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{{Short description|Species of Phaeophyceae}}
{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|
⚫
| name = ''Hormosira banksii''
| image = Neptune's necklace.jpg
| image = Neptune's necklace.jpg
| image_caption = Young ''Hormosira''
| image_caption = Young ''Hormosira''
⚫
| grandparent_authority = [[Felix Eugen Fritsch|Fritsch]]
| unranked_regnum = [[SAR supergroup|SAR]]
⚫
| genus = Hormosira
| superphylum = [[Heterokonta]]
⚫
| parent_authority = ([[Stephan Endlicher|Endlicher]]) [[Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini|Menegh.]]
| classis = [[Phaeophyceae]]
| ordo = [[Fucales]]
| species = banksii
⚫
| authority = ([[Dawson Turner|Turner]]) [[Joseph Decaisne|Dcne.]]&nbsp;<ref name="Huisman-2000">{{cite book |first=J.M. |last=Huisman |year=2000 |title=Marine Plants of Australia |publisher=[[University of Western Australia Press]], Australian Biological Resources Study |isbn=978-1-876268-33-6}}</ref>
| familia = [[Hormosiraceae]]
⚫
| familia_authority = [[Felix Eugen Fritsch|Fritsch]]
⚫
| genus = ''Hormosira''
⚫
| genus_authority = ([[Stephan Endlicher|Endlicher]]) [[Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini|Menegh.]]
| species = '''''H. banksii'''''
| binomial = ''Hormosira banksii''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Dawson Turner|Turner]]) [[Joseph Decaisne|Dcne.]]&nbsp;<ref>{{cite book |first=J.M. |last=Huisman |year=2000 |title=Marine Plants of Australia |publisher=[[University of Western Australia Press]], Australian Biological Resources Study |isbn=978-1-876268-33-6}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Hormosira banksii''''', also known as '''Neptune's necklace''', '''Neptune's pearls''', '''sea grapes''', or '''bubbleweed''') is a species of [[seaweed]] ([[brown algae]], Fucales) native to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=New Zealand seaweeds : an illustrated guide|last=W. A.|first=Nelson|publisher=Te Papa Press|year=2013|isbn=9780987668813|location=Wellington, New Zealand|pages=70|oclc=841897290|author-link=Wendy Nelson (marine scientist)}}</ref> It is abundant on low-energy rocky reefs at mid[[tide]] levels, where it outcompetes other algal species due to its high tolerance to [[desiccation]]. This is because it has a slimy layer that conserves moisture. The thallus of this species is made up of strings of olive-brown, spherical, gas-filled [[pneumatocyst]]s, which taper towards a small [[holdfast]] that is easily dislodged from the substrate.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schiel |first=D.R. |last2=Taylor |first2=D.I. |title=Effects of trampling on a rocky intertidal algal assemblage in southern New Zealand |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=213–235 |year=1999 |doi=10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00170-1 }}</ref> The spheres rise to the surface of the water during high tide, obtaining more sunlight and moving with the flow of the current.
'''''Hormosira''''' is a genus of [[seaweed]] in the family [[Hormosiraceae]]. It is [[monotypic]], with a single species, '''''Hormosira banksii''''', also known as '''Neptune's necklace''', '''Neptune's pearls''', '''sea grapes''', or '''bubbleweed'''<ref name="NZPCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/hormosira-banksii/ |website=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |title=Hormosira banksii |publisher=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> it is native to Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="Huisman-2000" /><ref name="Nelson-2013">{{Cite book|title=New Zealand seaweeds : an illustrated guide|last=W. A.|first=Nelson|publisher=Te Papa Press|year=2013|isbn=9780987668813|location=Wellington, New Zealand|pages=70|oclc=841897290|author-link=Wendy Nelson (marine scientist)}}</ref>


== Reproduction ==
==Distribution==
''Hormosira'' is native to southeastern Australia (including Tasmania, [[Lord Howe Island]] and [[Norfolk Island]]) and New Zealand.<ref name="Huisman-2000" /><ref name="NZPCN" /><ref name="Nelson-2013" /><ref name="Schiel-1999">{{cite journal |last=Schiel |first=D.R. |last2=Taylor |first2=D.I. |title=Effects of trampling on a rocky intertidal algal assemblage in southern New Zealand |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=213–235 |year=1999 |doi=10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00170-1 }}</ref><ref name="Mueller-2018">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/jpy.12599 |title=Historical demography and colonization pathways of the widespread intertidal seaweed ''Hormosira banksii'' (Phaeophyceae) in southeastern Australia |journal=Journal of Phycology |volume=54 |pages=56-65 |year=2018 |last1=Mueller|first1=Rebecca |last2=Wright|first2=Jeffrey T. |last3=Bolch|first3=Christopher J.S.}}</ref><ref name="Bellgrove-2017" /><ref name="Thomsen-2016" /> Despite substantial morphological variation across its range, the species represents a single species and the genus ''Hormosira'' is monotypic.<ref name="Mueller-2018" /> Genetic analyses of [[Mitochondrial_DNA|mitochondrial]] [[Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I|COI]] and [[microsatellite]] DNA sequence data have indicated that there is low genetic variation across the range of the species in Australia.<ref name="Mueller-2018" /><ref name="Bellgrove-2017" />


==Description==
[[File:Malehorm.jpg|left|thumb|Male ''Hormosira'' [[conceptacle]]]]
''Hormosira'' is a perennial<ref name="Schiel-1999" /> species of seaweed (brown algae, Fucales).<ref name="Nelson-2013" /> It is abundant on low-energy rocky reefs within the [[intertidal zone]], where it outcompetes other algal species due to its high tolerance to [[desiccation]]. Plants vary significantly in morphology.<ref name="Mueller-2018" /> The thallus (or frond) of the species is made up of strings of olive-brown, spherical, gas-filled [[pneumatocyst]]s (or beads), which taper towards a small [[holdfast (biology)|holdfast]].<ref name="NZPCN" /> While the holdfast attaches strongly to a substrate, it can be easily dislodged by human trampling.<ref name="Schiel-1999" /> The spheres are buoyant and rise to the surface of the water during high tide, allowing plants to move with the flow of the current and obtain more sunlight.<ref name="Pathwayz" /> ''Hormosira'' also produces a slime layer to reduce desiccation,<ref name="Pathwayz" /> and plants often grows in high densities,<ref name="Schiel-1999" /><ref name="Thomsen-2016" /> which reduces their surface area exposed to the sun and further reduce dehydration.<ref name="Pathwayz">{{cite web |url=https://www.pathwayz.org/Tree/Plain/Neptunes+Necklace |website=Pathwayz |title=Neptunes Necklace |publisher=Pathwayz |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Due to the buoyant thallus, ''Hormosira'' plants can drift out to sea over considerable distances, and floating plants can remain fertile for several weeks.<ref name="Mueller-2018" />
[[File:Femalehorm.jpg|left|thumb|Female ''Hormosira'' conceptacle]]
This seaweed can reproduce asexually from broken fragments. The attached form also reproduces sexually, and is [[monoecious]]. The sex organs ([[conceptacles]]) are on the surface of the beads, and are visible to the naked eye as rough-looking dimples.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://na.oceana.org/en/explore/creatures/neptune8217s-necklace |title=Neptune's necklace |website=na.oceana.org |accessdate=17 March 2011}}</ref>


{{Gallery
⚫
''Hormosira'' produces eggs throughout the year, but its peak reproduction is often confined to July–October (at least in northern New Zealand) when the sea temperature is around 14&nbsp;°C, as the viability of the eggs can be low in high sea temperatures such as 17–22&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Begum |first=M. |last2=Taylor |first2=F.J. |title=Seasonal egg liberation and potential output of ''Hormosira banksii'' |journal=Pakistan Journal of Botany |volume=23 |issue= |pages=145–151 |year=1991 |doi= |url=}}</ref> At high tide, the eggs are released directly into the surrounding water, and when [[fertilised]], they sink to the substrate to develop for several days before becoming attached. All individuals release at the same time, maximising fertilisation.
⚫
|title=''Hormosira'' seaweed
|width=180
|align=center
|File:KaikNZhorm.jpg
⚫
|{{center|High densities of ''Hormosira'' on a broad rocky platform in [[Kaikōura]], New Zealand}}
|File:Hormosira banksii Long Reef.jpg
|{{center|High densities of ''Hormosira'' at [[Long Reef (New South Wales)|Long Reef]], Sydney, Australia}}
|File:Tessellated_Pavement_19.jpg
|{{center|''Hormosira'' at [[Eaglehawk Neck]], Tasmania, Australia}}
|File:Petrified log at Curio Bay.jpg
|{{center|''Hormosira'' growing alongside a petrified log at [[Curio Bay]], Otago, New Zealand}}
}}


== Ecology==
==Reproduction==
⚫
''Hormosira'' reproduces sexually and is [[monoecious]]. The sex organs ([[conceptacles]]) are on the surface of the beads, and are visible to the naked eye as rough-looking dimples.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://na.oceana.org/en/explore/creatures/neptune8217s-necklace |title=Neptune's necklace |website=na.oceana.org |access-date=17 March 2011}}</ref> ''Hormosira'' produces eggs throughout the year, but its peak reproduction is often confined to July–October (at least in northern New Zealand) when the sea temperature is around 14&nbsp;°C, as the viability of the eggs can be low in high sea temperatures such as 17–22&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Begum |first=M. |last2=Taylor |first2=F.J. |title=Seasonal egg liberation and potential output of ''Hormosira banksii'' |journal=Pakistan Journal of Botany |volume=23 |pages=145–151 |year=1991 }}</ref> At high tide, the eggs are released directly into the surrounding water. The eggs are negatively buoyant they sink to the substrate to develop for several days before becoming attached.<ref name="Mueller-2018" /> All individuals release at the same time, maximising fertilisation. The species can also reproduce asexually from broken and dislodged fragments.
⚫
[[File:KaikNZhorm.jpg|thumb|High densities of ''Hormosira'' on a broad rocky platform in [[Kaikoura]], [[New Zealand]]]]
This seaweed is mostly found in the [[littoral zone]] or in rock pools, where it receives plenty of light and enough seawater to avoid desiccation. ''Hormosira'' often lives in large patches, minimising moisture loss when the tide is low.


{{Gallery
|title=''Hormosira'' reproduction
|width=180
|align=center
|File:Femalehorm.jpg
|{{center|Female [[conceptacle]]}}
|File:Malehorm.jpg
|{{center|Male conceptacle}}
}}

==Ecology==
[[File:Nothhormo.jpg|thumb|''Hormosira'' provides habitat for this [[obligate]] [[epiphyte]], ''[[Notheia anomala]]''.]]
[[File:Nothhormo.jpg|thumb|''Hormosira'' provides habitat for this [[obligate]] [[epiphyte]], ''[[Notheia anomala]]''.]]
''Hormosira'' is a food source for [[sea urchin]]s, many small [[crustacean]]s, and some juvenile fish. Young crustaceans and molluscs often rely on the dense canopies of this species for niche space, protection from predators, and retention of moisture under low-tide conditions. It also provides a substrate for [[sessility (motility)|sessile]] organisms to attach to, including sea urchins and a wide range of [[facultative]] and [[obligate]] algal [[epiphyte]]s, as the intertidal environment is a greatly competitive habitat with space being one of the primary limiting factors.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thomsen |first=M.S. |last2=Metcalfe |first2=I. |last3=South |first3=P. |last4=Schiel |first4=D.R. |title=A host-specific habitat former controls biodiversity across ecological transitions in a rocky intertidal facilitation cascade |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=144–152 |year=2016 |doi=10.1071/MF14152 }}</ref>
''Hormosira'' is regarded as an [[ecosystem engineer]]<ref name="Bellgrove-2017">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10811-016-1015-0 |title=New resource for population genetics studies on the Australasian intertidal brown alga, ''Hormosira banksii'': isolation and characterization of 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci through next generation DNA sequencing |journal=Journal of Applied Phycology |volume=29 |pages=1721-1727 |year=2017 |last1=Bellgrove|first1=Alecia |last2=van Rooyen|first2=Anthony |last3=Weeks|first3=Andrew R. |last4=Clark|first4=Jennifer S. |last5=Doblin|first5=Martina A. |last6=Miller|first6=Adam D.}}</ref> or habitat former<ref name="Thomsen-2016">{{cite journal |last=Thomsen |first=M.S. |last2=Metcalfe |first2=I. |last3=South |first3=P. |last4=Schiel |first4=D.R. |title=A host-specific habitat former controls biodiversity across ecological transitions in a rocky intertidal facilitation cascade |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=144–152 |year=2016 |doi=10.1071/MF14152 }}</ref> that occurs in large patches and outcompetes other algal species due to its high tolerance to [[desiccation]]. ''Hormosira'' is a food source for [[sea urchin]]s, many small [[crustacean]]s, and some juvenile fish.<ref name="Pathwayz" /> Young crustaceans and molluscs often rely on the dense canopies of ''Hormosira'' for niche space, protection from predators, and avoid desiccation at low tide.<ref name="Pathwayz" /> ''Hormosira'' provides a substrate for [[sessility (motility)|sessile]] organisms to attach onto, including sea urchins and a wide range of [[WIKT:facultative|facultative]] and [[obligate]] algal [[epiphyte]]s such as ''[[Notheia anomala]]''.<ref name="Thomsen-2016" /> This is beneficial to many organisms as competition for habitat space is a primary limiting factor in the intertidal environment.


==Adaptations==
==Uses==
Due to the species high iodine content, Tasmanian schoolchildren were once urged to eat a bead a day to keep the [[goitres]] away.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edgar |first1=Graham |title=Australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters |date=2012 |publisher=Reed New Holland |location=Chatswood, N.S.W. |isbn=9781921517174 |page=40 |edition=2nd}}</ref>
''Abiotic'' To prevent dehydration it stores water in Tough modified leaves with small bladders (pockets). To prevent being washed away it has a strong attachment to rocks, these are structural. It has a slime coat that stops it from drying out when exposed to air, this is Physiological. It grows in groups so as to get less surface area exposed to the sun and area growing in groups also helps it trap water in between branches, this is behavioral. ''Biotic'' Its bladder can hold air allowing it to float over other competitors for light, this is structural.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
⚫
*Neptune's necklace discussed in [[Radio New Zealand|RNZ]] ''[[Critter of the Week]]'', [https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/2018757444/critter-of-the-week-neptune-s-necklace 31 Jul 2020]

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q15156976|from2=Q5903820|from3=Q3140644}}
⚫
* Neptune's neclance discussed in [[Radio New Zealand|RNZ]] ''[[Critter of the Week]]'', [https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/2018757444/critter-of-the-week-neptune-s-necklace 31 Jul 2020]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5903820}}


[[Category:Fucales]]
[[Category:Fucales]]

Latest revision as of 04:29, 27 June 2024

Hormosira
Young Hormosira
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Gyrista
Subphylum: Ochrophytina
Class: Phaeophyceae
Order: Fucales
Family: Hormosiraceae
Fritsch
Genus: Hormosira
(Endlicher) Menegh.
Species:
H. banksii
Binomial name
Hormosira banksii

Hormosira is a genus of seaweed in the family Hormosiraceae. It is monotypic, with a single species, Hormosira banksii, also known as Neptune's necklace, Neptune's pearls, sea grapes, or bubbleweed[2] it is native to Australia and New Zealand.[1][3]

Distribution

[edit]

Hormosira is native to southeastern Australia (including Tasmania, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island) and New Zealand.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Despite substantial morphological variation across its range, the species represents a single species and the genus Hormosira is monotypic.[5] Genetic analyses of mitochondrial COI and microsatellite DNA sequence data have indicated that there is low genetic variation across the range of the species in Australia.[5][6]

Description

[edit]

Hormosira is a perennial[4] species of seaweed (brown algae, Fucales).[3] It is abundant on low-energy rocky reefs within the intertidal zone, where it outcompetes other algal species due to its high tolerance to desiccation. Plants vary significantly in morphology.[5] The thallus (or frond) of the species is made up of strings of olive-brown, spherical, gas-filled pneumatocysts (or beads), which taper towards a small holdfast.[2] While the holdfast attaches strongly to a substrate, it can be easily dislodged by human trampling.[4] The spheres are buoyant and rise to the surface of the water during high tide, allowing plants to move with the flow of the current and obtain more sunlight.[8] Hormosira also produces a slime layer to reduce desiccation,[8] and plants often grows in high densities,[4][7] which reduces their surface area exposed to the sun and further reduce dehydration.[8] Due to the buoyant thallus, Hormosira plants can drift out to sea over considerable distances, and floating plants can remain fertile for several weeks.[5]

Hormosira seaweed
  • High densities of Hormosira on a broad rocky platform in Kaikōura, New Zealand
    High densities of Hormosira on a broad rocky platform in Kaikōura, New Zealand
  • High densities of Hormosira at Long Reef, Sydney, Australia
    High densities of Hormosira at Long Reef, Sydney, Australia
  • Hormosira at Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Australia
    Hormosira at Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Australia
  • Hormosira growing alongside a petrified log at Curio Bay, Otago, New Zealand
    Hormosira growing alongside a petrified log at Curio Bay, Otago, New Zealand

Reproduction

[edit]

Hormosira reproduces sexually and is monoecious. The sex organs (conceptacles) are on the surface of the beads, and are visible to the naked eye as rough-looking dimples.[9] Hormosira produces eggs throughout the year, but its peak reproduction is often confined to July–October (at least in northern New Zealand) when the sea temperature is around 14 °C, as the viability of the eggs can be low in high sea temperatures such as 17–22 °C.[10] At high tide, the eggs are released directly into the surrounding water. The eggs are negatively buoyant they sink to the substrate to develop for several days before becoming attached.[5] All individuals release at the same time, maximising fertilisation. The species can also reproduce asexually from broken and dislodged fragments.

Hormosira reproduction

Ecology

[edit]
Hormosira provides habitat for this obligate epiphyte, Notheia anomala.

Hormosira is regarded as an ecosystem engineer[6] or habitat former[7] that occurs in large patches and outcompetes other algal species due to its high tolerance to desiccation. Hormosira is a food source for sea urchins, many small crustaceans, and some juvenile fish.[8] Young crustaceans and molluscs often rely on the dense canopies of Hormosira for niche space, protection from predators, and avoid desiccation at low tide.[8] Hormosira provides a substrate for sessile organisms to attach onto, including sea urchins and a wide range of facultative and obligate algal epiphytes such as Notheia anomala.[7] This is beneficial to many organisms as competition for habitat space is a primary limiting factor in the intertidal environment.

Uses

[edit]

Due to the species high iodine content, Tasmanian schoolchildren were once urged to eat a bead a day to keep the goitres away.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Huisman, J.M. (2000). Marine Plants of Australia. University of Western Australia Press, Australian Biological Resources Study. ISBN 978-1-876268-33-6.
  2. ^ a b c "Hormosira banksii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b c W. A., Nelson (2013). New Zealand seaweeds : an illustrated guide. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780987668813. OCLC 841897290.
  4. ^ a b c d Schiel, D.R.; Taylor, D.I. (1999). "Effects of trampling on a rocky intertidal algal assemblage in southern New Zealand". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 235 (2): 213–235. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00170-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Mueller, Rebecca; Wright, Jeffrey T.; Bolch, Christopher J.S. (2018). "Historical demography and colonization pathways of the widespread intertidal seaweed Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyceae) in southeastern Australia". Journal of Phycology. 54: 56–65. doi:10.1111/jpy.12599.
  6. ^ a b c Bellgrove, Alecia; van Rooyen, Anthony; Weeks, Andrew R.; Clark, Jennifer S.; Doblin, Martina A.; Miller, Adam D. (2017). "New resource for population genetics studies on the Australasian intertidal brown alga, Hormosira banksii: isolation and characterization of 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci through next generation DNA sequencing". Journal of Applied Phycology. 29: 1721–1727. doi:10.1007/s10811-016-1015-0.
  7. ^ a b c d Thomsen, M.S.; Metcalfe, I.; South, P.; Schiel, D.R. (2016). "A host-specific habitat former controls biodiversity across ecological transitions in a rocky intertidal facilitation cascade". Marine and Freshwater Research. 67 (1): 144–152. doi:10.1071/MF14152.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Neptunes Necklace". Pathwayz. Pathwayz. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  9. ^ "Neptune's necklace". na.oceana.org. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  10. ^ Begum, M.; Taylor, F.J. (1991). "Seasonal egg liberation and potential output of Hormosira banksii". Pakistan Journal of Botany. 23: 145–151.
  11. ^ Edgar, Graham (2012). Australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters (2nd ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: Reed New Holland. p. 40. ISBN 9781921517174.
[edit]
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