004 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FG21Ad06.html |newspaper=Asia Times Online |title=India, Sikkim, China and a vexing Tibetan lama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723061425/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FG21Ad06.html |archive-date=2004-07-23 |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |first=Julian |last=Gearing |date=July 21, 2004 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FG21Ad06.html |newspaper=Asia Times Online |title=India, Sikkim, China and a vexing Tibetan lama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723061425/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FG21Ad06.html |archive-date=2004-07-23 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=His Holiness The 17th Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje: A Biography |first=Ken |last=Holmes |publisher=Altea Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=0-9524555-4-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=His Holiness The 17th Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje: A Biography |first=Ken |last=Holmes |publisher=Altea Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=0-9524555-4-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Lodro |first=Mipham Chokyi |author-link=Mipham Chokyi Lodro |title=A Golden Swan in Turbulent Waters: The Life and Times of the Tenth Karmapa Choying Dorje |date=2012 |publisher=Bird of Paradise Press |isbn=978-0988176201 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Lodro |first=Mipham Chokyi |author-link=Mipham Chokyi Lodro |title=A Golden Swan in Turbulent Waters: The Life and Times of the Tenth Karmapa Choying Dorje |date=2012 |publisher=Bird of Paradise Press |isbn=978-0988176201 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=The Buddha Cries: Karmapa Conundrum |first=Anil |last=Maheshwari |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=978-8174763051 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=The Buddha Cries: Karmapa Conundrum |first=Anil |last=Maheshwari |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=978-8174763051 |ref=none}}
* {{cite report |title=The Karmapa Papers |first=Michel |last=Nesterenko |year=1992 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Karmapa_Papers/CN8KAAAAYAAJ |ref=none}}
* {{cite report |title=The Karmapa Papers |first=Michel |last=Nesterenko |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CN8KAAAAYAAJ |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |first=Dylan |last=Reynolds |date=8 January 2000 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/595561.stm |title=Who is the Karmapa Lama? |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=2024-01-11 |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |first=Dylan |last=Reynolds |date=8 January 2000 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/595561.stm |title=Who is the Karmapa Lama? |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=2024-01-11 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |last=Shakabpa |year=2010 |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |last=Shakabpa |year=2010 |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=The History of the Sixteen Karmapas of Tibet |first=Karma |last=Thinley |year=1980 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=1-57062-644-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=The History of the Sixteen Karmapas of Tibet |first=Karma |last=Thinley |year=1980 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=1-57062-644-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |first=Edward |last=Wong |date=June 7, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/world/asia/07lama.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=China Creates Specter of Dueling Dalai Lamas |access-date=2024-01-11 |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |first=Edward |last=Wong |date=June 7, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/world/asia/07lama.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=China Creates Specter of Dueling Dalai Lamas |access-date=2024-01-11 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 17:29, 17 June 2024

There are currently two, separately enthroned 17th Gyalwang Karmapas: Ogyen Trinley Dorje and Trinley Thaye Dorje. The Karmapa is the spiritual leader of the nine-hundred-year-old Karma Kagyu lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Divisiveness started in the early and mid 1990s, with semi-public accusations of impropriety from those closely involved, and continued for several years thereafter.[1][2][3] The recognition of the 17th Karmapa created a split within the Karma Kagyu lineage. Tai Situ Rinpoche recognized Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the 17th Karmapa, and Shamar Rinpoche disagreed and chose Trinley Thaye Dorje as the rightful claimant to the title of the 17th Karmapa.[4] As the years passed, separate sets of organizations and highly recognized lamas, or teachers, supported one Karmapa or the other.[5] Despite an intriguing history, the high lamas involved met on good terms and issued statements that they are confident there will be an amicable solution.[4]

In 2018, Ogyen Trinley Dorje and Trinley Thaye Dorje met for the first time to begin creating a personal relationship with one another, and to encourage their spiritual communities to heal the divisions and join in efforts to help preserve the Karma Kagyu tradition.[6][7] In 2020, Ogyen Trinley Dorje and Trinley Thaye Dorje jointly announced they would work together to find the next incarnation of the Shamar Rinpoche, historically considered second in importance to the Karma Kagyu lineage after the Gyalwang Karmapa,[8] similar to the Panchen Lama's role as second in importance in the Gelugpa school after the Dalai Lama.[9][10]

On December 4, 2023 Thaye Dorje and Ogyen Trinley Dorje wrote a statement, that they would recognize the 15th Shamar Rinpoche together, as well as oversee his education, empowerments and instructions. The two Karmapas asked all students of the Karma Kagyu to regret their past actions, and have the firm resolve to never split into factions again.[11][12]

Background

[edit]

This is not the first controversy around a Karmapa incarnation. The recognitions of the Karmapa incarnations are of central importance in the Karma Kagyu lineage. The 8th, 10th, and 12th incarnations, as well as the widely renowned 16th Karmapa, experienced minor conflicts during their recognitions, each of which was ultimately resolved.[1][13][14][15]

The 14th Shamar Rinpoche, nephew of the 16th Karmapa, traveled alongside him during his escape to Bhutan from Tibet. In 1964, the eight year old was granted permission by the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Government-in-Exile to be officially recognized. With the 172-year ban on recognizing Shamarpa reincarnations lifted, Shamar Rinpoche reclaimed his place as senior student and deputy of the Karmapa. The ban had begun after the 10th Sharmapa was accused by members of the Karma Kagyu lineage of being a traitor, and of instigating the Sino-Nepalese War between Tibet and Nepal.[16][17][18] The ban affected Shamar Rinpoche's lineage and supporting administration, but his enthronement in 1964 at the Rumtek Monastery allowed him back into his historical position as the second-ranking lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage, following the 16th Karmapa.[19][20]

Incarnations like the 12th Shamarpa, son of the 15th Karmapa, enjoyed more leniency—but not official recognition—from the government thanks to the close personal relationship of that Karmapa and the 13th Dalai Lama.[21][22]

The Karmapas traditionally predict their deliberately chosen rebirths, and prepare their predictions for their closest students so as to be located after birth. Although not strictly defined, the usual process to locate, recognize and enthrone a Karmapa incarnation was facilitated quietly by those previously close students, collaboratively and behind closed doors. Multiple judgements ensured harmony and continuity of the lineage.[23][24] Among the collaborative participants, the Shamar Rinpoches have played an important role in confirming the identity of the Karmapas for several centuries. The Tai Situ Rinpoches and Goshir Gyaltsab Rinpoches have played similar roles, as the circumstances dictated.[25][24]

The Shamar Rinpoches have had a hand in recognizing seven of the Karmapas and were often successors and teachers of the Karmapas—the relationship between the two has been characterized as being like father and son, or as brothers.[26][25] The 5th Dalai Lama, for instance, affirmed the Karmapa and Shamarpa incarnations as having equal status, and in early texts the Shamarpa (Tibetan: ཞྭ་དམར་པ། Wylie: zhwa dmar pa, "red-hatted one") is referred to as the "Red Hat Karmapa".[27][24] Upon his enthronement in 1964, the 14th Shamarpa was named by 16th Karmapa as his spiritual heir and was the senior-most lama of the lineage during the controversy.[28][29] The Tai Situ Rinpoches and Gyaltsap Rinpoches have also had a close historical relationship with the Karmapas. The Tai Situ Rinpoches have identified — either independently or in conjunction with the Shamar or Gyaltsap Rinpoches — three of the Karmapa incarnations, and similarly, the Gyaltsap Rinpoches have helped identify four incarnations.[28]

A prophecy was made by the 19th century Nyingma master, Chokgyur Lingpa, based a vision he had whereby Guru Rinpoche manifests as past and future Karmapas, and the minds of the 17th Karmapa and Tai Situ Rinpoche are "inseparably one" as they sit together under a "verdant tree on a rocky mountain".[1] While disputing the interpretation of the prophecy, the Shamarpa, while supporting his selection of Trinley Thaye Dorje, maintained it could be reinterpreted to correspond to the 16th Karmapa and the 11th Tai Situ Rinpoche.[30][31]

In Tibet, the 14th Dalai Lama's Gelug school historically had a strong political and spiritual-leadership role, which was tempered by the autonomy of the three other schools of Tibetan Buddhism—the Kagyu school, the Nyingma school and the Sakya school. The Nyingma school has always been non-political. In 1992, after Ogyen Trinley Dorje was located and recognized, the search committee, then led by Tai Situ Rinpoche, requested that the Dalai Lama bestow the Buktham Rinpoche seal, or the Buktham Letter, on the recognized 17th Gyalwang Karmapa. The seal was made official on 30 June 1992.[23] Supporters of Ogyen Trinley Dorje maintain that the 14th Dalai Lama has the spiritual authority to recognize an incarnation of the Karmapa. The Karmapa lineage is the oldest tulku lineage in Tibetan Buddhism, predating the Dalai Lama lineage by more than two centuries.[32] Followers of the Karma Kagyu lineage historically have considered themselves independent of the Dalai Lama's authority, and see the Karmapas as spiritually equal to the historical Buddha.[33] Supporters of Trinley Thaye Dorje claim any previous involvement of the Dalai Lama and Tibetan government was merely a final stamp of approval following an individual monastery's (or lama's administration) independent decision.[23][34][35]

Within the antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party is an ongoing directive to halt the recognition of high tulkus and control the naming of Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas, Karmapas, and Shamarpas, in order to gain spiritual and temporal control of Tibet and of Tibetan Buddhism. Official Beijing decrees were initiated in 1991, then revised as the State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5, to outlaw the recognition of tulkus and lamas without China's state approvals. An ineffective lottery system was reported following the ban of the Shamarpas. In 1992, China tried another tactic which approved the 17th Karmapa's enthronement and posited its plan to eventually replace the 14th Dalai Lama with the 17th Karmapa.[36][37][38][39]

In the centuries following the inception of the system used to identify reincarnate lamas (beginning in the 13th century with the second Karmapa), the process became increasingly corrupted and politicized by those living outside monastic-ordination systems, as the process also led indirectly to sources of material wealth and power in Tibet.[40][41][42][43] Highly respected teachers like the 14th Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche have bemoaned the practice as belonging to feudal times, and have advocated revamping the system in way that divorces the reincarnate teacher from administrative politics and allows them to distinguish themselves.[44][45][46][47]

History

[edit]

Soon after the parinirvāṇa of the 16th Karmapa in 1981, a disagreement began brewing when head students of the Karmapa recounted opposing stories on what direction, and at whose feet, relics landed from the 16th Karmapa's funeral pyre.[48] Years passed with no obvious clues of where to find the next incarnation, and the controversy came to the forefront when Shamar Rinpoche broke from the group of regents, claiming Tai Situ Rinpoche was not following protocol.[49]

Initial search committee

[edit]
3rd Jamgon Kongtrul
14th Kunzig Shamarpa
12th Tai Situpa

Following the parinirvāṇa of the 16th Karmapa in 1981, a regency of the four highest remaining members of the Karma Kagyu lineage at that time was formed to locate his rebirth:[50][51]

This regency was officially dissolved by 1984, but the four rinpoches still referred to themselves as "regents" when the prediction letter was interpreted in 1992. As the collaborative group, they had the authority to recognize the next Karmapa.[52][53][54] As years went by, the pressure to find the next incarnation of the Karmapa mounted.[55][56]

Discovery of prediction letter

[edit]

One central issue in the recognition of the 17th Karmapa was a prediction letter Tai Situ claimed was written by the 16th Karmapa. It indicated the parents, location, and year of the 17th Karmapa's rebirth.

In January 1981, nine months before the 16th Karmapa's parinirvāṇa, the 12th Tai Situpa maintained that the Karmapa gave him an amulet with a yellow-brocade cover, telling him, "This is your protection amulet. In the future, it will confer great benefit."[This quote needs a citation] Although Tai Situpa wore the locket on a gold chain for about a year after the Karmapa's death, he moved it to a side pocket, not realizing its significance or that it contained a message. Tai Situpa states that he followed an intuition to open the amulet and found in late 1990 the third prediction letter, inside an envelope marked "Open in the Metal Horse Year".

Shamar Rinpoche questions the letter's authenticity

[edit]

Shamar Rinpoche questioned the authenticity of Tai Situ's prediction letter presented in 1992. He requested a forensic examination to prove or disprove its age and authorship. Shamar Rinpoche stated the inner letter appeared to be older than its outer envelope, and claimed the handwriting and grammar did not match that of the 16th Karmapa.[57] Tai Situ rejected the idea of a scientific evaluation.[58][59][60]

Recognizing the current Karmapa

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Among tulkus of the Karma Kagyu lineage, the 7th Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche, the 9th Thrangu Rinpoche, the 7th Mingyur Rinpoche, and the 9th Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche hold Ogyen Trinley Dorje to be the 17th Karmapa. Trinley Thaye Dorje has been recognized by Shamar Rinpoche, Lama Jigme Rinpoche,[citation needed] Topga Yulgyal Rinpoche, Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche, Sherab Gyaltsen Rinpoche, Khenchen Rinpoche Drupon Trinley Paljor, and the Fourth Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche.

The government of the People's Republic of China officially recognized Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the 17th Karmapa in 1992.[61][62][63] The PRC has continued to recognize Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the Karmapa even after he departed Tibet and arrived in India in January 2000.[64] Ogyen Trinley has been referred to as the 'Beijing Karmapa', due to the backing he receives from the government of the PRC. Trinley Thaye, meanwhile, is referred to as the 'Delhi Karmapa', due to his having the support of the government of India.[65]

Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche said of his father, Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, that "As far as my father was concerned, they were both to be respected and perceived with pure appreciation."[66]

Court battle over Rumtek Monastery

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Main article: Rumtek Monastery § Controversy
Rumtek Monastery

In 1982, Shamar Rinpoche and his cousin, Topga Yugyal, gained control of the estate at Rumtek Monastery a month after the 16th Karmapa's passing. Three monasteries in Bhutan were sold and control was gained over the Karmapa Charitable Trust, organized in 1961 by the 16th Karmapa. Disagreements over the Shamarpa's and Topga's financial dealings began in 1988.[citation needed]

Ogyen Trinley Dorje's followers maintain that the trust was established solely for the sake of seeing to the welfare of the Karmapa's followers, providing funds for the maintenance of the monastery, and for the monks' medical fees. The administration of the monastery was the responsibility of the Tsurphu Labrang, which was organized as a legal entity for a related case.[67][better source needed]

Ogyen Trinley escapes Tibet in 1999

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In late 1999, fourteen-year-old Ogyen Trinley Dorje decided that the restrictions placed on him by the PRC government at Tsurphu limited his ability to teach his disciples and receive teachings from lineage masters. He escaped over the Himalayas in the middle of winter, evading Chinese authorities and making his way through Nepal and on to Dharamsala, India, arriving on January 5, 2000.[68]

Ogyen Trinley Dorje meeting with Shamar Rinpoche in 2007

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Ogyen Trinley Dorje requested to meet Shamar Rinpoche, and asked to arrange a personal meeting with him. The two met in the Oberoi International Hotel in New Delhi on 9 January 2007.[69][70]

Shamar Rinpoche had declined the first invitation in 2005, which was received by telephone call from Drikung Chetsang Rinpoche, because to have accepted it "at that time would invite unwarranted suspicions from the India government upon himself."[This quote needs a citation] According to Dawa Tsering, spokesperson for the administration of Shamar Rinpoche, "He (Urgyen Trinley Dorje) was confident that this meeting would bring peace in the Kagyu School in general and thus help in flourishing Buddha Dharma. This meeting has created a basis to re-unite all in the Dharma Sangha. Therefore, such an initiative should be appreciated by all."[This quote needs a citation]

To underscore his willingness to be supportive, Shamar Rinpoche even provided the necessary help for Ogyen Trinley Dorje to obtain Indian government approval for a visit to the US, though at the same time maintained the stance that Trinley Thaye Dorje is the authentic Karmapa."[71]

Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche meet in 2010

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The Dalai Lama and Shamar Rinpoche met on 13 August 2010 at the Dalai Lama's residence to discuss ways of ending the controversy. The Shamarpa wrote, "Although this matter is not easily resolved, since it is connected to the politics of China and India as well, with His Holiness Dalai Lama's blessing and support I am confident that there will be an amicable solution, which will be beneficial for the Karma Kagyü lineage, as well as for Tibetan Buddhism in general."[72][third-party source needed]

India accuses Ogyen Trinley Dorje of being a Chinese spy in 2011

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In February 2011, Ogyen Trinley Dorje was accused of being a Chinese spy by government officials of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh,[73] allegations which the Karmapa denied.[citation needed] India's intelligence report is said[by whom?] to have been lacking sufficient evidence.[citation needed] Money in the amount of one million dollars cash—some of the money in Chinese yuan—found in his monastery was later deemed to be legitimate donations.[citation needed]

Ogyen Trinley Dorje's travel restrictions lifted in 2011

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Ogyen Trinley Dorje's ability to travel had been restricted since 2000. Narendra Modi's government coming into power changed dynamics towards the Karmapa case. In March 2011, the Indian central government lifted some of the travel restrictions on Ogyen Trinley Dorje, allowing him to travel out of Dharamsala.[74]

In May 2015, Karmapa travelled to the United Kingdom from India.[75] By then, the Modi government lifted all travel restrictions placed by the previous government, except to Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim.[76]

Trinley Thaye Dorje weds in 2017

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On 29 March 2017, Trinley Thaye Dorje announced his plans to marry his friend, thirty-six-year-old Rinchen Yangzom, born in Bhutan. The announcement also mentioned he would no longer be performing ordination ceremonies, which are limited to holders of certain vows.[77]

Trinley Thaye Dorje is not the first Karmapa to marry and have children. The 10th Karmapa fathered several sons and daughters. One of his sons, Norbu Zangpo, was recognized as the Sixth Tsurpu Gyeltsap.[78] For his part, the 15th Karmapa composed a text on how to "return one's vows" (cease to be a monk) properly.[79] As a Tertön, he had numerous consorts; his children included Khyentsé Özer, who was recognised as the Second Jamgon Kongtrul, and Jamyang Rinpoché, an unrecognised Shamarpa.[80][81]

Reconciliation

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Ogyen Trinley Dorje announces break from Dharma activities in 2018

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In March 2018, Ogyen Trinley Dorje published a video on his official YouTube channel. It was translated by official translator David Karma Choephel. In the video he sets the course for a temporary break from his activities. He proclaims his personal doubt of being as skilled as the previous Karmapas[82] and asks the community to reconcile the division of the Karma Kagyu Lineage.[83]

The two Karmapas meet in 2018

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In early October 2018, Ogyen Trinley Dorje and Trinley Thaye Dorje met for a few days at a rural location in France. On October 11, they issued a joint statement that the two Karmapa candidates would work together to heal the divisions that split the Karma Kagyu lineage.

This undertaking is critically important for the future of the Karma Kagyu lineage as well as for the future of Tibetan Buddhism and the benefit of all sentient beings. We therefore ask everyone within the Karma Kagyu community to join us in our efforts to strengthen and preserve our lineage. We view it as our collective responsibility to restore harmony to our tradition which is a lineage of wisdom and compassion.[84]

Joint prayers and statements

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On 20 October 2019, Thinley Thaye Dorje and Orgyen Thinley Dorje announced that they had together composed a long-life prayer for the 15th Shamarpa, and published its text in both Tibetan and an English translation.[85]

On December 4, 2023, Thaye Dorje and Ogyen Trinley Dorje wrote a joint statement, that they would recognize the 15th Shamar Rinpoche together, as well as oversee his education, empowerments and instructions. They said the responsibility had fallen on both of them, that they had met several times over this issue, and they will not accept interference from any uninvolved parties.[86]

References

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  67. ^ Vasudeva (2018b).
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  69. ^ "Letters and Statements". Archived from the original on 6 February 2007.
  70. ^ "Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre - Home". rumtek.org.
  71. ^ Message of IKKBO by K. Wangchuk, May 23, 2008
  72. ^ "The 17th Karmapa Thaye Dorje: Official Website of His Holiness Karmapa". The 17th Karmapa: Official website of Thaye Dorje, His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa.
  73. ^ Ahuja (2020).
  74. ^ New Delhi escapes Karmapa muddle, (27 March 2011), http://www.sikkimtimes.com/Columns/New-Delhi-escapes-Karmapa-muddle.html
  75. ^ "His Holiness the Karmapa Begins Landmark UK Visit".
  76. ^ Dharpo (2017).
  77. ^ Craig Lewis, Senior Tibetan Lama Announces Decision to Disrobe, Marry Childhood Friend, (30 March 2017), https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/senior-tibetan-lama-announces-decision-to-disrobe-marry-childhood-friend
  78. ^ Mengele (2013).
  79. ^ "Erik Curren's Interview with Shamar Rinpoche | the Shamarpa". 15 November 2013.
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  81. ^ Naher (2004), p. [page needed].
  82. ^ Karmapa (9 March 2018), Special Message from His Holiness the Karmapa, retrieved 16 March 2018
  83. ^ Greenblatt, Lilly (15 March 2018). "Karmapa shares personal struggles, calls for reconciliation in his community". Lion's Roar. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  84. ^ "Two claimants to "Karmapa" title release joint statement calling for unity; Lion's Roar – Buddhist Wisdom for our Time". 11 October 2018.
  85. ^ "Joint long life prayer for Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche's reincarnation by Trinley Thaye Dorje and Ogyen Trinley Dorje". 27 October 2019.
  86. ^ Whitaker, Justin (5 December 2023). "Two Karmapas Issue Joint Statement on Reincarnation of Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche". Buddhist Door Global.

Works cited

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Further reading

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