İstiklal Marşı: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox anthem |
{{Infobox anthem |
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| title = {{lang|tr|italic=no|İstiklâl Marşı}} |
| title = {{lang|tr|italic=no|İstiklâl Marşı}} |
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| image = |
| image = İstiklâl_Marşı_(Cerîde-i_Resmiye)_matbu.png |
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| caption = |
| caption = Dated copy of the original text that was released on March 21, 1921 |
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| prefix = National |
| prefix = National |
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| country = <br />[[Turkey]] and [[Northern Cyprus]] |
| country = <br />[[Turkey]] and [[Northern Cyprus]] |
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| author = [[Mehmet Akif Ersoy]], 1921 |
| author = [[Mehmet Akif Ersoy]], 1921 |
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| adopted = 1921 – [[Turkey]]<br />1938 – [[Hatay State]]<br />1983 – [[Northern Cyprus]] |
| adopted = 1921 – [[Turkey]]<br />1938 – [[Hatay State]]<br />1983 – [[Northern Cyprus]] |
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| predecessor = Mahmudiye |
| predecessor = [[Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire|Mahmudiye March]] (last anthem of the [[Ottoman Empire]]) |
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| sound = IstiklalMarsi-2013 (version 2).oga |
| sound = IstiklalMarsi-2013 (version 2).oga |
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| sound_title = 2013 official orchestral and choral vocal recording (first and second verse) |
| sound_title = 2013 official orchestral and choral vocal recording (first and second verse) |
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}} |
}} |
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"'''{{lang|tr|italic=no|İstiklâl Marşı}}'''" ({{IPA |
"'''{{lang|tr|italic=no|İstiklâl Marşı}}'''" ({{IPA|tr|isticˈlal maɾˈʃɯ}}; {{lit|Independence March}}) is the [[national anthem]] of both the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]. It was officially adopted by the [[TBMM|Grand National Assembly]] on 12 March 1921—two-and-a-half years before the 29 October 1923 establishment of the nation—both as a motivational musical saga for the troops fighting in the [[Turkish War of Independence]], and as an aspirational anthem for a Republic that was yet to be established. |
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Penned by [[Mehmet Âkif Ersoy]], and ultimately composed by [[Osman Zeki Üngör]], the theme is one of affection for the Turkish [[Anatolia|homeland]], freedom, and [[Religion in Turkey|faith]], as well as praise for the virtues of hope, devotion, and sacrifice in the pursuit of liberty, all explored through visual, tactile, and kinesthetic imagery as these concepts relate to the [[Flag of Turkey|flag]], the human spirit, and the soil of the homeland. The original manuscript by Ersoy carries the dedication {{lang|tr|Kahraman Ordumuza}} – "To our Heroic Army", in reference to the [[Kuva-yi Milliye|people's army]] that ultimately won the [[Turkish War of Independence]], with lyrics that reflect on the sacrifices of the soldiers during the war. |
Penned by [[Mehmet Âkif Ersoy]], and ultimately composed by [[Osman Zeki Üngör]], the theme is one of affection for the Turkish [[Anatolia|homeland]], freedom, and [[Religion in Turkey|faith]], as well as praise for the virtues of hope, devotion, and sacrifice in the pursuit of liberty, all explored through visual, tactile, and kinesthetic imagery as these concepts relate to the [[Flag of Turkey|flag]], the human spirit, and the soil of the homeland. The original manuscript by Ersoy carries the dedication {{lang|tr|Kahraman Ordumuza}} – "To our Heroic Army", in reference to the [[Kuva-yi Milliye|people's army]] that ultimately won the [[Turkish War of Independence]], with lyrics that reflect on the sacrifices of the soldiers during the war. |
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Shortly thereafter, twenty-four composers participated in another competition arranged for the selection of a musical composition that would best suit the elected anthem. The committee, which was only able to convene in 1924 due to the 1919–1923 [[Turkish War of Independence]], adopted the music composed by [[Ali Rıfat Çağatay]]. |
Shortly thereafter, twenty-four composers participated in another competition arranged for the selection of a musical composition that would best suit the elected anthem. The committee, which was only able to convene in 1924 due to the 1919–1923 [[Turkish War of Independence]], adopted the music composed by [[Ali Rıfat Çağatay]]. |
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This early composition by Çağatay lasted only six years. In 1930, a new composition by [[Osman Zeki Üngör]], virtuoso composer and the first conductor of the [[Presidential Symphony Orchestra]] of the [[Republic of Turkey |
This early composition by Çağatay lasted only six years. In 1930, a new composition by [[Osman Zeki Üngör]], virtuoso composer and the first conductor of the [[Presidential Symphony Orchestra]] of the [[Republic of Turkey]], was adopted as a permanent musical arrangement by Parliament.<ref name="google" /> Shortly thereafter, in 1932, eminent Turkish composer, conductor, and musicologist (of [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] descent) [[Edgar Manas]] ({{lang-hy|Էտկար Մանաս}}) was commissioned by the Turkish government to harmonize and orchestrate the melody created by Üngör,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vefatını 72. yılında Mehmet Âkif Ersoy bilgi șöleni 3 : Mehmed Âkif edebî ve fikrî akımlar. |publisher=Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği |year=2009 |isbn=9789757382409 |location=Ankara |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=İstiklal Marşı'nın Bestelenmesi Çalışmaları |url=http://www.ataturkinkilaplari.com/beguha/81 |access-date=2012-12-11 |language=Turkish |archive-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517184743/http://www.ataturkinkilaplari.com/beguha/81/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Külekçi |first=Cahit |title=Sosyo-kültürel açıdan Ermeniler ve Türkler: İstanbul Ermenileri |publisher=Kayihan |year=2010 |location=432 |page=340 |language=Turkish}}</ref> and the final and official version of the anthem took form. |
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==Lyrics== |
==Lyrics== |
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The full lyrics of the Turkish national anthem consist of 41 lines of verses, with ten stanzas total, though only the first |
The full lyrics of the Turkish national anthem consist of 41 lines of verses, with ten stanzas total, though only the first two verses (shown in bold) are performed in official ceremonies. |
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{{clear}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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![[Ottoman Turkish]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ersoy |first=Mehmed Âkif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_hKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Osmanlıca Öğrenenler İçin Safahât'tan Seçme Şiirler |date=2021-07-02 |publisher=DBY Yayınları |isbn=978-625-7760-49-2 |pages=15, 17, 19 |language=tr |access-date=2022-05-18 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926162231/https://books.google.com/books?id=w_hKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nosferatü |date=2010-08-21 |title=File:İstiklal marşı.JPG |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%B0stiklal_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1.JPG |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Wikimedia Commons |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926162231/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%B0stiklal_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1.JPG |url-status=live }}</ref> |
![[Ottoman Turkish]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ersoy |first=Mehmed Âkif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_hKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Osmanlıca Öğrenenler İçin Safahât'tan Seçme Şiirler |date=2021-07-02 |publisher=DBY Yayınları |isbn=978-625-7760-49-2 |pages=15, 17, 19 |language=tr |access-date=2022-05-18 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926162231/https://books.google.com/books?id=w_hKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nosferatü |date=2010-08-21 |title=File:İstiklal marşı.JPG |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%B0stiklal_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1.JPG |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Wikimedia Commons |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926162231/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%B0stiklal_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1.JPG |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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! |
!Text in [[Turkish alphabet|modern Turkish orthography]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=İstiklâl Marşı |url=https://www.tccb.gov.tr/assets/dosya/istiklalmarsi_metin.pdf |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=[[President of Turkey|Presidency of the Republic of Turkey]] |archive-date=2022-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324083654/http://www.tccb.gov.tr/assets/dosya/istiklalmarsi_metin.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=İstiklâl Marşı – The Turkish National Anthem |url=https://www.msb.gov.tr/Content/images/IstiklalMarsi/%C4%B0stiklal%20Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1%20Kitap%C3%A7%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1.pdf |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=[[Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)|Ministry of National Defense]] |location=[[Ankara]] |page=17 (22 in file) |archive-date=2022-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313011901/https://www.msb.gov.tr/Content/images/IstiklalMarsi/%C4%B0stiklal%20Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1%20Kitap%C3%A7%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Turkish]] and [[Turkish phonology]].}} |
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Turkish]] and [[Turkish phonology]].}} |
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!English translated version<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ayaydın-Cebe |first1=Günil Özlem |title=Smile of the Crescent: Constructing a Future Identity Out of Historical Ambiguity in İstiklal Marşı (with Translation) |journal=Die Welt des Islams |date=19 October 2021 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=76–106 |doi=10.1163/15700607-61040001 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/wdi/63/1/article-p76_002.xml |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> |
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!English translated version |
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|{{lang|ota|<poem style="text-align:right;">'''١''' |
|{{lang|ota|<poem style="text-align:right;">'''١''' |
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''':قورقما، سونمهز بو شفقلرده یوزهن آل سانجاق''' |
''':قورقما، سونمهز بو شفقلرده یوزهن آل سانجاق''' |
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'''.سونمهدن |
'''.سونمهدن یوردمڭ اوستنده توتهن اڭ صوڭ اوجاق''' |
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'''او بنم |
'''او بنم ملتمڭ ییلدیزیدر پارلایاجق؛''' |
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'''.او بنمدر. او بنم |
'''.او بنمدر. او بنم ملتمڭدر آنجاق''' |
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'''٢''' |
'''٢''' |
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'''!چاتمه قربان اولایم چهرهكی، ای نازلی هلال''' |
'''!چاتمه قربان اولایم چهرهكی، ای نازلی هلال''' |
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'''قهرمان عرقمه بر |
'''قهرمان عرقمه بر گول، نه بو شدت، بو جلال''' |
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''' |
'''سڭا اولماز دوكولن قانلریمز صوڭرا حلال؛''' |
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'''!حقیدر، حقه طاپان |
'''!حقیدر، حقه طاپان ملتمڭ، استقلال''' |
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'''٣''' |
'''٣''' |
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.بن ازلدن بریدر حر یاشادم، حر یاشارم |
.بن ازلدن بریدر حر یاشادم، حر یاشارم |
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! |
!هانگی چیلغین بڭا زنجیر اورهجقمش، شاشارم |
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كوكرهمش سیل |
كوكرهمش سیل گبییم، بندیمی چیكنهر آشارم؛ |
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.ییرتارم داغلری، |
.ییرتارم داغلری، انگینلره صیغمام، طاشارم |
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'''٤''' |
'''٤''' |
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غربك آفاقنی صارمشسه چلیك زرهلی دیوار |
غربك آفاقنی صارمشسه چلیك زرهلی دیوار |
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.بنم ایمان دولو |
.بنم ایمان دولو گوكوسم گبی سرحدم وار |
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،اولوسڭ، قورقما، ناصل بویله بر ایمانی بوغار |
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"مدنیت" |
"مدنیت" دیدیگڭ تك دیشی قالمش جانوار؟ |
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'''٥''' |
'''٥''' |
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آرقاداش! یوردیمه آلچاقلری اوغراتما، صاقین |
آرقاداش! یوردیمه آلچاقلری اوغراتما، صاقین |
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سپر ایت |
سپر ایت گودهڭی، دورسڭ بو حیاسزجه آقین؛ |
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دوغاجقدر |
دوغاجقدر سڭا وعد ایتدیكی گونلر حقڭ؛ |
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كیم بیلیر بلكه یارین، بلكه یاریندن ده یاقین |
كیم بیلیر بلكه یارین، بلكه یاریندن ده یاقین |
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'''٦''' |
'''٦''' |
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{{colon}} |
{{colon}}باصدیغڭ یرلری "طوپراق!" دییهرك گچمه طانی |
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!دوشون آلتندهكی |
!دوشون آلتندهكی بیڭلرجه كفنسز یاتانی |
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{{colon}}سن شهید |
{{colon}}سن شهید اوغلیسڭ، اینجیتمه یازیقدر آتاڭی |
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.ویرمه، دنیالری |
.ویرمه، دنیالری آلسهڭ ده بو جنت وطنی |
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'''٧''' |
'''٧''' |
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،كیم بو جنت |
،كیم بو جنت وطنڭ اوغرینه اولماز كه فدا |
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!شهدا فیشقیراجق طوپراغی |
!شهدا فیشقیراجق طوپراغی صیقسهڭ، شهدا |
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جانی، جانانی، بوتون واریمی آلسین ده خدا |
جانی، جانانی، بوتون واریمی آلسین ده خدا |
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.ایتمهسین تك وطنمدن بنی دنیاده جدا |
.ایتمهسین تك وطنمدن بنی دنیاده جدا |
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'''٨''' |
'''٨''' |
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{{colon}} |
{{colon}}روحمڭ سندن، الهی، شودر آنجاق املی |
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. |
.دهگمهسین معبدمڭ گوكسنه نامحرم الی |
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– بو اذانلر – كه شهادتلری |
– بو اذانلر – كه شهادتلری دینڭ تملی |
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.ابدی، |
.ابدی، یوردیمڭ اوستنده بنم ایڭلهمهلی |
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'''٩''' |
'''٩''' |
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.او زمان وجد ایله |
.او زمان وجد ایله بیڭ سجده ایدهر – وارسه – طاشم |
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،هر جریحهمدن، الهی، بوشانوب قانلی یاشم |
،هر جریحهمدن، الهی، بوشانوب قانلی یاشم |
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فیشقیریر روح مجرد |
فیشقیریر روح مجرد گبی یردن نعشم؛ |
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!او زمان |
!او زمان یوكسهلهرهڭ عرشه دگهر بلكه باشم |
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'''١٠''' |
'''١٠''' |
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!دالغالان سن ده شفقلر |
!دالغالان سن ده شفقلر گبی ای شانلی هلال |
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! |
!اولسڭ آرتق دكولن قانلریمڭ هپسی حلال |
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!ابدیا |
!ابدیا سڭا یوق، عرقمه یوق اضمحلال |
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حقیدر حر یاشامش |
حقیدر حر یاشامش بایراغمڭ حریت؛ |
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!حقیدر حقه طاپان |
!حقیدر حقه طاپان ملتمڭ استقلال</poem>}} |
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|<poem>{{lang|tr|italic=no|'''I''' |
|<poem>{{lang|tr|italic=no|'''I''' |
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'''Korkma! Sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak,''' |
'''Korkma! Sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak,''' |
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Hakkıdır, hür yaşamış bayrağımın hürriyet; |
Hakkıdır, hür yaşamış bayrağımın hürriyet; |
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Hakkıdır, Hakk’a tapan milletimin istiklal!}}</poem> |
Hakkıdır, Hakk’a tapan milletimin istiklal!}}</poem> |
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|<poem>{{IPA|'''1''' |
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|'''1''' |
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[ˈkʰo̞ɾk.mä ‖ s̪ø̞n̪.ˈmæz̪ bu ʃä.fäk.ɫ̪äɾ.ˈd̪ä jy.ˈz̪æn̪ ˈäɫ̪‿s̪än̪.ˌd͡ʒäk {{!}}] |
[ˈkʰo̞ɾk.mä ‖ s̪ø̞n̪.ˈmæz̪ bu ʃä.fäk.ɫ̪äɾ.ˈd̪ä jy.ˈz̪æn̪ ˈäɫ̪‿s̪än̪.ˌd͡ʒäk {{!}}] |
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[ˈs̪ø̞n̪.me̞.d̪æn̪ juɾ.d̪u.ˈmʊn̪ ys̪.t̪ʰyn̪.ˈd̪e̞ t̪ʰy.ˈt̪ʰæn̪ ˈe̞n̪‿s̪o̞n̪‿o̞.ˌd͡ʒäk ‖] |
[ˈs̪ø̞n̪.me̞.d̪æn̪ juɾ.d̪u.ˈmʊn̪ ys̪.t̪ʰyn̪.ˈd̪e̞ t̪ʰy.ˈt̪ʰæn̪ ˈe̞n̪‿s̪o̞n̪‿o̞.ˌd͡ʒäk ‖] |
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[häk.ˈkʰɯ.d̪ɯɾ̞̊ {{!}} häk.ˈkʰä t̪ʰä.ˈpʰän̪ mil̠.l̠e̞.t̪ʰi.ˈmɪn̪ is̪.t̪ʰic.ˈläl ‖]}}</poem> |
[häk.ˈkʰɯ.d̪ɯɾ̞̊ {{!}} häk.ˈkʰä t̪ʰä.ˈpʰän̪ mil̠.l̠e̞.t̪ʰi.ˈmɪn̪ is̪.t̪ʰic.ˈläl ‖]}}</poem> |
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|<poem>'''I''' |
|<poem>'''I''' |
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'''Fear not! The |
'''Fear not! The scarlet flag rippling at dawns shall not wither''' |
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''' |
'''While my country’s last smoking hearth is yet aflicker.''' |
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''' |
'''She is the star of my nation: she is meant to blaze and shine;''' |
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''' |
'''She belongs to none but my nation alone, she is mine.''' |
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'''II''' |
'''II''' |
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''' |
'''Do not frown, I beseech you, oh coy crescent!''' |
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'''But smile at my valiant race… Why this angry, why violent?''' |
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'''Smile upon my heroic nation once!{{efn-lr|name=fn3}} What is this violence, what for is this rage?{{efn-lr|name=fn4}}''' |
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''' |
'''Lest our blood spilt for you be unblessed and worthless.''' |
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'''For my nation, who worships God, has the right to independence!''' |
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'''Freedom is the right of my God-worshipping{{efn-lr|name=fn5}} nation.''' |
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'''III''' |
'''III''' |
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I have been free since eternity, and free shall I be. |
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What |
What fool dares to shackle me? I defy the temerity! |
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I am like a roaring flood; I overflow trampling down my banks, |
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I |
I tear apart mountains, surge into depths, and surpass. |
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'''IV''' |
'''IV''' |
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Western horizons may be encircled by walls armoured in steel |
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If the steel armored wall surrounds the horizons of [[Western World|the West]], |
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But I have my chest brimful of faith as my homeland’s frontier. |
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I have a borderline like my [[Iman (Islam)|faithful]] chest.{{efn-lr|name=fn7}} |
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Let it howl, fear not! How can it smother such solid faith |
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That single-fanged monster, “Civilisation!” as you call it? |
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By the single toothed beast they call "civilization"?{{efn-lr|name=fn9}} |
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'''V''' |
'''V''' |
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My friend! Never ever let the dastards into my land! |
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Render your body a shield; bring this heinous raid to an end. |
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Shield your chest, this disgraceful offense shall be stopped.{{efn-lr|name=fn7}} |
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For soon shall break the blissful days God promised, for sure; |
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The days promised to you by God shall arise, |
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Perhaps tomorrow, who knows, perhaps even sooner than that. |
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'''VI''' |
'''VI''' |
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Do not assume what you tread on is mere “earth”, recognise it! |
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Think of the thousands, without shrouds, lying beneath. |
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You’re the son of a martyr, take shame, hurt not your ancestor; |
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Cede not this heavenly homeland, even if it’s the worlds you’re granted. |
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'''VII''' |
'''VII''' |
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Who would not |
Who would not offer his life for this homeland of paradise? |
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Martyrs would |
Martyrs would pour forth, all martyrs, should one simply clutch the earth! |
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If God will, He may take my life, my beloved, and my wealth, |
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But |
But may He not, for the world, just deprive me of my homeland. |
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'''VIII''' |
'''VIII''' |
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The sole wish of my soul, oh glorious God, from You is that, |
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No heathen |
No heathen would ever, on the bosom of my temple, lay hand! |
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These |
These calls to prayer, whose testimonies are the ground of religion, |
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Should resound far and wide over my eternal homeland. |
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'''IX''' |
'''IX''' |
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Then, my tombstone, if any, prostrates in rapture a thousand-fold, |
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Of my every wound, oh glorious God, tears of blood gush forth, |
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And tears of blood shall, oh Lord, spill out from my every wound, |
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And my |
And out spurts my corpse, in pure spirit, from the ground, |
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Perhaps |
Perhaps then, shall ascend and to the heavens touch my crown! |
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'''X''' |
'''X''' |
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So ripple and wave like |
So ripple and wave, like dawning skies, oh glorious crescent, |
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So that |
So that every drop of my blood finally be blessed and worthy! |
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Neither you nor my |
Neither you nor my race shall ever be annihilated, |
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For my flag, who has lived ever freely, has the right to liberty; |
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For freedom is the absolute right of my ever-free flag; |
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For my nation, who worships God, has the right to independence!</poem> |
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For independence is the absolute right of my God-worshipping{{efn-lr|name=fn5}} nation!</poem> |
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</div> |
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'''''Footnotes:'''''<ref name="osmanlicaturkce">{{Cite web |title=OSMANLICA - TÜRKÇE SÖZLÜK, LÛGAT, ESKİ ÖLÇÜ BİRİMLERİ DÖNÜŞTÜRÜCÜ |url=http://www.osmanlicaturkce.com/ |access-date=2014-10-31 |publisher=osmanlicaturkce.com |archive-date=2013-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403031048/http://www.osmanlicaturkce.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nathanielturner">{{Cite web |title=Mehmet Akif Ersoy |url=http://www.nathanielturner.com/legislatorpoets2.htm |access-date=2014-10-31 |publisher=nathanielturner.com |archive-date=2018-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110162527/http://www.nathanielturner.com/legislatorpoets2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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{{notelist-lr|refs= |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn1|''A white crescent and star superimposed on a crimson background comprise the [[Turkish flag]]. The poet here is referring to the crimson flag's star, and is declaring that it belongs to the hearts of those comprising the Turkish nation, who cherish it deeply, and refuse to be deprived of it (and thus, their freedom and liberty) by anyone.''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn2|''A white crescent and star superimposed on a crimson background comprise the [[Turkish flag]]. The poet is invoking the curvilinear image of the crescent and comparing it to the furrowed eyebrows of a frowning face, thus anthropomorphising the flag by suggesting that its "sulky face" is an outward expression of its resentment of the [[Turkish War of Independence|invading foreign armies]]. The poet elaborates upon this imagery by suggesting that the flag is not only being surly, but also coy. Specifically, he depicts the flag (and the spirit of freedom which it embodies, under threat from invading nations against whom victory initially seems impossibly difficult to achieve, hence "coy") as a demure maiden with a face that is sulking in resentment of the invasion yet is nonetheless playing hard-to-get. That is, the "coy" flag is being "playful" about letting Turkish troops achieve ultimate victory and thus, freedom.''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn3|''Although the word used here, ''"ırk"'', means ''"[[Race (classification of humans)|race]]"'' in contemporary Turkish, it had different associations in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]. In Ottoman Turkish, it also carries the connotations of "generation", "offspring", and "family lineage"; in short, "kin". Also note that the poet was of [[Albanians|Albanian]] and [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] origin. Thus, the correct translation is "Smile upon my heroic kinfolk", rather than "Smile upon my heroic race".''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn4|''The poet elaborates upon his earlier anthropomorphization of the flag by suggesting that it contain its rage and resentment, and resume its noble and honorable self in order to validate the efforts of the Turkish patriots fighting to protect it.''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn5|''There is a wordplay here that is difficult to replicate in English. The play is on the [[homophone|homophonic]] words "hak" ([[justice]], [[rights|right]]), and ''[[Haqq|Hakk]]'' (God). This allows the line to be perceived in Turkish as both "my God-loving countrymen are deserving of freedom", and "my justice-loving countrymen are deserving of freedom".''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn6|''The original word used ("Enginler"), which can be somewhat approximated as "the Infinites" or "the Great Expanses", is a romanticized Turkish poetical word (with no direct English translation) that refers to anything perceived by humanity as a vast, boundless expanse: the heavens, the oceans, the horizon, the Universe, etc. The poet is thus expressing that his love for freedom and his vigor spent in its pursuit cannot be contained by anything known to humanity and would overflow even the largest "Infinites".''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn7|''The verse here alludes to the well-funded military might of the [[Turkish War of Independence|invading foreign powers]] from various European nations, i.e. "the West", and compares it to the exhausted bodies and limited resources of the rag-tag team of patriots comprising the Turkish resistance army. Using "steel" as a rough synonym for "military strength", the poet asserts that the men and women who are fighting to defend the nation from invading powers must not be daunted by these countries' superior arms and technology, because it is his firm belief that the strength of spirit that comes from heartfelt optimism and faith are just as strong as any "walls of steel" the enemy might have around them.''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn8|''There is a difficult-to-translate wordplay here on the word "ulusun", which can be broken down into a root, "ulu", and a suffix, "-sun". The verb form of the root "ulu", means "to howl, to cry out, to bellow", while the adjective form means "grand, sublime, noble". The suffix -sun serves to modify the adjective-form of this root to give it a second-person singular connotation, while it modifies the verb-form to give it a third person connotation. Thus, the phrase "ulu-sun" may be interpreted in two ways: "let it howl/bellow out!" (i.e. "let your mighty voice echo across the land!") or "you are noble, fellow patriot, as is your cause!". It is also possible to break down the word as "ulus" and suffix "un" which would mean "your nation/people". Out of these three, the most intuitive meaning of the word here is "let it howl/bellow out".''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn9|''The term "civilization" is used here as a synonym for the civically and technologically-advanced (hence, "civilized") invading nations of various European countries. The imagery of the "single-fanged beast" is in reference to [[Turkish War of Independence|the severe battering delivered to these foreign armies by Turkish forces as part of their independence efforts]]. Specifically, the poet is creating an image whereby the patriotic men and women who are advancing the national resistance have knocked out all but one of the ferocious monster's (i.e. the invaders') teeth — hence the expression, "single-fanged". In essence, the poet is building upon his earlier message to the Nation about showing patience and endurance against seemingly-impossible odds. He states that the vast superiority of the invaders in terms of technology, equipment and manpower over the war-stricken, undermanned, and underfed Turkish forces (that were hastily assembled by patriotic civilians and ex-military officials following [[World War I]]) can not only be matched, but actually overcome and even defeated by the unassailable spirit of the Turkish people. ''<br /> |
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''Thus, the poet is calling out to the Nation, saying, "While 'the lands of the West may be armed with walls of steel', i.e., while these European armies may have seemingly impenetrable/unbeatable modern technology and weaponry, do not be fooled/discouraged by their apparent superiority. Look at what we have accomplished so far with virtually non-existent arms and supplies! We are horribly fatigued, and at a disadvantage in every conceivable way, yet we still are able to succeed in our battle for liberty! This seemingly undefeatable 'monster' has had almost every one of its teeth knocked out (hence, 'single-fanged') by our victorious campaign! Our motivation, faith, and internal drive is what has and will continue to carry us through, and that is something that our enemies simply cannot match. All we need for ultimate victory is the ability to recognize our true 'innate strengths': a 'fiery faith' and the 'mighty chest (i.e. heart) of a believer'".''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn10|''In Turkish, ''shroud-less'' is a metaphor used for martyrs, i.e. those who have sacrificed their lives for their country and their faith. In Islamic tradition, the dead, have to be ceremoniously washed and dressed in linen shrouds before burial in order to have a safe passage to Heaven. Martyrs' bodies are exempt from these requirements in Islam, thus the 'shroud-less'.''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn11|''Prostration is the act of laying one's forehead on the ground as part of Muslim sacred ritual (see [[Namaz]], [[As-Sajda]] or Salat). The poet's image here is one where even the battle-fallen's gravestone is engaging in sacred ritual in honor of the fighters' sacrifice.''}} |
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{{efn-lr|name=fn12|''The image being painted here is that of a battle-fallen and pain-stricken patriot, who becomes ecstatic following the victorious end of the [[Turkish War of Independence|War of Independence]]. Despite not having a headstone at their final resting place, this is a person whose mind, body and soul have at long last found peace, and may thus finally ascend and reach the heavens, knowing that their homeland is safe and sound once and for all, and that all their suffering was worth it in the end.''}} |
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}} |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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{{Sisterlinks}} |
{{Sisterlinks}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021704/http://audio.aydogan.net/Istiklal_Marsi.ogg Vocal of the İstiklal Marşı in Ogg Vorbis] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021704/http://audio.aydogan.net/Istiklal_Marsi.ogg Vocal of the İstiklal Marşı in Ogg Vorbis] |
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* Official Records of the Grand National Assembly of The Republic of Turkey on the parliamentary debates and history of the İstiklal Marşı |
* Official Records of the Grand National Assembly of The Republic of Turkey on the parliamentary debates and history of the İstiklal Marşı – [https://web.archive.org/web/20040426090721/http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tarihce/istiklalmarsi_c9.pdf ''Zabit Ceridesi – 12.03.1921''] {{in lang|tr}} |
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* {{youTube|5wZDXkJ4rok|Turkish National Anthem at the 101st Anniversary of the victory at Gallipoli}} {{in lang|tr}} ([https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/5wZDXkJ4rok archive link]) |
* {{youTube|5wZDXkJ4rok|Turkish National Anthem at the 101st Anniversary of the victory at Gallipoli}} {{in lang|tr}} ([https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/5wZDXkJ4rok archive link]) |
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* [https://www.tccb.gov.tr/assets/dosya/istiklalmarsi_nota.pdf Music notes of the Independence March] |
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{{Turkey topics}} |
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[[Category:National symbols of Turkey]] |
[[Category:National symbols of Turkey]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Culture of Northern Cyprus]] |
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[[Category:Asian anthems]] |
[[Category:Asian anthems]] |
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[[Category:Turkish words and phrases]] |
[[Category:Turkish words and phrases]] |
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[[Category:European anthems]] |
[[Category:European anthems]] |
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[[Category:National anthems]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Music of Turkey]] |
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[[Category:National anthem compositions in G minor]] |
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[[Category:National anthem compositions in A-flat minor]] |
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[[Category:Turkish military marches]] |
[[Category:Turkish military marches]] |
Latest revision as of 15:57, 15 September 2024
National anthem of Turkey and Northern Cyprus | |
Lyrics | Mehmet Akif Ersoy, 1921 |
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Music | Osman Zeki Üngör (composer) Edgar Manas (orchestration) |
Adopted | 1921 – Turkey 1938 – Hatay State 1983 – Northern Cyprus |
Preceded by | Mahmudiye March (last anthem of the Ottoman Empire) |
Audio sample | |
2013 official orchestral and choral vocal recording (first and second verse) |
"İstiklâl Marşı" (Turkish pronunciation: [isticˈlal maɾˈʃɯ]; lit. 'Independence March') is the national anthem of both the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It was officially adopted by the Grand National Assembly on 12 March 1921—two-and-a-half years before the 29 October 1923 establishment of the nation—both as a motivational musical saga for the troops fighting in the Turkish War of Independence, and as an aspirational anthem for a Republic that was yet to be established.
Penned by Mehmet Âkif Ersoy, and ultimately composed by Osman Zeki Üngör, the theme is one of affection for the Turkish homeland, freedom, and faith, as well as praise for the virtues of hope, devotion, and sacrifice in the pursuit of liberty, all explored through visual, tactile, and kinesthetic imagery as these concepts relate to the flag, the human spirit, and the soil of the homeland. The original manuscript by Ersoy carries the dedication Kahraman Ordumuza – "To our Heroic Army", in reference to the people's army that ultimately won the Turkish War of Independence, with lyrics that reflect on the sacrifices of the soldiers during the war.
It is regularly heard during state and military events, as well as during national festivals, bayrams, sporting events, and school ceremonies. Visual depictions can also be found adorning state or public displays, such as in the form of a scroll displaying the first two quatrains of the anthem on the reverse of the Turkish 100 lira banknotes of 1983–1989.[1]
Of the ten-stanza anthem, only the first two quatrains are sung.
A framed version of the national anthem typically occupies the wall above the blackboard in the classrooms of Turkish schools, accompanied by a Turkish flag, a photograph of the country's founding savior Atatürk, and a copy of Atatürk's famous speech to the nation's youth from the concluding remarks to his 20 October 1927 address to the Parliament.[citation needed]
In 1983, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also adopted the Turkish national anthem under Article II of the Constitution of Northern Cyprus.[2][3]
History
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2018) |
The present-day anthem is a collective effort by several prominent poets, musicians, and composers that took form over several years due to the relatively tumultuous nature of the period in which it was crafted.
Even before the full official dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, a nationwide competition was organized in 1921 by the Turkish National Movement — an independent and self-organized militia force led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk waging a lengthy campaign for independence against both invading foreign powers and the Ottoman Court itself, due to the latter being treasonous and complicit in the partitioning of the Turkish homeland in the aftermath of the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres. The goal of the competition was to select an original composition suitable for a National March, intended to both motivate the militia forces fighting for independence across the country, and to provide inspiration and pride for a new homeland that would be established once victory was achieved.
A total of 724 poems were submitted. Mehmet Akif Ersoy, a well-known poet of the period, initially refused to participate due to a monetary prize being offered in the competition, but was subsequently contacted and convinced by the National Parliament to submit a poem and disregard the reward. The resulting ten-stanza-long poem written by Ersoy was recited to the National Assembly by representative Hamdullah Suphi, on 1 March 1921,[4] where it was unanimously adopted by the deputies following evaluation by a parliamentary committee. The prize of the competition was later bestowed on a society of veterans.
Shortly thereafter, twenty-four composers participated in another competition arranged for the selection of a musical composition that would best suit the elected anthem. The committee, which was only able to convene in 1924 due to the 1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence, adopted the music composed by Ali Rıfat Çağatay.
This early composition by Çağatay lasted only six years. In 1930, a new composition by Osman Zeki Üngör, virtuoso composer and the first conductor of the Presidential Symphony Orchestra of the Republic of Turkey, was adopted as a permanent musical arrangement by Parliament.[4] Shortly thereafter, in 1932, eminent Turkish composer, conductor, and musicologist (of Armenian descent) Edgar Manas (Armenian: Էտկար Մանաս) was commissioned by the Turkish government to harmonize and orchestrate the melody created by Üngör,[5][6][7] and the final and official version of the anthem took form.
Lyrics
[edit]The full lyrics of the Turkish national anthem consist of 41 lines of verses, with ten stanzas total, though only the first two verses (shown in bold) are performed in official ceremonies.
Ottoman Turkish[8][9] | Text in modern Turkish orthography[10][11] | IPA transcription[a] | English translated version[12] |
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١ |
I |
1 |
I |
Notes
[edit]- ^ See Help:IPA/Turkish and Turkish phonology.
References
[edit]- ^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - One Hundred Turkish Lira - I. Series Archived 2009-06-03 at the Wayback Machine & II. Series Archived 2009-06-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
- ^ Hakki, Murat Metin (2007). The Cyprus Issue: A Documentary History, 1878-2006. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-392-6. Archived from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
- ^ Minahan, James B. (2009-12-23). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8. Archived from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
- ^ a b Çiloğlu, F. (1999). Kurtuluş Savaşı sözlüğü. Doğan Kitap. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
- ^ Vefatını 72. yılında Mehmet Âkif Ersoy bilgi șöleni 3 : Mehmed Âkif edebî ve fikrî akımlar. Ankara: Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği. 2009. p. 54. ISBN 9789757382409.
- ^ "İstiklal Marşı'nın Bestelenmesi Çalışmaları" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
- ^ Külekçi, Cahit (2010). Sosyo-kültürel açıdan Ermeniler ve Türkler: İstanbul Ermenileri (in Turkish). 432: Kayihan. p. 340.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Ersoy, Mehmed Âkif (2021-07-02). Osmanlıca Öğrenenler İçin Safahât'tan Seçme Şiirler (in Turkish). DBY Yayınları. pp. 15, 17, 19. ISBN 978-625-7760-49-2. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ^ Nosferatü (2010-08-21). "File:İstiklal marşı.JPG". Wikimedia Commons. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
- ^ "İstiklâl Marşı" (PDF). Presidency of the Republic of Turkey. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
- ^ "İstiklâl Marşı – The Turkish National Anthem" (PDF). Ministry of National Defense. Ankara. 2021. p. 17 (22 in file). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-13. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
- ^ Ayaydın-Cebe, Günil Özlem (19 October 2021). "Smile of the Crescent: Constructing a Future Identity Out of Historical Ambiguity in İstiklal Marşı (with Translation)". Die Welt des Islams. 63 (1): 76–106. doi:10.1163/15700607-61040001. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
External links
[edit]- Vocal of the İstiklal Marşı in Ogg Vorbis
- Official Records of the Grand National Assembly of The Republic of Turkey on the parliamentary debates and history of the İstiklal Marşı – Zabit Ceridesi – 12.03.1921 (in Turkish)
- Turkish National Anthem at the 101st Anniversary of the victory at Gallipoli on YouTube (in Turkish) (archive link)
- Music notes of the Independence March