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{{short description|German anthropologist}}
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[[File:Py 13.09.2015 iran.tif|thumb|Paul A. Yule]]
{{Autobiography|date=March 2021}}
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'''Paul Alan Yule''' is an archaeologist at the [[Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg]] (habilitation). He studied at the [[University of Minnesota]] (BA), [[New York University]] (MA and PhD) and [[Marburg University]]. His main work targets the archaeology of [[Oman]], [[Yemen]], previously [[India]].
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[[File:Yule, paul 2023.tif|thumb|Yule, Paul A., 2023]]
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'''Paul Alan Yule''' is a German archaeologist at the [[Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg]] (habilitation). His main work targets the archaeology of [[Oman]], [[Yemen]], previously [[India]].


== Education and career ==
Yule's dissertation, [[Early Cretan Seals]], classifies and dates the seals from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages on [[Minoan Crete]].<ref>P. Yule, ''Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology''. Marburger Studien zur Vor und Frühgeschichte 4 (Mainz 1981), {{ISBN|3-8053-0490-0}}
Yule studied at the [[University of Minnesota]] (BA), [[New York University]] (MA and PhD) and [[Marburg University]].<ref>[https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/md/zaw/ufg/cv_yule_eng_tab.pdf CV Paul Alan Yule].</ref> His dissertation, ''Early Cretan Seals'', classified and dated the seals from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages of [[Minoan Crete]].<ref>P. Yule, ''Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology''. Marburger Studien zur Vor und Frühgeschichte 4 (Mainz 1981), {{ISBN|3-8053-0490-0}}
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule1981/ Online</ref>
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule1981/ Online</ref> In 1995 his habilitationsschrift at Heidelberg University analysed some 365 pre-Islamic graves in the eastern central part of Oman <ref>P. Yule, ''Die Gräberfelder in Samad al Shān (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer Kulturgeschichte''. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Orient-Archäologie 4, 2 vols. (Rahden 2001), {{ISBN|3-89646-634-8}}
URL://text http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule2001text ; URL://plates: http://diglit.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule2001 Online</ref>


⚫
Within the framework of the [[Open Access movement]] Yule emphasises the archiving of his research materials and publications as soon as possible so as to make them publicly available. He does this largely by means of the image bank [[heidICON]] and the virtual library [[Propylaeum-Dok]] of the Heidelberg University Library. Since 2005 Yule has experimented in 3D recording and animation in India and Oman with the [[Fachhochschule Mainz]] (i3mainz) and with [[Laura Pecchioli]].<ref>P. Yule, Salt Dough and a Laser Scanner, ''Scientific Computing and Cultural Heritage Contributions in Computational Humanities'', in: [[H.G. Bock]] – [[W. Jäger]] – [[M. Winckler]] (eds.), Heidelberg, 2013, 283–90, {{ISBN|978-3-642-28020-7}}</ref>

== South Asian research ==
In the 1980s, with the support of [[Swami Omanand Saraswati]], he catalogued and evaluated metallic artefacts of the so-called [[Copper Hoard Culture]] by means of European methods and models for the first time, whereby numerous finds came to light especially in the [[Kanya Gurukul]] in [[Narela]]/Haryana.<ref>P. Yule, ''The Bronze Age Metalwork of India''. PBF XX,8 (Munich 1985), {{ISBN|3-406-30440-0}}; P. Yule/A. Hauptmann/M. Hughes, The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation, ''Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz'' 36, 1989 [1992], 193-275 {{ISBN|1-881094-03-0}}
In the 1980s, with the support of [[Swami Omanand Saraswati]], he catalogued and evaluated metallic artefacts of the so-called [[Copper Hoard Culture]] by means of European methods and models for the first time, whereby numerous finds came to light especially in the [[Kanya Gurukul]] in [[Narela]]/Haryana.<ref>P. Yule, ''The Bronze Age Metalwork of India''. PBF XX,8 (Munich 1985), {{ISBN|3-406-30440-0}}; P. Yule/A. Hauptmann/M. Hughes, The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation, ''Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz'' 36, 1989 [1992], 193-275 {{ISBN|1-881094-03-0}}
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/509/ Online</ref> These artefacts appear to be non-functional objects, probably used in rituals or simply deposited in hoards, to judge from a lack of use-wear. Far away in [[Odisha]], Yule published a find from a metals period cemetery in [[Sankarjang]] which may be the earliest [[musical instrument]] in India. He documented the early historic fortress at [[Sisupalgarh]] by means of a [[laser scanner]], [[ground penetrating radar]] and a hand-held [[GPS]] receiver.<ref>P. Yule, ''Early Historic Sites in Orissa'' (Delhi 2006) {{ISBN|81-89645-44-7}}
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/509/ Online</ref> These artefacts appear to be non-functional objects, probably used in rituals or simply deposited in hoards, to judge from a lack of use-wear. Far away in [[Odisha]], Yule published a find from a metals period cemetery in [[Sankarjang]] which may be the earliest [[musical instrument]] in India. He documented the early historic fortress at [[Sisupalgarh]] by means of a [[laser scanner]], [[ground penetrating radar]] and a hand-held [[GPS]] receiver.<ref>P. Yule, ''Early Historic Sites in Orissa'' (Delhi 2006) {{ISBN|81-89645-44-7}}
[http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/schriftenreihen_ebene 2.php?sr_id=12&la=de Online]; P. Yule/W. Böhler, ''Sisupalgarh: an Early Historic Fortress in Coastal Orissa and its Cousins'', BAVA 24, 2004, 15-29 + CD ROM, {{ISBN|3-8053-2518-5}}
[http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/schriftenreihen_ebene 2.php?sr_id=12&la=de Online]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; P. Yule/W. Böhler, ''Sisupalgarh: an Early Historic Fortress in Coastal Orissa and its Cousins'', BAVA 24, 2004, 15-29 + CD ROM, {{ISBN|3-8053-2518-5}}
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/222/ Online</ref> Together with [[Corinna Borchert]], Yule uncovered [[illegal building in India|illegal building]] development within this nationally protected [[Mauryan]] site.<ref>P. Yule/C. Borchert, ''Sisupalgarh/Orissa: Illegal building operations in the North-West Area'', 2005,
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/222/ Online</ref> Together with [[Corinna Borchert]], Yule uncovered [[illegal building in India|illegal building]] development within this nationally protected [[Mauryan]] site.<ref>P. Yule/C. Borchert, ''Sisupalgarh/Orissa: Illegal building operations in the North-West Area'', 2005,
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2008/146/</ref> From 2001-2004 in India, Yule documented so-called mud forts and other archaeological sites for the first time, especially in [[Odisha]] along the [[Mahanadi]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. Images of his work especially in [[Odisha]] appear in the image bank heidICON.<ref>http://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Login?login_error=&easydb=fbr74r6ktj7t3gjchlarjsc674&ts=1400945812 in the pool SAI South Asian Archaeology</ref>
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2008/146/</ref> From 2001–2004 in India, Yule documented so-called mud forts and other archaeological sites for the first time, especially in [[Odisha]] along the [[Mahanadi]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. Images of his work especially in [[Odisha]] appear in the image bank heidICON.<ref>http://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Login?login_error=&easydb=fbr74r6ktj7t3gjchlarjsc674&ts=1400945812 in the pool SAI South Asian Archaeology</ref>

⚫
Yule's study of the prehistory of Oman began from 1982-1987 as a volunteer at the [[Deutsches Bergbau-Museum]] in Bochum together with [[Gerd Weisgerber]]. Yule focussed on the cataloguing of the metal hoard find from [[Ibri-Selme]] (and others as well), which he published with [[Gerd Weisgerber]]. This typological study catalogues the largest hoard of metallic artefacts to occur in the Near East.<ref>P. Yule/G. Weisgerber, ''The Metal Hoard from ʿIbrī/Selme, Sultanate of Oman''. Prähistorische Bronzefunde XX.7 (Stuttgart 2001) {{ISBN|3-515-07153-9}}</ref> Stashed in an [[Umm an-Nar]] period communal tomb, these date to the [[Early Iron Age]]. In 1987 Yule began his [[habilitation]] on the site of [[Samad al-Shan]] which sheds light on the late pre-Islamic, protoliterate [[Late Iron Age]] population of central Oman.<ref>P. Yule, ''Die Gräberfelder in Samad al Shan (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer Kulturgeschichte'', Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Orient-Archäologie Bd. 4 (Rahden 2001) {{ISBN|3-89646-634-8}}
⚫
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule2001text</ref> It comes into view as early as 100 BCE and we lose track of it around 300 CE far prior to the arrival of [[Islam]] in Oman. After 2006 he raised the chronology of the Samad Late Iron Age. The cemetery site, Samad, yields eastern Arabian artefacts of different periods. New excavations were intended to better date the Early Iron Age.<ref>P. Yule (ed.), ''Studies in the Archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman'', Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Archäologie Bd. 2 (Rahden 1999) {{ISBN|3-89646-632-1}}
⚫
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2011/817/</ref> New was the introduction of alphanumeric abbreviations for site and artefact classes to enable computer processing. In the mid 1990s Yule and Weisgerber mapped and studied the tower tombs of [[Jaylah]] in the eastern part of the [[Jebel Akhdhar (Oman)|Jebel Akhdhar]], which may date to the [[Bronze Age]] [[Umm an-Nar Period]] mid-late 3rd millennium BCE.<ref>P. Yule/G. Weisgerber, The Tower Tombs at Shir, Eastern Hajar, Sultanate of Oman, ''Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie'' 18, 1998, 183-241, {{ISBN|3-8053-2518-5}}
⚫
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2009/291/ Online</ref> Yule sought unsuccessfully late antique habitation in his excavation at the oasis site of Izki/al-Yemen. Yule updated his thought on Oman in 2014.<ref>P. Yule, ''Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia'', Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-447-10127-1}}.</ref> For south-eastern Arabia he distinguishes and defines Early and Late Iron Ages. In the Sultanate, the Late Iron Age has two facies. The one known from the most sites is designated [[Samad]] Late Iron Age, the other is the [[période préislamique récente]]<ref>P. Yule, ''Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia'', Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014, 62-67</ref> which mostly French and Belgian colleagues researched and defined in the United Arab Emirates<ref>M. Mouton, ''La péninsule d’Oman de la fin de l’âge du fer au début de la période sasanide (250 av. – 350 ap. JC)'', BAR International Series 1776, 1992 (printed 2008) {{ISBN|978-1-4073-0264-5}}</ref>. Years after finishing the actual report, Yule realised the important publications for the excavations at [[al-Akhdhar]], [[al-Wāsiṭ]] tomb W1 and other projects<ref> P. Yule (ed.), ''Archaeological Research in the Sultanate of Oman'', in: Der Anschnitt Beiheft 28, Bochum 2015 {{ISBN 978-3-86757-009-1}}</ref>. In 2012 the Ministry of Heritage and Culture asked him to document and published an Early Iron Age metal smelting site just inside the [[Empty Quarter]] in Wadi Ḍank, [[ʿUqdat al-Bakrah]].

⚫
At the site of [[Zafar, Yemen|Zafar]], capital of the [[Himyarite Tribal Confederation]], in the Yemenite highlands, field operations continued from 1998 to 2010 with a budget which eventually amounted to 5,300,000 Euros. This project illuminates especially the material culture of the [[Himyarite period]] (110 BCE - 525 CE). Yule excavated most notably a 1.70 m high relief-statue depicted wearing a crown which depicts arguably a Christian (Aksumite?) king. He argues that [[Himyarite culture]] is not really foreign to [[Islam]] which follows, but actually is a sire which passed on its genes. One wonders what Islamic religion and culture would be like without this influence. Excavated finds contradict the characterisation of Himyarite culture especially visual arts as decadent - a term which can be understood in different ways<ref>P. Yule, ''Himyar–Die Spätantike im Jemen/Late Antique Yemen'', Aichwald 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-929290-35-6}}</ref>. Yule considered late pre-Islam in the Yemen to be his most important scientific contribution owing to the opportunity to work for several years and the large number of contexted finds<ref>P. Yule (ed.): ''Ẓafār, Capital of Ḥimyar, Rehabilitation of a ‘Decadent’ Society, Excavations of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1998–2010 in the Highlands of the Yemen'', Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 29, Wiesbaden 2013, {{ISSN 0417-2442}}, {{ISBN|978-3-447-06935-9}}; http://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/BildsucheFrames?easydb=fbr74r6ktj7t3gjchlarjsc674, SKVO Zafar / Yemen</ref>. In 2013 [[Steffen Wenig]] asked him to participate in an excavation project of a church at [[Mifsas Bahri]] in the South Tigray Region. This work was enabled in 2014 by means of a grant from the DFG<ref>https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/paulyule</ref>. This centres on the excavation of a [[Late Aksumite]] church ruin of the 7th century CE<ref>M. Gaudiello‒P. Yule (eds.), ''Mifsas Baḥri, a Late Aksumite Frontier Community in the Mountains of Tigray, Survey, Excavation and Analysis 2013‒6'', Oxford, BAR International Series S2839, 2017, {{ISBN|978-1-4073-1579-9}}</ref>.


== Arabian and East African research ==
⚫
Within the framework of the [[Open Access movement]] Yule emphasises the archiving of his research materials and publications as soon as possible so as to make them publicly available. He does this largely by means of the image bank [[heidICON]] and the virtual library [[Propylaeum-Dok]] of the Heidelberg University Library. Since 2005 Yule has experimented in 3D recording and animation in India and Oman with the [[Fachhochschule Mainz]] (i3mainz) and with [[Laura Pecchioli]]<ref>P. Yule, Salt Dough and a Laser Scanner, ''Scientific Computing and Cultural Heritage Contributions in Computational Humanities'', in: [[H.G. Bock]] – [[W. Jäger]] – [[M. Winckler]] (eds.), Heidelberg, 2013, 283–90, {{ISBN|978-3-642-28020-7}}</ref>.
⚫
Yule's study of the prehistory of Oman began from 1982 to 1987 as a volunteer at the [[Deutsches Bergbau-Museum]] in Bochum together with [[Gerd Weisgerber]]. Yule focussed on the cataloguing of the metal hoard find from [[Ibri-Selme]] (and others as well), which he published with [[Gerd Weisgerber]]. This typological study catalogues the largest hoard of metallic artefacts to occur in the Near East.<ref>P. Yule/G. Weisgerber, ''The Metal Hoard from ʿIbrī/Selme, Sultanate of Oman''. Prähistorische Bronzefunde XX.7 (Stuttgart 2001) {{ISBN|3-515-07153-9}}</ref> Stashed in an [[Umm an-Nar]] period communal tomb, these date to the [[Early Iron Age]]. In 1987 Yule began his [[habilitation]] on the site of [[Samad al-Shan]] which sheds light on the late pre-Islamic, protoliterate [[Late Iron Age]] population of central Oman.<ref>P. Yule, ''Die Gräberfelder in Samad al Shan (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer Kulturgeschichte'', Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Orient-Archäologie Bd. 4 (Rahden 2001) {{ISBN|3-89646-634-8}}
⚫
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule2001text</ref> It comes into view as early as 200 BCE and may continue 200-400 years, prior to the arrival of [[Islam]] in Oman. After 2006 he raised the chronology of the Samad Late Iron Age. The cemetery site, Samad, yields eastern Arabian artefacts of different periods. New excavations were intended to better date the Early Iron Age.<ref>P. Yule (ed.), ''Studies in the Archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman'', Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Archäologie Bd. 2 (Rahden 1999) {{ISBN|3-89646-632-1}}
⚫
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2011/817/</ref> New was the introduction of alphanumeric abbreviations for site and artefact classes to enable computer processing. In the mid 1990s Yule and Weisgerber mapped and studied the tower tombs of [[Jaylah]] in the eastern part of the [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel Akhdhar]], which may date to the [[Bronze Age]] [[Umm an-Nar Period]] mid-late 3rd millennium BCE.<ref>P. Yule/G. Weisgerber, The Tower Tombs at Shir, Eastern Hajar, Sultanate of Oman, ''Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie'' 18, 1998, 183-241, {{ISBN|3-8053-2518-5}}
⚫
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2009/291/ Online</ref> Yule sought unsuccessfully late antique habitation in his excavation at the oasis site of Izki/al-Yemen. Yule updated his thought on Oman in 2016.<ref>P. Yule, Valorising the Samad Late Iron Age ''Arabian archaeology and epigraphy'' 27, 2016, 31-71.</ref> For south-eastern Arabia he distinguishes and defines Early and Late Iron Ages. In the Sultanate, the Late Iron Age has two facies. The one known from the most sites is designated [[Samad]] Late Iron Age, the other is the "période préislamique récente"<ref>P. Yule, ''Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia'', Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014, 62-67</ref> which mostly French and Belgian colleagues researched and defined in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>M. Mouton, ''La péninsule d’Oman de la fin de l’âge du fer au début de la période sasanide (250 av. – 350 ap. JC)'', BAR International Series 1776, 1992 (printed 2008) {{ISBN|978-1-4073-0264-5}}</ref> Years after finishing the actual report, Yule realised the important publications for the excavations at [[al-Akhdhar]], [[Wasit, Sanaʽa|al-Wāsiṭ]] tomb W1 and other projects.<ref>P. Yule (ed.), ''Archaeological Research in the Sultanate of Oman''<nowiki>, in: Der Anschnitt Beiheft 28, Bochum 2015 {{</nowiki>{{ISBN|978-3-86757-009-1}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>, text finished 1992</ref> In 2012 the Ministry of Heritage and Culture asked him to document and published an Early Iron Age metal smelting site just inside the [[Empty Quarter]] in Wadi Ḍank, [[ʿUqdat al-Bakrah]].<ref>P. Yule-G. Gernez (eds.), ''Early Iron Age Metal-Working Workshop in the Empty Quarter, Sultanate of Oman '', Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, 316, Bonn, 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-7749-4112-0}}</ref>


⚫
At the site of [[Zafar, Yemen|Zafar]], capital of the [[Himyar|Himyarite Tribal Confederation]], in the Yemenite highlands, field operations continued from 1998 to 2010 with a budget which eventually amounted to 5,300,000 Euros. This project illuminates especially the material culture of the Himyarite period (110 BCE – 525 CE). Yule excavated most notably a 1.70 m high relief-statue depicted wearing a crown which depicts arguably a Christian (Aksumite?) king. He argues that Himyarite culture is not really foreign to [[Islam]] which follows, but actually is a sire which passed on its genes. One wonders what Islamic religion and culture would be like without this influence. Excavated finds contradict the characterisation of Himyarite culture especially visual arts as decadent - a term which can be understood in different ways.<ref>P. Yule, ''Himyar–Die Spätantike im Jemen/Late Antique Yemen'', Aichwald 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-929290-35-6}}</ref> Yule considered late pre-Islam in the Yemen to be his most important scientific contribution owing to the opportunity to work for several years and the large number of contexted finds.<ref>P. Yule (ed.): ''Ẓafār, Capital of Ḥimyar, Rehabilitation of a ‘Decadent’ Society, Excavations of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1998–2010 in the Highlands of the Yemen'', Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 29, Wiesbaden 2013, {{ISSN|0417-2442}}, {{ISBN|978-3-447-06935-9}}; http://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/BildsucheFrames?easydb=fbr74r6ktj7t3gjchlarjsc674, SKVO Zafar / Yemen</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of archaeological sites by country]]
*[[al-Akhdhar]]
*[[Amlah]]
*[[al-Amqat]]
*[[al-Bustan, Oman|al-Bustan]]
*[[Archaeology of Oman]]
*[[Copper Hoard Culture]]
*[[Ganjam]]
*[[Golabai]]
*[[Izki]]
*[[Jaugada]]
*[[Kharligarh]]
*[[Lizq]]
*[[Masnaat Mariya]]
*[[Mifsas Bahri]]
*[[al-Moyassar]]
*[[al-Nejd, Sultanate of Oman]]
*[[Pre-islamic recent period]]
*[[Qaryat al-Saih]]
*[[Samad al-Shan]]
*[[Sankarjang]]
*[[Sisupalgarh]]
*[[Tiwi, Oman]]
*[[ʿUmq al-Rabaḫ]]
*[[ʿUqdat al-Bakrah]]
*[[Zafar, Yemen]]


In 2013 [[Steffen Wenig]] asked Yule to participate in an excavation project of a church at [[Mifsas Bahri]] in the South Tigray Region. Yule continued this work independently, enabled in 2014 to 2016 by means of a grant from the DFG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/paulyule|title = Paul a Yule &#124; University of Heidelberg - Academia.edu}}</ref> This centred on the excavation of a Late [[Aksumite]] church ruin of the 7th century CE.<ref>M. Gaudiello‒P. Yule (eds.), ''Mifsas Baḥri, a Late Aksumite Frontier Community in the Mountains of Tigray, Survey, Excavation and Analysis 2013‒6'', Oxford, BAR International Series S2839, 2017, {{ISBN|978-1-4073-1579-9}}</ref>
== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Paul Alan Yule}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* [University of Heidelberg, Prehistory and Near Eastern Archaeology http://www.ufg-va.uni-hd.de/mitarbeiter/yule_paul.html]
* [University of Heidelberg, Prehistory and Near Eastern Archaeology http://www.ufg-va.uni-hd.de/mitarbeiter/yule_paul.html]
* [University of Heidelberg, Languages and Cultures of the Near East, Semitic Studies http://semitistik.uni-hd.de/yule.html]
* [University of Heidelberg, Languages and Cultures of the Near East, Semitic Studies http://semitistik.uni-hd.de/yule.html]
Line 64: Line 41:
* [Collected digital works of the author regarding South Asia, University of Heidelberg Project Savifa http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/view/schriftenreihen/sr-12.html]
* [Collected digital works of the author regarding South Asia, University of Heidelberg Project Savifa http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/view/schriftenreihen/sr-12.html]
* [Collected digital works of the author regarding Arabia, University of Heidelberg http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/view/schriftenreihen/sr-5.html]
* [Collected digital works of the author regarding Arabia, University of Heidelberg http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/view/schriftenreihen/sr-5.html]
* [Zafar Virtual Museum http://zafar.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de]
* [Zafar Virtual Museum [https://web.archive.org/web/20160221213236/http://zafar.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/]]
*https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/paulyule
*https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/paulyule


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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota alumni]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota alumni]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:People from Minneapolis]]
[[Category:People from Minneapolis]]
[[Category:Illegal housing]]
[[Category:Illegal housing]]
[[Category:German male writers]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:German expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Latest revision as of 14:13, 21 August 2024

Yule, Paul A., 2023

Paul Alan Yule is a German archaeologist at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg (habilitation). His main work targets the archaeology of Oman, Yemen, previously India.

Education and career

[edit]

Yule studied at the University of Minnesota (BA), New York University (MA and PhD) and Marburg University.[1] His dissertation, Early Cretan Seals, classified and dated the seals from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages of Minoan Crete.[2] In 1995 his habilitationsschrift at Heidelberg University analysed some 365 pre-Islamic graves in the eastern central part of Oman [3]

Within the framework of the Open Access movement Yule emphasises the archiving of his research materials and publications as soon as possible so as to make them publicly available. He does this largely by means of the image bank heidICON and the virtual library Propylaeum-Dok of the Heidelberg University Library. Since 2005 Yule has experimented in 3D recording and animation in India and Oman with the Fachhochschule Mainz (i3mainz) and with Laura Pecchioli.[4]

South Asian research

[edit]

In the 1980s, with the support of Swami Omanand Saraswati, he catalogued and evaluated metallic artefacts of the so-called Copper Hoard Culture by means of European methods and models for the first time, whereby numerous finds came to light especially in the Kanya Gurukul in Narela/Haryana.[5] These artefacts appear to be non-functional objects, probably used in rituals or simply deposited in hoards, to judge from a lack of use-wear. Far away in Odisha, Yule published a find from a metals period cemetery in Sankarjang which may be the earliest musical instrument in India. He documented the early historic fortress at Sisupalgarh by means of a laser scanner, ground penetrating radar and a hand-held GPS receiver.[6] Together with Corinna Borchert, Yule uncovered illegal building development within this nationally protected Mauryan site.[7] From 2001–2004 in India, Yule documented so-called mud forts and other archaeological sites for the first time, especially in Odisha along the Mahanadi and Chhattisgarh. Images of his work especially in Odisha appear in the image bank heidICON.[8]

Arabian and East African research

[edit]

Yule's study of the prehistory of Oman began from 1982 to 1987 as a volunteer at the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum in Bochum together with Gerd Weisgerber. Yule focussed on the cataloguing of the metal hoard find from Ibri-Selme (and others as well), which he published with Gerd Weisgerber. This typological study catalogues the largest hoard of metallic artefacts to occur in the Near East.[9] Stashed in an Umm an-Nar period communal tomb, these date to the Early Iron Age. In 1987 Yule began his habilitation on the site of Samad al-Shan which sheds light on the late pre-Islamic, protoliterate Late Iron Age population of central Oman.[10] It comes into view as early as 200 BCE and may continue 200-400 years, prior to the arrival of Islam in Oman. After 2006 he raised the chronology of the Samad Late Iron Age. The cemetery site, Samad, yields eastern Arabian artefacts of different periods. New excavations were intended to better date the Early Iron Age.[11] New was the introduction of alphanumeric abbreviations for site and artefact classes to enable computer processing. In the mid 1990s Yule and Weisgerber mapped and studied the tower tombs of Jaylah in the eastern part of the Jebel Akhdhar, which may date to the Bronze Age Umm an-Nar Period mid-late 3rd millennium BCE.[12] Yule sought unsuccessfully late antique habitation in his excavation at the oasis site of Izki/al-Yemen. Yule updated his thought on Oman in 2016.[13] For south-eastern Arabia he distinguishes and defines Early and Late Iron Ages. In the Sultanate, the Late Iron Age has two facies. The one known from the most sites is designated Samad Late Iron Age, the other is the "période préislamique récente"[14] which mostly French and Belgian colleagues researched and defined in the United Arab Emirates.[15] Years after finishing the actual report, Yule realised the important publications for the excavations at al-Akhdhar, al-Wāsiṭ tomb W1 and other projects.[16] In 2012 the Ministry of Heritage and Culture asked him to document and published an Early Iron Age metal smelting site just inside the Empty Quarter in Wadi Ḍank, ʿUqdat al-Bakrah.[17]

At the site of Zafar, capital of the Himyarite Tribal Confederation, in the Yemenite highlands, field operations continued from 1998 to 2010 with a budget which eventually amounted to 5,300,000 Euros. This project illuminates especially the material culture of the Himyarite period (110 BCE – 525 CE). Yule excavated most notably a 1.70 m high relief-statue depicted wearing a crown which depicts arguably a Christian (Aksumite?) king. He argues that Himyarite culture is not really foreign to Islam which follows, but actually is a sire which passed on its genes. One wonders what Islamic religion and culture would be like without this influence. Excavated finds contradict the characterisation of Himyarite culture especially visual arts as decadent - a term which can be understood in different ways.[18] Yule considered late pre-Islam in the Yemen to be his most important scientific contribution owing to the opportunity to work for several years and the large number of contexted finds.[19]

In 2013 Steffen Wenig asked Yule to participate in an excavation project of a church at Mifsas Bahri in the South Tigray Region. Yule continued this work independently, enabled in 2014 to 2016 by means of a grant from the DFG.[20] This centred on the excavation of a Late Aksumite church ruin of the 7th century CE.[21]

References

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  1. ^ CV Paul Alan Yule.
  2. ^ P. Yule, Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology. Marburger Studien zur Vor und Frühgeschichte 4 (Mainz 1981), ISBN 3-8053-0490-0 http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule1981/ Online
  3. ^ P. Yule, Die Gräberfelder in Samad al Shān (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer Kulturgeschichte. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Orient-Archäologie 4, 2 vols. (Rahden 2001), ISBN 3-89646-634-8 URL://text http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule2001text ; URL://plates: http://diglit.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule2001 Online
  4. ^ P. Yule, Salt Dough and a Laser Scanner, Scientific Computing and Cultural Heritage Contributions in Computational Humanities, in: H.G. Bock – W. Jäger – M. Winckler (eds.), Heidelberg, 2013, 283–90, ISBN 978-3-642-28020-7
  5. ^ P. Yule, The Bronze Age Metalwork of India. PBF XX,8 (Munich 1985), ISBN 3-406-30440-0; P. Yule/A. Hauptmann/M. Hughes, The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 36, 1989 [1992], 193-275 ISBN 1-881094-03-0 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/509/ Online
  6. ^ P. Yule, Early Historic Sites in Orissa (Delhi 2006) ISBN 81-89645-44-7 2.php?sr_id=12&la=de Online[permanent dead link]; P. Yule/W. Böhler, Sisupalgarh: an Early Historic Fortress in Coastal Orissa and its Cousins, BAVA 24, 2004, 15-29 + CD ROM, ISBN 3-8053-2518-5 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/222/ Online
  7. ^ P. Yule/C. Borchert, Sisupalgarh/Orissa: Illegal building operations in the North-West Area, 2005, http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2008/146/
  8. ^ http://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Login?login_error=&easydb=fbr74r6ktj7t3gjchlarjsc674&ts=1400945812 in the pool SAI South Asian Archaeology
  9. ^ P. Yule/G. Weisgerber, The Metal Hoard from ʿIbrī/Selme, Sultanate of Oman. Prähistorische Bronzefunde XX.7 (Stuttgart 2001) ISBN 3-515-07153-9
  10. ^ P. Yule, Die Gräberfelder in Samad al Shan (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer Kulturgeschichte, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Orient-Archäologie Bd. 4 (Rahden 2001) ISBN 3-89646-634-8 http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/yule2001text
  11. ^ P. Yule (ed.), Studies in the Archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Archäologie Bd. 2 (Rahden 1999) ISBN 3-89646-632-1 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2011/817/
  12. ^ P. Yule/G. Weisgerber, The Tower Tombs at Shir, Eastern Hajar, Sultanate of Oman, Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie 18, 1998, 183-241, ISBN 3-8053-2518-5 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2009/291/ Online
  13. ^ P. Yule, Valorising the Samad Late Iron Age Arabian archaeology and epigraphy 27, 2016, 31-71.
  14. ^ P. Yule, Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014, 62-67
  15. ^ M. Mouton, La péninsule d’Oman de la fin de l’âge du fer au début de la période sasanide (250 av. – 350 ap. JC), BAR International Series 1776, 1992 (printed 2008) ISBN 978-1-4073-0264-5
  16. ^ P. Yule (ed.), Archaeological Research in the Sultanate of Oman, in: Der Anschnitt Beiheft 28, Bochum 2015 {{ISBN 978-3-86757-009-1}}, text finished 1992
  17. ^ P. Yule-G. Gernez (eds.), Early Iron Age Metal-Working Workshop in the Empty Quarter, Sultanate of Oman , Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, 316, Bonn, 2018, ISBN 978-3-7749-4112-0
  18. ^ P. Yule, Himyar–Die Spätantike im Jemen/Late Antique Yemen, Aichwald 2007, ISBN 978-3-929290-35-6
  19. ^ P. Yule (ed.): Ẓafār, Capital of Ḥimyar, Rehabilitation of a ‘Decadent’ Society, Excavations of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1998–2010 in the Highlands of the Yemen, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 29, Wiesbaden 2013, ISSN 0417-2442, ISBN 978-3-447-06935-9; http://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/BildsucheFrames?easydb=fbr74r6ktj7t3gjchlarjsc674, SKVO Zafar / Yemen
  20. ^ "Paul a Yule | University of Heidelberg - Academia.edu".
  21. ^ M. Gaudiello‒P. Yule (eds.), Mifsas Baḥri, a Late Aksumite Frontier Community in the Mountains of Tigray, Survey, Excavation and Analysis 2013‒6, Oxford, BAR International Series S2839, 2017, ISBN 978-1-4073-1579-9
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