Jump to content

Keith Halnan: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
IB parameters
 
(44 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|British oncologist and researcher}}
{{Short description|British oncologist and researcher (1920–2006)}}
⚫
{{Lead too short|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] -->
| honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] -->
| name = Keith E.Halnan
| name = Keith Halnan
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MD|FRCR|FRCP|FRSE}}
| image =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_size =
Line 12: Line 12:
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = <!-- use only if different from full/othernames -->
| birth_name = <!-- use only if different from full/othernames -->
| birth_date = 28 March 1920
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|03|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = London, UK
| birth_place = London, England
| death_date = 6 February 2006
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|02|06|1920|03|08|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_place =
| death_cause = [[Metastasis|Cancer]]
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| other_names =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| occupation = Physician
| period =
| period =
| known_for =
| known_for =
Line 32: Line 31:
| awards = <!--notable national-level awards only-->
| awards = <!--notable national-level awards only-->
| website =
| website =
| education = *[[The Perse School]]
| alma_mater = [[University College Hospital]], London
⚫
*[[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine's College]], Cambridge
| alma_mater = [[University College Hospital|University College Hospital]], London
| thesis_title =
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_url =
Line 43: Line 40:
| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->
| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->
| era =
| era =
| discipline = [[Oncology]]
| discipline = {{hlist|[[Oncology]]|[[radiotherapy]]}}
| sub_discipline = <!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th-century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist-->
| sub_discipline = <!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th-century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist-->
| workplaces = *[[University College Hospital|University College Hospital]]
| workplaces = {{plainlist|*[[University College Hospital]]
*[[Christie Hospital]]
*[[Christie Hospital]]
*[[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]], Hammersmith Hospital}}
*[[Hammersmith Hospital]]
| doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles-->
| doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles-->
| notable_students =
| notable_students =
| main_interests = [[Radioactive isotopes]]
| main_interests = [[Radioactive isotope]]s
| notable_works =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| notable_ideas =
Line 59: Line 56:
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Keith Edward Halnan''' (28 March 1920 - 6 February 2006), was a British [[oncologist]] and researcher of [[radioactive isotopes]].
'''Keith Edward Halnan''' (28 March 1920 – 6 February 2006) was a British [[oncologist]] and researcher in [[radiotherapy]].

He first studied [[radioactive isotope]]s with the [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] (MRC) at [[University College Hospital]] (UCL), where he worked on [[radioactive iodine]]. He later became involved in establishing the [[Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre|Beatson Cancer Centre]] in Glasgow. From 1978 to 1985, he held the position of director of the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]], [[Hammersmith Hospital]], London.

In 1986, the Hong Kong Government Working Party on Postgraduate Medical Examination and Training appointed him their chair.


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Keith Halnan was born on 28 March 1920 in London.<ref name=RCP>{{cite web |title=Keith Edward Halnan {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/keith-edward-halnan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829003117/https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/keith-edward-halnan |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> His father was the [[Don (honorific)|don]] [[Edward Thomas Halnan]].<ref name=RCP/> He was educated at [[The Perse School]], where he was [[head girl and head boy|head boy]].<ref name=RCP/> Between 1938 and 1940 he studied [[natural sciences]] at [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine's College]], Cambridge.<ref name=RCP/>
Keith Halnan was born on 28 March 1920 in London.<ref name=RCP>{{cite web |title=Keith Edward Halnan {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/keith-edward-halnan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829003117/https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/keith-edward-halnan |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> His father was the [[Don (honorific)#Academia|don]] [[Edward Thomas Halnan]].<ref name=RCP/> He was educated at [[The Perse School]], where he was [[head girl and head boy|head boy]].<ref name=RCP/> Between 1938 and 1940 he studied [[natural sciences]] at [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine's College]], Cambridge.<ref name=RCP/>
[[Mentioned in dispatches]], he had led an [[Royal Corps of Signals|Infantry Brigade Signals Unit]] at the [[Battle of Kohima]] and the [[Burma campaign]].<ref name=Vernon2006>{{cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Clare |title=Keith Halnan |journal=British Medical Journal |date=15 April 2006 |volume=332 |issue=7546 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440667/ |pmc=1440667}}</ref>
Halnan received training in a [[British Army]] Officer Cadet Training Unit before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the [[Royal Corps of Signals]] on 26 August 1941.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35262|supp=y |date=29 August 1941 |page=5093 }}</ref> Halnan led an Infantry Brigade Signals Unit at the [[Battle of Kohima]] and the [[Burma campaign]].<ref name=Vernon2006>{{cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Clare |title=Keith Halnan |journal=British Medical Journal |date=15 April 2006 |volume=332 |issue=7546 |page=917 |pmc=1440667}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=One last trip to remember lost comrades: In April WW2 veteran Keith Halnan returned to Kohima, Burma, where he fought in one of the war's fiercest battles|url=https://www.surreycomet.co.uk/news/490095.one-last-trip-to-remember-lost-comrades-in-april-ww2-veteran-keith-halnan-returned-to-kohima-burma-where-he-fought-in-one-of-the-wars-fiercest-battles-he-spoke-to-david-rankin-about-going-back/ |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=Surrey Comet |date=14 May 2004 |language=en}}</ref> He had been appointed to the [[temporary rank]] of captain by the time he was [[Mentioned in dispatches]] "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Burma" on 9 May 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37558|supp=y |date=7 May 1946|page=2213}}</ref>


Following the [[Second World War]], Halnan returned to Cambridge and gained admission to study medicine at [[University College Hospital|University College Hospital]] (UCL), London, from where he graduated.<ref name=Vernon2006/>
After the [[Second World War]], Halnan returned to Cambridge and gained admission to study medicine at UCL, London, from where he graduated.<ref name=Vernon2006/>


==Career==
==Career==
Halnan took to the specialty of [[oncology]].<ref name=Vernon2006/> He first studied [[radioactive isotopes]] with the [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] (MRC) at UCL, where he worked on [[radioactive iodine]] with [[Edward Pochin]].<ref name=RCP/><ref name=Vernon2006/><ref name=MRC1998>[https://www.ukri.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/MRC-220823-NeubergerReport-RadiationMay98.pdf "Radiation in MRC supported research in the 1950s and 1960s]. Report of a Committee of Enquiry. 1998. PP.21-22</ref> Between 1958 and 1966, he was posted at the [[Christie Hospital]], Manchester.<ref name=RCP/><ref name=Vernon2006/> In 1967 he moved to Glasgow, where he later became involved in establishing the [[Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre|Beatson Cancer Centre]] and received the Fellowship of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]].<ref name=HKMJ2015>{{cite journal |title=Dr Keith E Halnan (1920-2006) |journal=Hong Kong Medical Journal |date=17 January 2015 |volume=12 |page=167 |url=https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v12n2/167.htm |language=en}}</ref> He remained there until 1978.<ref name=Vernon2006/> From 1978 to 1985, he held the position of director at [[Hammersmith Hospital]].<ref name=Vernon2006/> In 1986, the Hong Kong Government Working Party appointed him their chair.<ref name=HKMJ2015/> There, he produced the "Halnan Report".<ref name=Chen2017>{{cite book |last1=Leung |first1=Gabriel M. |last2=Patil |first2=N. G. (Niv) |editor1-last=Chen |editor1-first=Lincoln C. |editor2-last=Reich |editor2-first=Michael R. |editor3-last=Ryan |editor3-first=Jennifer |title=Medical Education in East Asia: Past and Future |date=2017 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-02510-4 |page=122 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeQ6DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |language=en |chapter=5. A brief history of medical education in Hong Kong}}</ref><ref name="Lee">{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Peter C. Y. E |title=Message from the President |url=https://www.hkcfp.org.hk/Upload/Commemorative/25th_Anniversary/Message_from_the_Founding_President_Dr.PeterCY_Lee.pdf |publisher=Hong Kong College of Family Physicians |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>
Halnan took to the specialty of [[oncology]].<ref name=Vernon2006/> He first studied [[radioactive isotopes]] with the MRC at UCL, where he worked on [[radioactive iodine]] with [[Edward Pochin]].<ref name=RCP/><ref name=Vernon2006/><ref name=MRC1998>[https://www.ukri.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/MRC-220823-NeubergerReport-RadiationMay98.pdf "Radiation in MRC supported research in the 1950s and 1960s]. Report of a Committee of Enquiry. 1998. PP.21-22</ref> In 1957 he received his MD.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Medical Notes in Parliament |journal=British Medical Journal |date=20 April 1957 |volume=1 |issue=5024 |pages=955–956 |pmc=1973235 |issn=0007-1447}}</ref>


Between 1958 and 1966, he was posted at the [[Christie Hospital]], Manchester.<ref name=RCP/><ref name=Vernon2006/><ref name="GLA">{{cite web |title=University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing - Undergraduate Medical School - Our facilities - A Significant Medical History - 20th Century - 1948-2018 - Cancer subsection |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/medicine/mus/ourfacilities/history/20thcentury/1948-2018/cancersubsection/ |website=www.gla.ac.uk |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> In 1967 he moved to Glasgow, where he later became involved in establishing the [[Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre|Beatson Cancer Centre]] and received the Fellowship of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]].<ref name=HKMJ2015>{{cite journal |title=Dr Keith E Halnan (1920-2006) |journal=Hong Kong Medical Journal |date=17 January 2015 |volume=12 |page=167 |url=https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v12n2/167.htm |language=en}}</ref> He remained there until 1978.<ref name=Vernon2006/>
⚫
His book ''[[Treatment of cancer (book)|Treatment of cancer]]'' was published in 1982.<ref name=RCP/> In 1995, the [[Channel 4]] documentary ''[[Deadly Experiments]]'' made reference to his 1950s study of the radioactive isotope [[iodine-132]] in pregnancy.<ref name=MRC1998/><ref name=Halnan1995>{{cite journal |last1=Halnan |first1=K. E. |title="Deadly experiments". No evidence of harm from tracer studies. |journal=British Medical Journal |date=15 July 1995 |volume=311 |issue=6998 |pages=192 |pmid=7613448 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2550248/ |issn=0959-8138}}</ref>

From 1978 to 1985, he held the position of director of the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]], [[Hammersmith Hospital]], London.<ref name=Vernon2006/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halnan |first1=Keith E. |title=The Hong Kong Academy of Medicine |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London |date=October 1992 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=442–444 |pmid=1432887 |pmc=5375548 |issn=0035-8819}}</ref> In 1986, the Hong Kong Government Working Party on Postgraduate Medical Examination and Training appointed him their chair.<ref name=HKMJ2015/> There, he produced the "Halnan Report".<ref name=Chen2017>{{cite book |last1=Leung |first1=Gabriel M. |last2=Patil |first2=N. G. (Niv) |editor1-last=Chen |editor1-first=Lincoln C. |editor2-last=Reich |editor2-first=Michael R. |editor3-last=Ryan |editor3-first=Jennifer |title=Medical Education in East Asia: Past and Future |date=2017 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-02510-4 |page=122 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeQ6DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |language=en |chapter=5. A brief history of medical education in Hong Kong}}</ref><ref name="Lee">{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Peter C. Y. E |title=Message from the President |url=https://www.hkcfp.org.hk/Upload/Commemorative/25th_Anniversary/Message_from_the_Founding_President_Dr.PeterCY_Lee.pdf |publisher=Hong Kong College of Family Physicians |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>

⚫
His book ''[[Treatment of cancer (book)|Treatment of cancer]]'' was published in 1982.<ref name=RCP/> In 1995, the [[Channel 4]] documentary ''[[Deadly Experiments]]'' featured his 1950s study of giving [[iodine-132]] to 25 healthy pregnant women, published in 1958.<ref name=MRC1998/><ref name=Halnan1995>{{cite journal |last1=Halnan |first1=K. E. |title="Deadly experiments". No evidence of harm from tracer studies. |journal=British Medical Journal |date=15 July 1995 |volume=311 |issue=6998 |pages=192 |doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6998.192c |pmid=7613448 |pmc=2550248 |issn=0959-8138}}</ref> What happened to the mothers and babies is not known; no [[longitudinal study|follow-up study]] was carried out.<ref name=MRC1998/>


==Death==
==Death==
He died on 6 February 2006, from [[metastasis|spread of cancer]].<ref name=Vernon2006/>
He died on 6 February 2006 from [[metastasis|metastatic cancer]].<ref name=Vernon2006/>


==Selected publications==
==Selected publications==
===Books===
⚫
*{{cite journal |title=Medical uses of radioiodine |journal=Medical World |date=November 1956 |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=424–428 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13377858/|pmid=13377858}}
*{{cite book |title=Atomic Energy in Medicine |date=1957 |publisher=Butterworth's Scientific Publications}}
*{{cite book |title=Treatment of Cancer |date=1982 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London}}

===Articles===
⚫
*{{cite journal |title=Medical uses of radioiodine |journal=Medical World |date=November 1956 |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=424–428 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13377858/|pmid=13377858 |author1=HALNAN KE }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Halnan |first1=K. E. |last2=Pochin |first2=E. E. |title=Aspects of the radioiodine treatment of thyroid carcinoma |journal=Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental |date=January 1957 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=49–62 |pmid=13386968 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13386968/ |issn=0026-0495}} (Co-author)
*{{cite journal |last1=Halnan |first1=K. E. |last2=Pochin |first2=E. E. |title=Aspects of the radioiodine treatment of thyroid carcinoma |journal=Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental |date=January 1957 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=49–62 |pmid=13386968 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13386968/ |issn=0026-0495}} (Co-author)
*{{cite journal |title=The radioiodine uptake of the human thyroid in pregnancy |journal=Clinical Science |date=1958 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=281–290 |pmid=13537345 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13537345/ |issn=0009-9287}}
*{{cite journal |title=The radioiodine uptake of the human thyroid in pregnancy |journal=Clinical Science |date=1958 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=281–290 |pmid=13537345 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13537345/ |issn=0009-9287 |author1=HALNAN KE }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Halnan |first1=K. E. |last2=Pochin |first2=E. E. |title=The Use of Iodine 132 for Thyroid Function Tests |journal=The British Journal of Radiology |date=November 1958 |volume=31 |issue=371 |pages=581–588 |doi=10.1259/0007-1285-31-371-581 |pmid=13596579 |url=https://www.birpublications.org/doi/10.1259/0007-1285-31-371-581 |language=en |issn=0007-1285}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Halnan |first1=Keith E. |title=The Hong Kong Academy of Medicine |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London |date=October 1992 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=442–444 |pmid=1432887 |pmc=5375548 |issn=0035-8819}}
==See also==
*[[William Charles Wallace Nixon|W. C. Nixon]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Halnan, Keith}}

[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
Line 93: Line 102:
[[Category:People from London]]
[[Category:People from London]]
[[Category:People educated at The Perse School]]
[[Category:People educated at The Perse School]]
⚫
[[Category:Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) people]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:20th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]

Latest revision as of 14:52, 4 October 2024

Keith Halnan
FRCR FRCP FRSE
Born(1920-03-08)8 March 1920
London, England
Died6 February 2006(2006-02-06) (aged 85)
OccupationPhysician
Academic background
Alma materUniversity College Hospital, London
Academic work
Discipline
Institutions
Main interestsRadioactive isotopes

Keith Edward Halnan (28 March 1920 – 6 February 2006) was a British oncologist and researcher in radiotherapy.

He first studied radioactive isotopes with the Medical Research Council (MRC) at University College Hospital (UCL), where he worked on radioactive iodine. He later became involved in establishing the Beatson Cancer Centre in Glasgow. From 1978 to 1985, he held the position of director of the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London.

In 1986, the Hong Kong Government Working Party on Postgraduate Medical Examination and Training appointed him their chair.

Early life and education

[edit]

Keith Halnan was born on 28 March 1920 in London.[1] His father was the don Edward Thomas Halnan.[1] He was educated at The Perse School, where he was head boy.[1] Between 1938 and 1940 he studied natural sciences at St Catharine's College, Cambridge.[1]

Halnan received training in a British Army Officer Cadet Training Unit before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Corps of Signals on 26 August 1941.[2] Halnan led an Infantry Brigade Signals Unit at the Battle of Kohima and the Burma campaign.[3][4] He had been appointed to the temporary rank of captain by the time he was Mentioned in dispatches "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Burma" on 9 May 1946.[5]

After the Second World War, Halnan returned to Cambridge and gained admission to study medicine at UCL, London, from where he graduated.[3]

Career

[edit]

Halnan took to the specialty of oncology.[3] He first studied radioactive isotopes with the MRC at UCL, where he worked on radioactive iodine with Edward Pochin.[1][3][6] In 1957 he received his MD.[7]

Between 1958 and 1966, he was posted at the Christie Hospital, Manchester.[1][3][8] In 1967 he moved to Glasgow, where he later became involved in establishing the Beatson Cancer Centre and received the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.[9] He remained there until 1978.[3]

From 1978 to 1985, he held the position of director of the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London.[3][10] In 1986, the Hong Kong Government Working Party on Postgraduate Medical Examination and Training appointed him their chair.[9] There, he produced the "Halnan Report".[11][12]

His book Treatment of cancer was published in 1982.[1] In 1995, the Channel 4 documentary Deadly Experiments featured his 1950s study of giving iodine-132 to 25 healthy pregnant women, published in 1958.[6][13] What happened to the mothers and babies is not known; no follow-up study was carried out.[6]

Death

[edit]

He died on 6 February 2006 from metastatic cancer.[3]

Selected publications

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • Atomic Energy in Medicine. Butterworth's Scientific Publications. 1957.
  • Treatment of Cancer. London: Chapman and Hall. 1982.

Articles

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Keith Edward Halnan | RCP Museum". Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  2. ^ "No. 35262". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 August 1941. p. 5093.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Vernon, Clare (15 April 2006). "Keith Halnan". British Medical Journal. 332 (7546): 917. PMC 1440667.
  4. ^ "One last trip to remember lost comrades: In April WW2 veteran Keith Halnan returned to Kohima, Burma, where he fought in one of the war's fiercest battles". Surrey Comet. 14 May 2004. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  5. ^ "No. 37558". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 May 1946. p. 2213.
  6. ^ a b c "Radiation in MRC supported research in the 1950s and 1960s. Report of a Committee of Enquiry. 1998. PP.21-22
  7. ^ "Medical Notes in Parliament". British Medical Journal. 1 (5024): 955–956. 20 April 1957. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1973235.
  8. ^ "University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing - Undergraduate Medical School - Our facilities - A Significant Medical History - 20th Century - 1948-2018 - Cancer subsection". www.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Dr Keith E Halnan (1920-2006)". Hong Kong Medical Journal. 12: 167. 17 January 2015.
  10. ^ Halnan, Keith E. (October 1992). "The Hong Kong Academy of Medicine". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 26 (4): 442–444. ISSN 0035-8819. PMC 5375548. PMID 1432887.
  11. ^ Leung, Gabriel M.; Patil, N. G. (Niv) (2017). "5. A brief history of medical education in Hong Kong". In Chen, Lincoln C.; Reich, Michael R.; Ryan, Jennifer (eds.). Medical Education in East Asia: Past and Future. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-253-02510-4.
  12. ^ Lee, Peter C. Y. E. "Message from the President" (PDF). Hong Kong College of Family Physicians. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  13. ^ Halnan, K. E. (15 July 1995). ""Deadly experiments". No evidence of harm from tracer studies". British Medical Journal. 311 (6998): 192. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.6998.192c. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2550248. PMID 7613448.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keith_Halnan&oldid=1249363991"