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{{Short description|Pacific hurricane in 1943}}
{{Good article}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox Hurricane
{{Infobox weather event
| Name=1943 Mazatlán hurricane
| image = 1943 Mazatlán hurricane analysis 9 Oct 1943.png
⚫
| caption = Surface analysis of the hurricane near landfall
| Type=Hurricane
| Year=1943
| formed = ≤8 October 1943
⚫
| dissipated = 9 October 1943
⚫
| Basin=EPac
}}{{Infobox weather event/SSHWS
| Formed=≤8 October 1943
| winds = 117
⚫
| Dissipated=9 October 1943
| winds-prefix = ≥
| Image location=1943 Mazatlán hurricane analysis 9 Oct 1943.png
⚫
| pressure = 958.6
⚫
| Image name=Surface analysis of the hurricane near landfall
| pressure-prefix = ≤
⚫
| Pressure=958.6
⚫
| basin = EPac
| Pressurepre=≤
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| Damages=4.5
| Inflated=0
| year =
| Fatalities=at least 106
| fatalities = at least 100
| damage = 4500000
| Areas=southern coastal [[Sinaloa]]
| areas = southern coastal [[Sinaloa]]
⚫
| Hurricane season=[[1940–48 Pacific hurricane seasons]]
| refs =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
⚫
| season = [[1942–48 Pacific hurricane seasons]]
}}
}}
The '''1943 Mazatlán hurricane''' was a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] (at least Category 4) that lashed the southern coast of [[Sinaloa]] on the morning of 9 October 1943. The hurricane went essentially undetected before it made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] just south of [[Mazatlán]] on 9 October with a pressure below {{Convert|958.6|mbar|inHg}} and [[maximum sustained winds]] of at least {{Convert|136|mph}}. The hurricane destroyed two small towns and half of Mazatlán, killing at least 106 persons, injuring 102, and leaving over 1,000 homeless. Total damage was estimated at $4.5 million (1943 [[United States Dollar|USD]], $56 million 2008 USD). The hurricane was the strongest on record to strike Mazatlán.
The '''1943 Mazatlán hurricane''' was a powerful [[Pacific hurricane]] that struck the [[States of Mexico|Mexican state]] of [[Sinaloa]] in October 1943. It originated off the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of Mexico and became an intense hurricane, with [[maximum sustained winds]] of at least {{Convert|136|mph|km/h}}, equivalent to a Category 4 on the [[Saffir-Simpson scale]]. The hurricane made [[landfall]] just south of Mazatlán on October 9, becoming the strongest on record to strike the city. An observatory in the city recorded a minimum pressure of {{Convert|958.6|mbar|inHg}}.

The hurricane severely damaged a {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}} portion of western Mexico, from [[Nayarit]] to Sinaloa. In Mazatlán, the communications severed due to the strong winds, and the city briefly relied on a single [[Pan Am]] plane that was carrying American filmmaker [[Walt Disney]]. The hurricane killed at least 100 people and left over 1,000 homeless. Total damage was estimated at $4.5 million (1943 [[United States Dollar|USD]]).


==Meteorological history==
==Meteorological history==
[[File:Location_Mazatlan.png|thumb|left|Location of [[Mazatlán]] within Mexico]]
[[File:Location_Mazatlan.png|thumb|left|Location of [[Mazatlán]] within Mexico]]
On October&nbsp;8, a [[tropical cyclone]] developed west of Mexico, between the [[Revillagigedo Islands]] and [[Islas Marías]]. Moving to the northeast, the system became a powerful hurricane before it moved ashore. At 15:30&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 9 October, the hurricane made [[landfall]] just south of [[Mazatlán]], in the Mexican state of [[Sinaloa]]. The Mazatlán Observatory recorded a minimum [[atmospheric pressure]] of {{Convert|958.6|mbar|inHg}}, along with [[maximum sustained winds]] of {{convert|134|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} over a period of 15&nbsp;minutes, before the anemometer broke loose.<ref name="mwr"/> The wind speed is equivalent to a Category&nbsp;4 on the [[Saffir-Simpson scale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=September 8, 2024|title=Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale}}</ref> It was the strongest hurricane on record to strike the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclones Affecting Mazatlan|url=https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/port_studies/thh-nc/mexico/mazatlan/text/sect7.htm|accessdate=September 8, 2024|publisher=NRL Monterrey}}</ref> Soon after moving ashore, the hurricane rapidly weakened, dissipating over the mountainous terrain of northwestern Mexico.<ref name="mwr">{{cite journal |first=Howard C. |last=Sumner |date=November 1943 |title=North Atlantic hurricanes and tropical disturbances of 1943 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=179–183 |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/071/mwr-071-11-0179.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080923023649/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1943.pdf |archive-date= 23 September 2008|bibcode=1943MWRv...71..179S |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1943)71<179:NAHATD>2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> The remnants of the hurricane later moved through the Mexican state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], heading toward the southern United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/racine/racine-journal-times/1943/10-12/page-6|page=6|agency=Associated Press|date=October 12, 1943|newspaper=Racine Journal-Times|title=Hurricane Sweeps Toward U.S. Border|accessdate=September 10, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
Sources do not reveal the exact origin of this tropical cyclone. On 8 October, a developing [[tropical cyclone]] passed between the [[Revillagigedo Islands]] and [[Islas Marías]]. It moved rapidly northeastward and arrived on the coast of Sinaloa as an intense hurricane.


⚫
== Effects ==
[[Mazatlán]] Observatory reported that the [[atmospheric pressure]] began dropping at 1:30 am on 9 October and fell {{Convert|0.827|inHg|hPa}} in 8&nbsp;hours, and reached a minimum of {{Convert|958.6|mbar|inHg}}. At 1530&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] 9 October, the hurricane made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] just south of Mazatlán. At 9:30 am, the observatory reported winds of {{Convert|134|mph}} for a period of 15&nbsp;minutes, which period ended when the wind blew the anemometer loose.<ref name="mwr"/> The hurricane ranks as the strongest on record to strike the city.

The storm dropped little precipitation as it passed Mazatlán, but {{Convert|2|in}} fell on the afternoon of 9 October.

As the storm continued inland, it rapidly weakened and apparently dissipated over the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]].<ref name="mwr">{{cite journal |first=Howard C. |last=Sumner |year=1943 |title=North Atlantic hurricanes and tropical disturbances of 1943 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=179–183 |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/071/mwr-071-11-0179.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080923023649/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1943.pdf |archivedate= 23 September 2008|bibcode=1943MWRv...71..179S |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1943)71<179:NAHATD>2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> The storm apparently passed into [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] and was predicted to continue into the southern [[United States]],<ref>{{cite news|author=New York Times|date=1943-10-13|title=Hurricane Heads for U.S.; Reports Indicate New Mexico or Texas Lies in Its Path|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/10/13/archives/hurricane-heads-for-us-reports-indicate-new-mexico-or-texas-lies-in.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref> though the remainder of its path is unknown.<ref name="mwr"/>

The cyclone dissipated over the state of [[Durango]] within a day after landfall.<ref>[http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/Foreign_climate/Mexico/FCD_006_042.pdf/Carta_del_tiempo_Mexico/1943/QC986M6M431943Octpt1.pdf Mexican daily weather maps]</ref> Heavy rain developed across parts of Texas on 12/13 October 1943.

⚫
== Effects and aftermath ==
{{Deadliest Pacific hurricanes}}
{{Deadliest Pacific hurricanes}}
The hurricane struck Mazatlán with sustained winds of at least {{convert|134|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, with little warning.<ref name="mwr"/><Ref name="nws70">{{cite web|title=70th anniversary of Mazatlan 'surprise' hurricane|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=September 8, 2024|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hurricane_blog/70th-anniversary-of-mazatlan-surprise-hurricane/}}</ref> The hurricane produced little rainfall in the city, which recorded just {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation.<ref name="mwr"/> High waves lashed the coast, damaging homes and hotels along the waterfront.<ref name="up1010b"/> Offshore, there were several fishing boats, as well as a [[Mexican Navy]] vessel caught in the storm, no trace reportedly was found; all persons aboard these vessels apparently died. A small coastal boat arrived in the port of Mazatlán after the storm and reported six crew members missing.<ref name="mwr"/> The hurricane destroyed about 60% of the buildings in Mazatlán, including 3,000&nbsp;homes, with thousands left homeless in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/massachusetts/lowell/lowell-sun/1943/10-11/page-18|page=18|date=October 11, 1943|newspaper=Lowell-Sun|title=Cyclone Rips Mexican Port|accessdate=September 8, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/west-virginia/charleston/charleston-daily-mail/1943/10-12/page-1|page=1|date=October 12, 1943|newspaper=Charleston Daily-Mail|title=Toll Rises to 52 in Mexican Storm|accessdate=September 10, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/california/long-beach/long-beach-independent/1943/10-11/page-1|page=11|agency=International News Service|date=October 11, 1943|newspaper=Long Beach Independent|title=Mazatlan Hurricane Leaves 7 Dead, 50 Hurt, 1000 Homeless|accessdate=September 8, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> The storm also caused severe damage in nearby [[Villa Unión, Sinaloa|Villa Unión]], with damage estimated at [[United States dollar|US$]]4.5&nbsp;million. The hurricane killed at least 100&nbsp;people.<ref name="mwr"/>
Moving ashore as a powerful hurricane, the storm destroyed the small towns of El Roble, now in [[Mazatlán Municipality]], and Palmillas. The storm partially destroyed Villa Unión (a town now in [[Mazatlán Municipality]]) and severely damaged the port at Mazatlán. In these towns, approximately 100 persons lost their lives.<ref name="mwr"/> Though the storm was reported to have struck "without warning",<ref name="up1010"/> most residents in the destroyed cities ably reached safety in higher ground.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|date=1943-10-14|title=Two Towns Reported Destroyed by Storm|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=46127695_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=8&currentPage=0}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The hurricane destroyed about half of the buildings in Mazatlán, and near the ocean, the combination of strong waves, high winds, and rainfall heavily damaged many hotels and houses.<ref name="up1010">{{cite news|author=United Press International|date=1943-10-10|title=Hurricane Hits Mexico Port of Mazatlán; Damage Heavy|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=16345467_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=0&currentPage=0}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The storm damaged water systems, leaving people without potable water or sewage systems.<ref name="up1020"/> In a {{Convert|50|mi}} portion of the coastline, the storm severely impacted the communication and transportation infrastructure. The airport at Mazatlán sustained damage to its radio tower, and for at least 18&nbsp;hours, the only communication between the city and the rest of Mexico was through the radio of a plane in the airport.<ref name="up1010"/> Total damage was estimated at $4.5&nbsp;million (1943&nbsp;[[United States Dollar|USD]], $56&nbsp;million 2008&nbsp;USD).<ref name="mwr"/>

Of several fishing boats and a small [[Mexican Navy]] vessel caught in the storm, no trace reportedly was found; all persons aboard these vessels apparently died. A small coastal boat arrived in the port of Mazatlán after the storm and reported six crew members missing.<ref name="mwr"/>

Within two days after the storm, the death toll rose to 18;<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=1943-10-11|title=Mexican Hurricane Claims 18 Victims|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=47585492_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=8&currentPage=0}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> the next day, the [[Associated Press]] reported 52&nbsp;deaths and 102&nbsp;injuries.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=1943-10-12|title=Hurricane Whips into Southwest|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=7443546_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=2&currentPage=0}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Ten days after the storm, military officials reported the death toll rose to 57,<ref>{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|date=1943-10-19|title=Auto Crushed by Falling Wall in Hurricane|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=7444440_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=5&currentPage=0}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and the number of people left homeless by the storm reached over 1,000.<ref name="up1021"/>

By 24&nbsp;hours after the storm, President [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] ordered nurses and doctors on standby, and for military workers in the area to prepare to assist in the aftermath.<ref name="up1010"/> By five days after the storm, officials had restored power and communications in the area. Around the same time, the president issued an appeal for public donations for storm victims.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Press International|date=1943-10-14|title=Mexico Seeks Storm Relief|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=16345525_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=0&currentPage=0}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Within a week, citizens sent large quantities of food, clothing, and medicine to the worst affected areas.<ref name="up1020">{{cite web|author=United Press International|date=1943-10-20|title=Rush Aid to Victims of Hurricane at Mazatlan, Mexico|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=54233066_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=1&currentPage=0}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The President of Mexico personally visited Mazatlán with other officials, bringing aid in the form of medicine and clothing.<ref name="up1021">{{cite web|author=United Press International|date=1943-10-21|title=President Inspects Storm Destruction|accessdate=2008-09-07|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=90268830_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=0&currentPage=0}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Comparison==
Only two other intense hurricanes struck Mazatlan during the period of record: [[Hurricane Olivia (1975)]], which hit the city with winds of {{Convert|115|mph}}, and a storm in [[1957 Pacific hurricane season#Hurricane Twelve|1957]].<ref>{{cite web|author=R. G. Handlers and S. Brand|date=June 2001|title=Tropical Cyclones Affecting Mazatlan|publisher=NRL Monterrey|accessdate=2009-03-24|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/port_studies/thh-nc/mexico/mazatlan/text/sect7.htm}}</ref> However, [[Hurricane Tico (1983)]] moved ashore very near the city as a major hurricane.<ref name="1983mwr">{{cite journal|volume=112|date=July 1984|author8=E.B. Gunther & R.L. Cross|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|pages=1419–20, 1436–37|title=Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1983|bibcode = 1984MWRv..112.1419G |doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1419:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2|last1=Gunther|first1=E. B.|last2=Cross|first2=R. L.|issue=7 }}</ref>


Shortly before the peak of the hurricane, [[Pan Am]] grounded all of their airlines. A plane from Los Angeles landed in Mazatlán and rode out the storm, with 21&nbsp;passengers onboard. The passengers included filmmaker [[Walt Disney]], his family, and employees, who were headed to Mexico City for production on [[The Three Caballeros]]. After the storm, the plane was the only means of communicating with the rest of the world for about 18&nbsp;hours, after the airport's radio towers were damaged. The storm also damaged all telephone or telegraph lines in the city, while also damaging the airport's hangar and administration building.<Ref name="nws70"/><ref name="up1010b">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/syracuse/syracuse-herald-american/1943/10-10/page-14|page=14|date=October 10, 1943|newspaper=Syracuse Herald-American|title=100-Mile Wind Razes Half of Mazatlan City|accessdate=September 8, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref><ref name="up1010c">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/brownsville/brownsville-herald/1943/10-10/page-1|agency=United Press|page=1|newspaper=Brownsville Herald|date=October 10, 1943|title=Hurricane Hits Mazatlan; Communications Are Down|accessdate=September 8, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref><ref name="up1010b">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/syracuse/syracuse-herald-american/1943/10-10/page-14|page=14|date=October 10, 1943|newspaper=Syracuse Herald-American|title=100-Mile Wind Razes Half of Mazatlan City|accessdate=September 8, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> Throughout the state of [[Sinaloa]], the storm overflowed rivers and destroyed warehouses, ruining most of the crops in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/arizona/nogales/nogales-international/1943/10-22/page-1|page=1|date=October 22, 1943|newspaper=Nogales International|title=Mexican President, Doctors, Nurses, Reach Mazatlan On First Train to Get Through Since Oct. 8 Hurricane|accessdate=September 10, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> The hurricane caused severe damage along a 50&nbsp;mi (80&nbsp;km) portion of the Mexican coastline, from [[Acaponeta]], [[Nayarit]] northward to Mazatlán.<ref name="up1010b"/> In [[Guadalajara]], the hurricane tore the roofs of houses while also causing flooding. The city's power plant was shut down.<ref name="up1010c"/> Storm damage disrupted train service for the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company]] between [[Heroica Nogales|Nogales]] and Guadalajara.<ref name="up1010b"/> The storm damaged water systems, leaving people without potable water or sewage systems.<ref name="up1020"/>


==Aftermath==
Within a day of the hurricane, Mexican President [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] ordered nurses and doctors on standby, and for military workers in the area to prepare to assist in the aftermath.<ref name="up1010b"/> By two days after the hurricane's landfall, water access was restored at a limited capacity for only two hours a day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-mexico/santa-fe/santa-fe-new-mexican/1943/10-11/page-6|page=6|agency=Associated Press|date=October 11, 1943|newspaper=Santa Fe New Mexican|title=Mazatlan Hit By Tornado|accessdate=September 8, 2024}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> By five days after the storm, officials had restored power and communications in the area. Around the same time, the president issued an appeal for public donations for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|agency=United Press International|date=October 14, 1943|title=Mexico Seeks Storm Relief|access-date=September 10, 2024|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/harlingen/valley-morning-star/1943/10-15/page-12}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> Within a week, citizens sent large quantities of food, clothing, and medicine to the worst affected areas.<ref name="up1020">{{cite news|author=United Press International|date=October 20, 1943|title=Rush Aid to Victims of Hurricane at Mazatlan, Mexico|access-date=September 10, 2024|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/arizona/yuma/yuma-sun/1943/10-20/page-1|newspaper=Yuma Sun}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> The President of Mexico personally visited Mazatlán with other officials, bringing aid in the form of medicine and clothing.<ref name="up1021">{{cite news|agency=United Press International|date=October 21, 1943|title=President Inspects Storm Destruction|access-date=September 10, 2024|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/el-paso/el-paso-herald-post/1943/10-21/page-14|page=14|newspaper=El Paso Herald Post}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> A group of [[Mexican Americans]] in California raised nearly $27,000 for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite news|agency=United Press International|date=December 8, 1943|title=Racial Discrimination in California Fading|access-date=September 10, 2024|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/arizona/tucson/tucson-daily-citizen/1943/12-08/page-12|page=12|newspaper=Tucson Daily Citizen}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Olivia (1975)]] - a major hurricane that hit the city in 1975
*[[1959 Mexico hurricane]]
*[[Hurricane Tico (1983)]] - a major hurricane that struck near Mazatlan


==References==
==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:1943 Mazatlan Hurricane}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1943 Mazatlan Hurricane}}
[[Category:1940s Pacific hurricane seasons]]
[[Category:1940s Pacific hurricane seasons]]
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[[Category:Pacific hurricanes in Mexico]]
[[Category:Category 4 Pacific hurricanes]]
[[Category:Category 4 Pacific hurricanes]]
[[Category:1943 natural disasters]]
[[Category:1943 natural disasters]]
[[Category:1943 meteorology]]
[[Category:1943 meteorology]]
⚫
[[Category:Hurricanes in Sinaloa]]

Revision as of 19:56, 15 September 2024

1943 Mazatlán hurricane
Surface analysis of the hurricane near landfall
Meteorological history
Formed≤8 October 1943
Dissipated9 October 1943
Category 4 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS)
Highest winds≥135 mph (≥215 km/h)
Lowest pressure≤958.6 mbar (hPa); ≤28.31 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalitiesat least 100
Damage$4.5 million
Areas affectedsouthern coastal Sinaloa
Part of the 1942–48 Pacific hurricane seasons

The 1943 Mazatlán hurricane was a powerful Pacific hurricane that struck the Mexican state of Sinaloa in October 1943. It originated off the Pacific coast of Mexico and became an intense hurricane, with maximum sustained winds of at least 136 miles per hour (219 km/h), equivalent to a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The hurricane made landfall just south of Mazatlán on October 9, becoming the strongest on record to strike the city. An observatory in the city recorded a minimum pressure of 958.6 millibars (28.31 inHg).

The hurricane severely damaged a 50 mi (80 km) portion of western Mexico, from Nayarit to Sinaloa. In Mazatlán, the communications severed due to the strong winds, and the city briefly relied on a single Pan Am plane that was carrying American filmmaker Walt Disney. The hurricane killed at least 100 people and left over 1,000 homeless. Total damage was estimated at $4.5 million (1943 USD).

Meteorological history

Location of Mazatlán within Mexico

On October 8, a tropical cyclone developed west of Mexico, between the Revillagigedo Islands and Islas Marías. Moving to the northeast, the system became a powerful hurricane before it moved ashore. At 15:30 UTC on 9 October, the hurricane made landfall just south of Mazatlán, in the Mexican state of Sinaloa. The Mazatlán Observatory recorded a minimum atmospheric pressure of 958.6 millibars (28.31 inHg), along with maximum sustained winds of 134 mph (216 km/h) over a period of 15 minutes, before the anemometer broke loose.[1] The wind speed is equivalent to a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.[2] It was the strongest hurricane on record to strike the city.[3] Soon after moving ashore, the hurricane rapidly weakened, dissipating over the mountainous terrain of northwestern Mexico.[1] The remnants of the hurricane later moved through the Mexican state of Chihuahua, heading toward the southern United States.[4]

Effects

Known Pacific hurricanes that have killed at least 100 people
Hurricane Season Fatalities Ref.
"Mexico" 1959 1,800 [5]
Paul 1982 1,625 [6][7][8][9]
Liza 1976 1,263 [10][11][12]
Tara 1961 436 [13]
Pauline 1997 230–400 [14]
Agatha 2010 204 [15][16]
Manuel 2013 169 [17]
Tico 1983 141 [18][19]
Ismael 1995 116 [20]
"Lower California" 1931 110 [21][22]
"Mazatlán" 1943 100 [23]
Lidia 1981 100 [16]

The hurricane struck Mazatlán with sustained winds of at least 134 mph (216 km/h), with little warning.[1][24] The hurricane produced little rainfall in the city, which recorded just 2 in (51 mm) of precipitation.[1] High waves lashed the coast, damaging homes and hotels along the waterfront.[25] Offshore, there were several fishing boats, as well as a Mexican Navy vessel caught in the storm, no trace reportedly was found; all persons aboard these vessels apparently died. A small coastal boat arrived in the port of Mazatlán after the storm and reported six crew members missing.[1] The hurricane destroyed about 60% of the buildings in Mazatlán, including 3,000 homes, with thousands left homeless in the city.[26][27][28] The storm also caused severe damage in nearby Villa Unión, with damage estimated at US$4.5 million. The hurricane killed at least 100 people.[1]

Shortly before the peak of the hurricane, Pan Am grounded all of their airlines. A plane from Los Angeles landed in Mazatlán and rode out the storm, with 21 passengers onboard. The passengers included filmmaker Walt Disney, his family, and employees, who were headed to Mexico City for production on The Three Caballeros. After the storm, the plane was the only means of communicating with the rest of the world for about 18 hours, after the airport's radio towers were damaged. The storm also damaged all telephone or telegraph lines in the city, while also damaging the airport's hangar and administration building.[24][25][29][25] Throughout the state of Sinaloa, the storm overflowed rivers and destroyed warehouses, ruining most of the crops in the state.[30] The hurricane caused severe damage along a 50 mi (80 km) portion of the Mexican coastline, from Acaponeta, Nayarit northward to Mazatlán.[25] In Guadalajara, the hurricane tore the roofs of houses while also causing flooding. The city's power plant was shut down.[29] Storm damage disrupted train service for the Southern Pacific Transportation Company between Nogales and Guadalajara.[25] The storm damaged water systems, leaving people without potable water or sewage systems.[31]

Aftermath

Within a day of the hurricane, Mexican President Manuel Ávila Camacho ordered nurses and doctors on standby, and for military workers in the area to prepare to assist in the aftermath.[25] By two days after the hurricane's landfall, water access was restored at a limited capacity for only two hours a day.[32] By five days after the storm, officials had restored power and communications in the area. Around the same time, the president issued an appeal for public donations for storm victims.[33] Within a week, citizens sent large quantities of food, clothing, and medicine to the worst affected areas.[31] The President of Mexico personally visited Mazatlán with other officials, bringing aid in the form of medicine and clothing.[34] A group of Mexican Americans in California raised nearly $27,000 for relief efforts.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sumner, Howard C. (November 1943). "North Atlantic hurricanes and tropical disturbances of 1943" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 71 (11). U.S. Weather Bureau: 179–183. Bibcode:1943MWRv...71..179S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1943)71<179:NAHATD>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2008.
  2. ^ "Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  3. ^ "Tropical Cyclones Affecting Mazatlan". NRL Monterrey. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  4. ^ "Hurricane Sweeps Toward U.S. Border". Racine Journal-Times. Associated Press. October 12, 1943. p. 6. Retrieved September 10, 2024.(subscription required)
  5. ^ Natural Hazards of North America (Map). National Geographic Society. April 1998.
  6. ^ "More Flood Victims found". The Spokesman-Review. September 28, 1982. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  7. ^ "More flood victims found". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. September 28, 1982. p. 12. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  8. ^ "Mexico - Disaster Statistics". Prevention Web. 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  9. ^ "24 killed from hurricane". The Hour. October 1, 1982. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  10. ^ "Mexico gives up to try and find storm victims". Bangor Daily News. United Press International. October 6, 1976. p. 8. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  11. ^ "Hurricane Liza rips Mexico". Beaver County Times. United Press International. October 2, 1976. p. 18. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  12. ^ "Historias y Anecdotas de Yavaros". Ecos del mayo (in Spanish). June 14, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  13. ^ "Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present" (PDF). Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. August 1993. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  14. ^ Lawrence, Miles B (November 7, 1997). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Pauline October 5 – 10, 1997 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center.
  15. ^ Beven, John L (January 10, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Agatha (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  16. ^ a b Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
  17. ^ Steve Jakubowski; Adityam Krovvidi; Adam Podlaha; Steve Bowen. "September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap" (PDF). Impact Forecasting. AON Benefield. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  18. ^ "Disaster History: Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900-Present". Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, U.S. Agency for International Development. 1989. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  19. ^ "Oklahoma residents clean up in Hurricane's wake". The Evening independent. October 22, 1983. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
  20. ^ Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (2006). "Impacto Socioeconómico de los Ciclones Tropicales 2005" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved November 9, 2006.
  21. ^ Associated Press (November 17, 1931). "Hurricane Toll Reaches 100 in Mexico Blow". The Evening Independent. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  22. ^ "World News". The Virgin Islands Daily News. September 18, 1931. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  23. ^ Sumber, Howard C (January 4, 1944). "1943 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  24. ^ a b "70th anniversary of Mazatlan 'surprise' hurricane". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  25. ^ a b c d e f "100-Mile Wind Razes Half of Mazatlan City". Syracuse Herald-American. October 10, 1943. p. 14. Retrieved September 8, 2024.(subscription required)
  26. ^ "Cyclone Rips Mexican Port". Lowell-Sun. October 11, 1943. p. 18. Retrieved September 8, 2024.(subscription required)
  27. ^ "Toll Rises to 52 in Mexican Storm". Charleston Daily-Mail. October 12, 1943. p. 1. Retrieved September 10, 2024.(subscription required)
  28. ^ "Mazatlan Hurricane Leaves 7 Dead, 50 Hurt, 1000 Homeless". Long Beach Independent. International News Service. October 11, 1943. p. 11. Retrieved September 8, 2024.(subscription required)
  29. ^ a b "Hurricane Hits Mazatlan; Communications Are Down". Brownsville Herald. United Press. October 10, 1943. p. 1. Retrieved September 8, 2024.(subscription required)
  30. ^ "Mexican President, Doctors, Nurses, Reach Mazatlan On First Train to Get Through Since Oct. 8 Hurricane". Nogales International. October 22, 1943. p. 1. Retrieved September 10, 2024.(subscription required)
  31. ^ a b United Press International (October 20, 1943). "Rush Aid to Victims of Hurricane at Mazatlan, Mexico". Yuma Sun. Retrieved September 10, 2024.(subscription required)
  32. ^ "Mazatlan Hit By Tornado". Santa Fe New Mexican. Associated Press. October 11, 1943. p. 6. Retrieved September 8, 2024.(subscription required)
  33. ^ "Mexico Seeks Storm Relief". United Press International. October 14, 1943. Retrieved September 10, 2024.(subscription required)
  34. ^ "President Inspects Storm Destruction". El Paso Herald Post. United Press International. October 21, 1943. p. 14. Retrieved September 10, 2024.(subscription required)
  35. ^ "Racial Discrimination in California Fading". Tucson Daily Citizen. United Press International. December 8, 1943. p. 12. Retrieved September 10, 2024.(subscription required)
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