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{{Short description|Catholic cardinal (1898–1984)}}
{{Use American English|date = January 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix =[[His Eminence]]
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Lawrence Joseph Shehan
| name = Lawrence Joseph Shehan
| honorific-suffix =
| honorific-suffix =
Line 13: Line 16:
| enthroned = December 8, 1961
| enthroned = December 8, 1961
| ended = April 2, 1974
| ended = April 2, 1974
| predecessor = [[Francis Keough]]
| predecessor = [[Francis Keough]]
| successor = [[William Donald Borders]]
| successor = [[William Donald Borders]]
| ordination = December 23, 1922
| ordination = December 23, 1922
| ordained_by = [[Giuseppe Palica]]
| ordained_by = [[Giuseppe Palica]]
| consecration = December 12, 1945
| consecration = December 12, 1945
| consecrated_by = [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]]
| consecrated_by = [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]]
| cardinal = February 22, 1965
| cardinal = February 22, 1965
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]
| rank = Cardinal- Priest
| rank = Cardinal- Priest
| previous_post = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore-Washington]] (1945-53)<br>[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport|Bishop of Bridgeport]] (1953-61)<br>[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Coadjutor Archbishop of Baltimore]] (1961)
| previous_post = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore-Washington]] (1945–53)<br />[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport|Bishop of Bridgeport]] (1953–61)<br />[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Coadjutor Archbishop of Baltimore]] (1961)
| other_post = [[Cardinal-Priest]] of ''[[S. Clemente]]''
| other_post = [[Cardinal-Priest]] of ''[[S. Clemente]]''
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|3|18|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|3|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
| birth_place = [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|8|26|1898|3|18|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|8|26|1898|3|18|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
| death_place = [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
| buried = [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
| buried = [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
| nationality =
| nationality =
| religion =
| religion =
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| spouse =
| spouse =
| children =
| children =
| occupation =
| occupation =
| profession =
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| signature =
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Lawrence Joseph Shehan.svg
| coat_of_arms =
| motto = OMINIA IN CARITATE<BR>(All things in Love)
| motto = ''Ominia in caritate''<br />(All things in love)
}}
}}
{{Infobox cardinal styles
{{Infobox cardinal styles
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| image = Coat of arms of Lawrence Joseph Shehan.svg
| image = Coat of arms of Lawrence Joseph Shehan.svg
| image_size = 200px}}
| image_size = 200px}}
'''Lawrence Joseph Shehan''' (March 18, 1898 – August 26, 1984) was an [[United States|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]] from 1961 to 1974 and was made a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] in 1965.
'''Lawrence Joseph Shehan''' (March 18, 1898 – August 26, 1984) was an [[Catholic Church in the United States|American Catholic]] prelate who served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]] from 1961 to 1974 and was made a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] in 1965. Shehan previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Baltimore from 1945 to 1953 as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport|Bishop of Bridgeport]] from 1953 to 1961.


As Bishop of Bridgeport, Shehan established new parishes and other facilities to meet the needs of the expanding Catholic population, working to create new ministries for Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking Catholics. As Archbishop of Baltimore, he condemned racial discrimination in the archdiocese and participated in the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]]. Shehan was one of the first Catholic prelates to condemn the [[Vietnam War]]. He was also a strong advocate for building ecumenical ties with the Protestant and Jewish communities.
⚫
==Early life and education==
⚫
Lawrence Shehan was born in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], to Thomas Patrick and Anastasia Dames (née Schofield) Shehan.<ref name=curtis>{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Georgina Pell|title=The American Catholic Who's Who|volume=XIV|year=1961|publisher=Walter Romig|location=Grosse Pointe, Michigan}}</ref> His father operated a [[tailor]]s' supply business.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|date=1984-08-27|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Dies; Retired Archbishop of Baltimore}}</ref> He received his early education at local [[parochial school]]s in Baltimore.<ref name=nytimes/>


Shehan's reputation has been tarnished by revelations in 2019 and 2023 that he mishandled sexual abuse allegations against clergy in both Bridgeport and Baltimore.
In 1911, he began his studies for the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] at [[St. Charles College, Maryland|St. Charles College]], a college seminary in [[Ellicott City, Maryland|Ellicott City]].<ref name=miranda>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=SHEHAN, Lawrence Joseph (1898-1984)|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-s.htm#Shehan|last=Miranda|first=Salvador}}</ref>


==Biography==
After graduating from St. Charles, Shehan enrolled at [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|St. Mary's Seminary]] in Baltimore in 1917.<ref name=archbalt>{{cite news|work=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore]]|title=His Eminence Lawrence Cardinal Shehan|url=http://www.archbalt.org/our-history/ordinaries-detail.cfm?customel_datapageid_999=2234}}</ref> He earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1919 and a [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in 1920.<ref name=curtis/>


⚫
=== Early life and education ===
⚫
In 1920, he was sent to continue his studies in [[Rome]] at the [[Pontifical Urban University]], where he received a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology]] in 1923.<ref name=miranda/>
⚫
Lawrence Shehan was born on March 18, 1898, in [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]], to Thomas Patrick and Anastasia Dames (née Schofield) Shehan.<ref name=curtis>{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Georgina Pell|title=The American Catholic Who's Who|volume=XIV|year=1961|publisher=Walter Romig|location=Grosse Pointe, Michigan}}</ref> Lawrence was one of five children. His father operated a [[tailor]]s' supply business.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Spalding |first=Thomas W. |date=1999 |title=Dissimilitude: The Careers of Cardinals Lawrence J. Shehan and John J. Krol |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25154690 |journal=U.S. Catholic Historian |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=50–63 |jstor=25154690 |issn=0735-8318}}</ref> Lawrence Shehan received his early education at St. Ann's [[parochial school]]s in Baltimore.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|date=1984-08-27|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Dies; Retired Archbishop of Baltimore}}</ref> By the eighth grade, he had decided to become a priest.<ref name=":2" />


In 1911, Shehan began his studies for the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] at [[St. Charles College, Maryland|St. Charles College]], a college seminary in [[Ellicott City, Maryland|Ellicott City]].<ref name="miranda">{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=SHEHAN, Lawrence Joseph (1898-1984)|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-s.htm#Shehan|last=Miranda|first=Salvador|access-date=May 11, 2010|archive-date=January 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104001717/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-s.htm#Shehan|url-status=dead}}</ref> After graduating from St. Charles, Shehan enrolled at [[St. Mary's Seminary and University|St. Mary's Seminary]] in Baltimore in 1917, earning a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1919 and a [[Master of Arts]] in 1920.<ref name="curtis" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=His Eminence Lawrence Cardinal Shehan |url=https://www.archbalt.org/his-eminence-lawrence-cardinal-shehan/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Archdiocese of Baltimore |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Priesthood==
⚫
On December 23, 1922, Shehan was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] a priest by Archbishop [[Giuseppe Palica]] at the [[Basilica of St. John Lateran]].<ref name=hierarchy>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bshehan|Lawrence Joseph Cardinal Shehan|21 January 2015}}</ref> Following his return to the [[United States]], he was first assigned as a [[curate]] at [[St. Patrick Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)|St. Patrick Catholic Church]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], a post which he held until 1941.<ref name=curtis/> In addition to his pastoral duties, he served as assistant director (1929–36) and director (1936–45) of [[Catholic Charities]] in Washington.<ref name=miranda/>


⚫
In 1920, the Archdiocese of Baltimore sent Shehan to [[Rome]] to continue his studies at the [[Pontifical Urban University]], where he received a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology]] in 1923.<ref name="miranda" /><ref name=":0" />
Shehan served as [[pastor]] of St. Patrick's Church from 1941 to 1945.<ref name=patrick>{{cite news|work=St. Patrick Catholic Church (Washington, DC)|title=Our History|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ourhistory.shtml}}</ref> During his pastorate, he ended [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] at the parochial school in 1942 and hosted the Washington branch of the Catholic Interracial Council.<ref name=patrick/> He was named a [[Monsignor|papal chamberlain]] in 1939, and raised to the rank of [[Monsignor|domestic prelate]] in 1945.<ref name=curtis/>


==Episcopacy==
=== Priesthood ===
⚫
On December 23, 1922, Shehan was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] a priest for the Archdiocese of Baltimore by Archbishop [[Giuseppe Palica]] at the [[Basilica of St. John Lateran]] in Rome.<ref name=hierarchy>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bshehan|Lawrence Joseph Cardinal Shehan|21 January 2015}}</ref> Following his return to Maryland, the archdiocese assigned Shehan as a curate at [[St. Patrick's Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)|St. Patrick's Parish]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], a post he held until 1941.<ref name=curtis/> In addition to his pastoral duties, he served as assistant director (1929 to 1936) and director (1936 to 1945) of [[Catholic Charities]] in Washington.<ref name=miranda/><ref name=":0" />The Vatican named Shehan as a [[Monsignor|papal chamberlain]] in 1939.<ref name="curtis" />


In 1941, the archdiocese appointed Shehan as [[pastor]] of St. Patrick's Parish in 1941. He ended [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] at the St. Patrick's school in 1942 and regularly hosted meetings of the Washington branch of the [[Catholic Interracial Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short History of St. Patrick Parish Saint Patrick's Church - Washington, D.C. |url=https://saintpatrickdc.org/our-history |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=St. Patrick Parish Saint Patrick's Church - Washington, D.C.}}</ref> The Vatican raised Shehan to the rank of [[Monsignor|domestic prelate]] in 1945.<ref name=curtis/>
⚫
===Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore===
⚫
On November 17, 1945, Shehan was appointed [[auxiliary bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archdiocese of Baltimore-Washington]] and [[titular bishop]] of ''[[Lod|Lydda]]'' by [[Pope Pius XII]].<ref name=hierarchy/> He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal]] [[consecration]] on the following December 12 from Archbishop [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]], with Bishops [[Peter Leo Ireton]] and [[John Michael McNamara]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]].<ref name=hierarchy/> He was named pastor of [http://www.archbalt.org/parishes/find-parish/parish.cfm?customel_datapageid_1124=1414 SS. Philip and James Church] in Baltimore in 1946.<ref name=curtis/> In 1947, when the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archdiocese of Washington]] was separated from Baltimore, Shehan was assigned to remain in Baltimore.<ref name=miranda/> He served as [[vicar general]] of the archdiocese from 1948 to 1953.<ref name=miranda/>


===Bishop of Bridgeport===
=== Episcopacy ===
⚫
Shehan was appointed the first [[Ordinary (officer)|Bishop]] of the newly erected [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport|Diocese of Bridgeport]] in [[Connecticut]] on August 25, 1953.<ref name=hierarchy/> His installation took place on December 2 of that year.<ref name=hierarchy/> During his tenure in Bridgeport, he established eighteen new parishes, built twenty-four new churches, and founded three high schools.<ref name=bridgeport>{{cite news|work=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport]]|title=The Bishops of Bridgeport|url=http://www.bridgeportdiocese.com/bishophistory.shtml}}</ref> He also formed a [[Catholic Youth Organization]], promoted vocations to the priesthood and [[Consecrated life (Catholic Church)|religious life]], and began parish ministry for the increasing number of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]], and [[Brazil]]ian immigrants.<ref name=bridgeport/> In October 1960, he convoked the first [[synod]] of Bridgeport to complete the initial organization of the diocese and to establish a uniform code of practice and discipline for the clergy.<ref name=bridgeport/>
A non-profit youth center in Bridgeport, CT is named after him (The Cardinal Shehan Center).


===Archbishop of Baltimore===
==== Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore ====
⚫
On November 17, 1945, Shehan was appointed [[auxiliary bishop]] of Baltimore and [[titular bishop]] of ''[[Lod|Lydda]]'' by [[Pope Pius XII]].<ref name=hierarchy/> He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal]] [[consecration]] on December 12, 1945, at Saint Patrick's Church in Washington from Archbishop [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]], with Bishops [[Peter Leo Ireton]] and [[John Michael McNamara]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]].<ref name=hierarchy/>
On July 10, 1961, Shehan returned to Baltimore as its [[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Archbishop]] (with right of succession) and [[Nicopolis ad Nestum|Titular Archbishop of Nicopolis ad Nestum]]. He succeeded [[Francis Patrick Keough]] as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]] on December 8 of that same year. In this position, he led the nation's first [[diocese]] and held precedence, but without the [[Title of honor|honorary]] title of [[Primate (bishop)|primacy]], over the [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Church in America]]. After the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruled to [[Engel v. Vitale|remove prayer from public schools]] in 1962, Shehan warned that "[[secularization]] threatens to become a sort of state religion established by court decree".<ref>''TIME'' Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896525,00.html On Second Thought...] August 24, 1962</ref> He was also a strong advocate of [[civil rights]], banning segregation in all of Baltimore's Catholic institutions and walking in the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] in 1963.<ref name="Milestones">''TIME'' Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952523,00.html Milestones] September 10, 1984</ref> He also maintained [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|relations]] with [[Judaism]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]].<ref name="Milestones"/> Cardinal Shehan worked with his friend [[Harry Lee Doll]], Episcopal Bishop of Maryland and President of the Maryland Council of Churches on both civil rights and ecumenical issues. Along with the President of [[St. Mary's Seminary and University]], Cardinal Shehan and Bishop Doll in 1968 founded Baltimore's Ecumenical Institute, in the city's Roland Park neighborhood.<ref>http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-10-11/news/1993284003_1_ecumenical-institute-christian-unity-ecumenical-prayer-service</ref>


The archdiocese appointed Shehan as pastor of Saints Philip and James Parish in Baltimore in 1946.<ref name="curtis" /><ref name="miranda" /> In 1948, Archbishop [[Francis Patrick Keough]] named him as [[vicar general]] of the archdiocese.<ref name="miranda" /><ref name="curtis" />
Shehan attended the [[Second Vatican Council]] from 1962 to 1965, and [[Pope Paul VI]] rather surprisingly<ref>''TIME'' Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839236-1,00.html 27 More Cardinals] February 5, 1965</ref> created him [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of ''[[Basilica di San Clemente|S. Clemente]]'' in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of February 22, 1965. Along with Cardinal [[Jaime de Barros Câmara]], he assisted Cardinal [[Leo Joseph Suenens]] in delivering one of the closing messages of the Council on December 8, 1965.<ref>Christus Rex. [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html To Artists]</ref> Within the [[Roman Curia]], Shehan held membership in the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity]].<ref name="Milestones"/>


⚫
==== Bishop of Bridgeport ====
He was in conflict with Fr. [[Gommar DePauw]], a Baltimore priest and founder of a [[Traditionalist Catholic]] Movement.<ref>''TIME'' Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842417,00.html De Pauw's Departure] January 28, 1966</ref>
On August 25, 1953, Pius XII appointed Shehan as titular bishop of [[Lydda]] and as the first [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|bishop]] of the newly erected Diocese of Bridgeport.<ref name="hierarchy" /> His installation took place on December 2, 1953.<ref name="hierarchy" />


⚫
During his tenure in Bridgeport, Shehan established 18 new parishes, built 24 new churches, and founded three high schools.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carney |first=Dan |date=2015-10-19 |title=Past Bishops |url=https://www.bridgeportdiocese.org/our-history/past-bishops/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Diocese of Bridgeport |language=en-US}}</ref> He also formed a diocesan chapter of the [[Catholic Youth Organization]], promoted vocations to the priesthood and [[Consecrated life (Catholic Church)|religious life]], and began parish ministry for the increasing number of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]], Portuguese, and [[Brazil]]ian immigrants.<ref name=":1" /> In October 1960, Shehan convoked the first [[synod]] of the diocese to complete the initial organization of the diocese and to establish a uniform code of practice and discipline for the clergy.<ref name=":1" />
Considered a [[Liberalism|liberal]] in his positions, Shehan supported [[Charles Curran (theologian)|Fr. Charles Curran]]<ref>''TIME'' Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843678,00.html Time for Boy Scouts?] April 28, 1967</ref> and [[open housing]], and condemned the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>''TIME'' Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911186,00.html A Fighter Bows Out] April 15, 1974</ref>


==== Coadjutor Archbishop and Archbishop of Baltimore ====
He celebrated an [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] at the 1973 [[International Eucharistic Congress|Eucharistic Congress]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref>''TIME'' Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944617,00.html "Spiritual Olympics" in Melbourne] March 12, 1973</ref>
On July 10, 1961, [[Pope John XXIII]] appointed Shehan as [[Coadjutor bishop|coadjutor archbishop]] of Baltimore and titular archbishop of [[Nicopolis ad Nestum]] to assist Keough. When Keough died on December 8, 1961, Shehan automatically became the next archbishop of Baltimore.<ref name="hierarchy" /> Upon become archbishop, Shehan immediately published a pastoral letter condemning all forms of [[racial discrimination]].<ref name=":3" /> In early 1962, he outlawed discrimination in all archdiocesan institutions and events. That same year, Shehan created a Christian Unity Commission, said to be the first in the United States.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Pearson |first=Richard |date=1984-08-27 |title=Cardinal Shehan of Baltimore Dies at 86 |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/08/27/cardinal-shehan-of-baltimore-dies-at-86/2848aa1b-db87-4234-ad3b-9ec25e899ac9/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>


In June 1962, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] ruled in ''[[Engel v. Vitale]]'' that public school administrators could not compose an official school and encourage students to recite it.<ref name="ussc">{{ussc|370|421|1962|name=Engel v. Vitale}}</ref> In response, Shehan warned that "[[secularization]] threatens to become a sort of state religion established by court decree".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-19 |title=Religion: On Second Thought.. . - TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896525,00.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219023737/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896525,00.html |archive-date=February 19, 2011 }}</ref> That same year, Shehan banned [[racial segregation]] in the Baltimore Catholic School System. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spalding |first=Thomas |date=1999 |title=Dissimilitude: The Careers of Cardinals Lawrence J. Shehan and John J. Krol |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25154690 |journal=U.S. Catholic Historian |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=53|jstor=25154690 }}</ref> He participated in the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]], at which Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] delivered his [[I Have a Dream|''I have a Dream'']] speech.<ref name="Milestones">{{Cite web |date=2007-10-01 |title=DIED. Lawrence Shehan |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952523,00.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Time Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001702/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952523,00.html |archive-date=October 1, 2007 }}</ref> In 1963, Shehan addressed the congregation at an Episcopal church in Baltimore and in 1965 did the same for a congregation in Baltimore synagogue.<ref name=":4" />
==Later life and death==
He resigned as Baltimore's archbishop on April 2, 1974, after twelve years of service. In a stroke of cruel luck, he was never able to participate in a [[papal conclave]]&mdash;he was the last cardinal to turn eighty prior to the [[Papal conclave, August 1978|August 1978 conclave]], at which, by Pope Paul's decree, cardinals over eighty were excluded.


Shehan attended the four sessions of the [[Second Vatican Council]] in Rome from 1962 to 1965. Paul VI created Sheha as [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal-priest]] of ''[[Basilica di San Clemente|S. Clemente]]'' in the consistory of February 22, 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-30 |title=27 More Cardinals |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839236-1,00.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Time Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055648/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839236-1,00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref> During the fourth session of the Council in 1965, Shehan assisted Cardinal [[Leo Joseph Suenens]] in writing a closing message to artists on December 8, 1965.<ref>Christus Rex. [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html To Artists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403055431/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html|date=April 3, 2007}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=COUNCIL CLOSING MESSAGES DECEMBER 8, 1965 - TO ARTISTS |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html |access-date=December 19, 2023 |website=Christus Rex}}</ref> Within the [[Roman Curia]], Shehan held membership in the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity]].<ref name="Milestones" />
Shehan died in Baltimore at age 86, and is buried in the [[Cathedral of Mary Our Queen]].

In March 1965, Reverend [[Gommar DePauw]], dean of Saint Mary's Major Seminary in [[Emmitsburg, Maryland]], founded the [[Catholic Traditionalist Movement]] (CTM). Gommar opposed many of the Second Vatican Council reforms and wanted to preserve the [[Tridentine Mass]]. Within a few weeks, Shehan order Gommar to disassociate himself from CTM. He refused to obey Shehan's order and moved to New York City. When Gommar ignored Shehan's order to move back to Maryland, the archbishop suspended Gommar's priestly privileges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-23 |title=De Pauw's Departure |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842417,00.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Time Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623075401/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842417,00.html |archive-date=June 23, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cuneo |first=Michael W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OL9tyvN5YcC&q=de+pauw&pg=PA102 |title=The Smoke of Satan: Conservative and Traditionalist Dissent in Contemporary American Catholicism |date=1999-10-22 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6265-6 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1968, Shehan and [[Harry Lee Doll]], the episcopal bishop of Maryland, founded the Ecumenical Institute at [[St. Mary's Seminary and University]] in Baltimore to further positive relationships between different religions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 11, 1993 |title=At 25, city's Ecumenical Institute seeks new inspiration, broader vision |work=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of St. Mary's |url=https://stmarys.edu/about/history/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Saint Mary's Seminary & University |language=en}}</ref>

Considered a [[Liberalism|liberal]] in many of his positions, Shehan supported the theologian Reverend [[Charles Curran (theologian)|Charles Curran]] after he was fired in April 1967 from the faculty of [[Catholic University of America]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-15 |title=Time for Boy Scouts? - TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843678,00.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215145829/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843678,00.html |archive-date=December 15, 2008 }}</ref> Shehan also advocated the abolition of [[housing discrimination]] based on race. He condemned American participation in the [[Vietnam War]] in 1971, terming the war "a scandal the Christian conscience can no longer endure."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2008-12-22 |title=A Fighter Bows Out - TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911186,00.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222062422/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911186,00.html |archive-date=December 22, 2008 }}</ref>

While in Australia in 1973, he celebrated a mass for [[Aboriginal Australians]] at the [[Sidney Myer Music Bowl]] in Melbourne during the 1973 [[International Eucharistic Congress|Eucharistic Congress]], drawing 20,000 attendees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-07 |title="Spiritual Olympics" in Melbourne |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944617,00.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Time Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207000856/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944617,00.html |archive-date=February 7, 2008 }}</ref>

=== Retirement and legacy ===
Shehan resigned as archbishop of Baltimore on April 2, 1974, have reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 for bishops.<ref name="hierarchy" /> He died of [[cancer]] in Baltimore on August 26, 1984, at age 86. He is interred in the [[Cathedral of Mary Our Queen]].<ref name=":4" />

The Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Chair in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at [[Johns Hopkins University]] was established in 1993 by [[MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital|Good Samaritan Hospital of Maryland]] in Baltimore in honor of Shehan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2016-06-28 |title=Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Chair in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - Named Deanships, Directorships, and Professorships |url=https://professorships.jhu.edu/professorship/lawrence-cardinal-shehan-chair-in-physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Johns Hopkins University |language=en-US}}</ref> The Cardinal Shehan Center, a youth center founded in Bridgeport in 1962, is named after Lawrence Shehan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.shehancenter.org/about/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Shehan Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

On October 1, 2019, former Connecticut state Judge Robert Holzberg issued a report on the handling of sexual abuse allegations against clergy by the Diocese of Bridgeport. The report accused Shehan, when he was bishop there, of transferring priests accused of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse]] without discipline.<ref>{{cite news |last=Collins |first=Dave |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Report critical of church leaders' response to clergy abuse |newspaper=The Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-bc-ct--church-abuse-bridgeport-20191001-story.html |access-date=October 3, 2019}} {{dead link|date=September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{Cite web |last=Knezevich |first=Alison |date=2019-10-02 |title=Former Baltimore archbishop Cardinal Shehan transferred abusive priests in Connecticut, new report says |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2019/10/02/former-baltimore-archbishop-cardinal-shehan-transferred-abusive-priests-in-connecticut-new-report-says/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Baltimore Sun |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2023, the Maryland Attorney General's Report on Child Sexual Abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore was issued. It accused Shehan of having failed to report several instances of clerical sexual abuse to the authorities despite having direct knowledge of the conduct from both victims and the parents of victims, as well as from other priests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title='Day of reckoning': Report uncovers decades of sexual abuse within Archdiocese of Baltimore |url=https://www.wmar2news.com/local/maryland-ag-releases-report-into-sexual-abuse-within-archdiocese-of-baltimore |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=WMAR 2 News Baltimore |language=en}}</ref>

* In the case of Reverend [[Joseph Maskell]], Shehan had direct knowledge of Maskell's sexual abuse and yet "there is no indication that the Archdiocese took any investigative action as a result" of the reports of sexual abuse.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Redacted Report on Child Sexual Abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore is Released by Attorney General's Office |url=https://www.marylandattorneygeneral.gov/press/2023/040523.pdf |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=Office of the Attorney General Maryland}}</ref>
* In the case of Reverend John Carney, he told investigators in January 2019 of informing Shehan of his sexual abuse of children. According to Carney, Shehan told him to "not talk about it."<ref name=":5" />


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:20th-century American cardinals]]
[[Category:American cardinals]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Baltimore]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Baltimore]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Bridgeport]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Bridgeport]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Baltimore]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Baltimore]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI]]
[[Category:James Cardinal Gibbons Medal winners]]

Latest revision as of 14:19, 16 July 2024

His Eminence

Lawrence Joseph Shehan
Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore
SeeBaltimore
AppointedJuly 10, 1961 (coadjutor)
InstalledDecember 8, 1961
Term endedApril 2, 1974
PredecessorFrancis Keough
SuccessorWilliam Donald Borders
Other post(s)Cardinal-Priest of S. Clemente
Previous post(s)Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore-Washington (1945–53)
Bishop of Bridgeport (1953–61)
Coadjutor Archbishop of Baltimore (1961)
Orders
OrdinationDecember 23, 1922
by Giuseppe Palica
ConsecrationDecember 12, 1945
by Amleto Giovanni Cicognani
Created cardinalFebruary 22, 1965
by Paul VI
RankCardinal- Priest
Personal details
Born(1898-03-18)March 18, 1898
Baltimore, Maryland
DiedAugust 26, 1984(1984-08-26) (aged 86)
Baltimore, Maryland
BuriedBaltimore, Maryland
MottoOminia in caritate
(All things in love)
Styles of
Lawrence Shehan
Reference styleHis Eminence
Spoken styleYour Eminence
Informal styleCardinal
SeeBaltimore

Lawrence Joseph Shehan (March 18, 1898 – August 26, 1984) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Baltimore from 1961 to 1974 and was made a cardinal in 1965. Shehan previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Baltimore from 1945 to 1953 as Bishop of Bridgeport from 1953 to 1961.

As Bishop of Bridgeport, Shehan established new parishes and other facilities to meet the needs of the expanding Catholic population, working to create new ministries for Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking Catholics. As Archbishop of Baltimore, he condemned racial discrimination in the archdiocese and participated in the Civil Rights Movement. Shehan was one of the first Catholic prelates to condemn the Vietnam War. He was also a strong advocate for building ecumenical ties with the Protestant and Jewish communities.

Shehan's reputation has been tarnished by revelations in 2019 and 2023 that he mishandled sexual abuse allegations against clergy in both Bridgeport and Baltimore.

Biography

[edit]

Early life and education

[edit]

Lawrence Shehan was born on March 18, 1898, in Baltimore, Maryland, to Thomas Patrick and Anastasia Dames (née Schofield) Shehan.[1] Lawrence was one of five children. His father operated a tailors' supply business.[2] Lawrence Shehan received his early education at St. Ann's parochial schools in Baltimore.[3] By the eighth grade, he had decided to become a priest.[2]

In 1911, Shehan began his studies for the priesthood at St. Charles College, a college seminary in Ellicott City.[4] After graduating from St. Charles, Shehan enrolled at St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore in 1917, earning a Bachelor of Arts in 1919 and a Master of Arts in 1920.[1][5]

In 1920, the Archdiocese of Baltimore sent Shehan to Rome to continue his studies at the Pontifical Urban University, where he received a Doctor of Sacred Theology in 1923.[4][5]

Priesthood

[edit]

On December 23, 1922, Shehan was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Baltimore by Archbishop Giuseppe Palica at the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome.[6] Following his return to Maryland, the archdiocese assigned Shehan as a curate at St. Patrick's Parish in Washington, D.C., a post he held until 1941.[1] In addition to his pastoral duties, he served as assistant director (1929 to 1936) and director (1936 to 1945) of Catholic Charities in Washington.[4][5]The Vatican named Shehan as a papal chamberlain in 1939.[1]

In 1941, the archdiocese appointed Shehan as pastor of St. Patrick's Parish in 1941. He ended racial segregation at the St. Patrick's school in 1942 and regularly hosted meetings of the Washington branch of the Catholic Interracial Council.[7] The Vatican raised Shehan to the rank of domestic prelate in 1945.[1]

Episcopacy

[edit]

Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore

[edit]

On November 17, 1945, Shehan was appointed auxiliary bishop of Baltimore and titular bishop of Lydda by Pope Pius XII.[6] He received his episcopal consecration on December 12, 1945, at Saint Patrick's Church in Washington from Archbishop Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, with Bishops Peter Leo Ireton and John Michael McNamara serving as co-consecrators.[6]

The archdiocese appointed Shehan as pastor of Saints Philip and James Parish in Baltimore in 1946.[1][4] In 1948, Archbishop Francis Patrick Keough named him as vicar general of the archdiocese.[4][1]

Bishop of Bridgeport

[edit]

On August 25, 1953, Pius XII appointed Shehan as titular bishop of Lydda and as the first bishop of the newly erected Diocese of Bridgeport.[6] His installation took place on December 2, 1953.[6]

During his tenure in Bridgeport, Shehan established 18 new parishes, built 24 new churches, and founded three high schools.[8] He also formed a diocesan chapter of the Catholic Youth Organization, promoted vocations to the priesthood and religious life, and began parish ministry for the increasing number of Hispanic, Portuguese, and Brazilian immigrants.[8] In October 1960, Shehan convoked the first synod of the diocese to complete the initial organization of the diocese and to establish a uniform code of practice and discipline for the clergy.[8]

Coadjutor Archbishop and Archbishop of Baltimore

[edit]

On July 10, 1961, Pope John XXIII appointed Shehan as coadjutor archbishop of Baltimore and titular archbishop of Nicopolis ad Nestum to assist Keough. When Keough died on December 8, 1961, Shehan automatically became the next archbishop of Baltimore.[6] Upon become archbishop, Shehan immediately published a pastoral letter condemning all forms of racial discrimination.[9] In early 1962, he outlawed discrimination in all archdiocesan institutions and events. That same year, Shehan created a Christian Unity Commission, said to be the first in the United States.[10]

In June 1962, the US Supreme Court ruled in Engel v. Vitale that public school administrators could not compose an official school and encourage students to recite it.[11] In response, Shehan warned that "secularization threatens to become a sort of state religion established by court decree".[12] That same year, Shehan banned racial segregation in the Baltimore Catholic School System. [13] He participated in the 1963 March on Washington, at which Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his I have a Dream speech.[14] In 1963, Shehan addressed the congregation at an Episcopal church in Baltimore and in 1965 did the same for a congregation in Baltimore synagogue.[10]

Shehan attended the four sessions of the Second Vatican Council in Rome from 1962 to 1965. Paul VI created Sheha as cardinal-priest of S. Clemente in the consistory of February 22, 1965.[15] During the fourth session of the Council in 1965, Shehan assisted Cardinal Leo Joseph Suenens in writing a closing message to artists on December 8, 1965.[16] [17] Within the Roman Curia, Shehan held membership in the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity.[14]

In March 1965, Reverend Gommar DePauw, dean of Saint Mary's Major Seminary in Emmitsburg, Maryland, founded the Catholic Traditionalist Movement (CTM). Gommar opposed many of the Second Vatican Council reforms and wanted to preserve the Tridentine Mass. Within a few weeks, Shehan order Gommar to disassociate himself from CTM. He refused to obey Shehan's order and moved to New York City. When Gommar ignored Shehan's order to move back to Maryland, the archbishop suspended Gommar's priestly privileges.[18][19]

In 1968, Shehan and Harry Lee Doll, the episcopal bishop of Maryland, founded the Ecumenical Institute at St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore to further positive relationships between different religions.[20][21]

Considered a liberal in many of his positions, Shehan supported the theologian Reverend Charles Curran after he was fired in April 1967 from the faculty of Catholic University of America.[22] Shehan also advocated the abolition of housing discrimination based on race. He condemned American participation in the Vietnam War in 1971, terming the war "a scandal the Christian conscience can no longer endure."[9]

While in Australia in 1973, he celebrated a mass for Aboriginal Australians at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Melbourne during the 1973 Eucharistic Congress, drawing 20,000 attendees.[23]

Retirement and legacy

[edit]

Shehan resigned as archbishop of Baltimore on April 2, 1974, have reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 for bishops.[6] He died of cancer in Baltimore on August 26, 1984, at age 86. He is interred in the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen.[10]

The Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Chair in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Johns Hopkins University was established in 1993 by Good Samaritan Hospital of Maryland in Baltimore in honor of Shehan.[24] The Cardinal Shehan Center, a youth center founded in Bridgeport in 1962, is named after Lawrence Shehan.[25]

On October 1, 2019, former Connecticut state Judge Robert Holzberg issued a report on the handling of sexual abuse allegations against clergy by the Diocese of Bridgeport. The report accused Shehan, when he was bishop there, of transferring priests accused of sexual abuse without discipline.[26][27]

In April 2023, the Maryland Attorney General's Report on Child Sexual Abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore was issued. It accused Shehan of having failed to report several instances of clerical sexual abuse to the authorities despite having direct knowledge of the conduct from both victims and the parents of victims, as well as from other priests.[28]

  • In the case of Reverend Joseph Maskell, Shehan had direct knowledge of Maskell's sexual abuse and yet "there is no indication that the Archdiocese took any investigative action as a result" of the reports of sexual abuse.[29]
  • In the case of Reverend John Carney, he told investigators in January 2019 of informing Shehan of his sexual abuse of children. According to Carney, Shehan told him to "not talk about it."[29]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Curtis, Georgina Pell (1961). The American Catholic Who's Who. Vol. XIV. Grosse Pointe, Michigan: Walter Romig.
  2. ^ a b Spalding, Thomas W. (1999). "Dissimilitude: The Careers of Cardinals Lawrence J. Shehan and John J. Krol". U.S. Catholic Historian. 17 (4): 50–63. ISSN 0735-8318. JSTOR 25154690.
  3. ^ "Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Dies; Retired Archbishop of Baltimore". The New York Times. August 27, 1984.
  4. ^ a b c d e Miranda, Salvador. "SHEHAN, Lawrence Joseph (1898-1984)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  5. ^ a b c "His Eminence Lawrence Cardinal Shehan". Archdiocese of Baltimore. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Lawrence Joseph Cardinal Shehan". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  7. ^ "A Short History of St. Patrick Parish Saint Patrick's Church - Washington, D.C." St. Patrick Parish Saint Patrick's Church - Washington, D.C. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c Carney, Dan (October 19, 2015). "Past Bishops". Diocese of Bridgeport. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  9. ^ a b "A Fighter Bows Out - TIME". December 22, 2008. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c Pearson, Richard (August 27, 1984). "Cardinal Shehan of Baltimore Dies at 86". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  11. ^ Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962)
  12. ^ "Religion: On Second Thought.. . - TIME". February 19, 2011. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  13. ^ Spalding, Thomas (1999). "Dissimilitude: The Careers of Cardinals Lawrence J. Shehan and John J. Krol". U.S. Catholic Historian. 17 (4): 53. JSTOR 25154690.
  14. ^ a b "DIED. Lawrence Shehan". Time Magazine. October 1, 2007. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  15. ^ "27 More Cardinals". Time Magazine. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  16. ^ Christus Rex. To Artists Archived April 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "COUNCIL CLOSING MESSAGES DECEMBER 8, 1965 - TO ARTISTS". Christus Rex. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  18. ^ "De Pauw's Departure". Time Magazine. June 23, 2008. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  19. ^ Cuneo, Michael W. (October 22, 1999). The Smoke of Satan: Conservative and Traditionalist Dissent in Contemporary American Catholicism. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6265-6.
  20. ^ "At 25, city's Ecumenical Institute seeks new inspiration, broader vision". The Baltimore Sun. October 11, 1993.
  21. ^ "History of St. Mary's". Saint Mary's Seminary & University. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  22. ^ "Time for Boy Scouts? - TIME". December 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  23. ^ ""Spiritual Olympics" in Melbourne". Time Magazine. February 7, 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  24. ^ "Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Chair in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - Named Deanships, Directorships, and Professorships". Johns Hopkins University. June 28, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  25. ^ "About". Shehan Center. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  26. ^ Collins, Dave (October 1, 2019). "Report critical of church leaders' response to clergy abuse". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 3, 2019. [dead link]
  27. ^ Knezevich, Alison (October 2, 2019). "Former Baltimore archbishop Cardinal Shehan transferred abusive priests in Connecticut, new report says". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  28. ^ "'Day of reckoning': Report uncovers decades of sexual abuse within Archdiocese of Baltimore". WMAR 2 News Baltimore. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  29. ^ a b "Redacted Report on Child Sexual Abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore is Released by Attorney General's Office" (PDF). Office of the Attorney General Maryland. April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
[edit]

Episcopal succession

[edit]
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
none
 Bishop of Bridgeport
1953–1961 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Archbishop of Baltimore
1961–1974 		Succeeded by
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