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{{ For|the battle in the same area during World War I|Battle of Gumbinnen }}
{{Short description|1944 Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II}}
{{For|the battle in the same area during World War I|Battle of Gumbinnen }}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Gumbinnen Operation
| conflict = Gumbinnen Operation
| image = Czołg niemiecki w Gołdapii (2-910).jpg
|image=[[Image:Goldap1944.jpg|300px]]
| image_size =
|caption=German troops on the outskirts of Goldap, retaken on 3 November 1944
| caption = German [[Panther tank]] in [[Goldap]], November 1944
|partof=[[Eastern Front of World War II]]
| partof = [[Eastern Front of World War II]]
|place=[[East Prussia]]
| place = [[East Prussia]], Germany
|date=October 16, 1944 – October 27, 1944
| date = 16–30 October 1944
|result=German tactical victory
| result = German victory
|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Nazi Germany]]
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
|combatant2={{flagicon|USSR}} Soviet Union
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|USSR|1936}}
|commander1=[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]][[Georg-Hans Reinhardt]]<br/>([[Army Group Centre]])
| commander1 = {{Unbulleted list
|commander2={{flagicon|USSR}} [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]]<br/>([[3rd Belorussian Front]])
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} [[Georg-Hans Reinhardt]]
|strength1=?
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} [[Friedrich Hoßbach]]
|strength2=404,500<ref name=casualties>See [http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html soldat.ru], accessed 15 April 2008</ref>
|{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} [[Erhard Raus]]}}
|casualties1=?
| commander2 = {{Unbulleted list
|casualties2=16,819 irrecoverable; 62,708 wounded<ref name="casualties"/>
|{{Flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]]
|}}
|{{Flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Kuzma Galitsky]]
The '''Gumbinnen Operation''',<ref name=glantz>Glantz, ''Failures of Historiography''</ref> also known as the '''Goldap Operation''' (or '''Goldap-Gumbinnen Operation''', {{lang-ru|Гумбиннен-Гольдапская наступательная операция}}), was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] offensive on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] late in 1944, in which forces of the [[3rd Belorussian Front]] attempted to penetrate the borders of [[East Prussia]].
|{{Flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Pyotr Shafranov]]
|{{Flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Alexander Luchinsky]]
|{{Flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Ivan Lyudnikov]]
|{{Flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Vasily Glagolev]]
|{{Flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Timofey Khryukin]]}}
| units1 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|army}} '''[[Army Group Centre]]''':
*[[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|4th Army]]
*[[3rd Panzer Army]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|USSR|1936}} '''[[3rd Belorussian Front]]''':
*[[11th Guards Army]]
*[[5th Army (Soviet Union)|5th Army]]
*[[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th Army]]
*[[39th Army (Soviet Union)|39th Army]]
*[[31st Army (Soviet Union)|31st Army]]
*[[1st Air Army]]
| strength1 = 318 tanks, assault guns and tank destroyers{{sfn|Frieser|Schmider|Schönherr|Schreiber|2007|p=612}}
| strength2 = 377,300 men{{sfn|Frieser|Schmider|Schönherr|Schreiber|2007|p=616}}
| casualties1 = 16,236 men{{sfn|Frieser|Schmider|Schönherr|Schreiber|2007|p=616}}
:6,801 killed or missing
:9,435 wounded
115 tanks and assault guns destroyed{{sfn|Frieser|Schmider|Schönherr|Schreiber|2007|p=616}}
| casualties2 = 79,527 men{{sfn|Frieser|Schmider|Schönherr|Schreiber|2007|p=616}}
:16,819 killed or missing
:62,708 wounded
914 tanks and assault guns destroyed{{sfn|Frieser|Schmider|Schönherr|Schreiber|2007|p=616}}|
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Poland 1944-1945}}
{{Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War}}
}}


The '''Gumbinnen Operation''',<ref name=glantz>Glantz, ''Failures of Historiography''</ref> also known as the '''Goldap Operation''' (or '''Goldap-Gumbinnen Operation''', {{langx|ru|Гумбиннен-Гольдапская наступательная операция}}), was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] offensive on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] late in 1944, in which forces of the [[3rd Belorussian Front]] attempted to penetrate the borders of [[East Prussia]].
The offensive failed, due to strong resistance by the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. As a result it is largely known through German accounts of the defence and because of the atrocities that were committed by troops of the [[11th Guards Army]], the so-called [[Nemmersdorf massacre]].


==Planning==
==Planning==


The operation was planned as a result of the success of the [[Memel Offensive Operation]] to the north. The troops of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian Fronts had succeeded in pushing the [[3rd Panzer Army|Third Panzer Army]] back to the East Prussian border, surrounding the city of [[Klaipėda|Memel]] and reaching the shore of the [[Curonian Lagoon]]. ''[[Stavka]]'' permitted Chernyakhovsky to further exploit this success by attacking along the [[Gumbinnen]] - [[Insterburg]] - [[Königsberg]] axis deep into [[East Prussia]].
The operation was planned as a result of the success of the [[Battle of Memel|Memel Offensive Operation]] to the north. The troops of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian Fronts had succeeded in pushing the [[3rd Panzer Army|Third Panzer Army]] back to the East Prussian border, surrounding the city of [[Klaipėda|Memel]] and reaching the shore of the [[Curonian Lagoon]]. ''[[Stavka]]'' permitted Chernyakhovsky to further exploit this success by attacking along the [[Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast|Gumbinnen]] – [[Chernyakhovsk|Insterburg]] – [[Königsberg]] (now [[Kaliningrad]]) axis deep into [[East Prussia]].


Chernyakhovsky's plan involved using the [[5th Guards Army (Soviet Union)|5th]] and [[11th Guards Army|11th Guards]] Armies to break open the German defensive lines, before pushing through exploitation forces from the [[2nd Guards Tank Corps]] and [[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th Army]]. The [[31st Army (Soviet Union)|31st]] and [[39th Army (Soviet Union)|39th]] Armies would advance on the flanks of the main force.
Chernyakhovsky's plan involved using the [[11th Guards Army|11th Guards]] and [[5th Army (Soviet Union)|5th]] Armies to break open the German defensive lines, before pushing through exploitation forces from the [[2nd Guards Tank Corps]] and [[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th Army]]. The [[31st Army (Soviet Union)|31st]] and [[39th Army (Soviet Union)|39th]] Armies would advance on the flanks of the main force.


The opposing German forces, from the [[3rd Panzer Army|Third Panzer]] and [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|Fourth]] Armies, were aided by the presence of substantial fortifications, and had been heavily reinforced.
The opposing German forces, from the Third Panzer and [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|Fourth]] Armies, were aided by the presence of substantial fortifications, and had been heavily reinforced.


==Deployments==
==Deployments==


===''Wehrmacht''===
===''Wehrmacht''===
*[[Army Group Centre]] (Colonel-General [[Georg-Hans Reinhardt]])
*[[Army Group Centre]] (Colonel General [[Georg-Hans Reinhardt]])
**Southern flank of [[3rd Panzer Army|Third Panzer Army]] (General [[Erhard Raus]])
**Southern flank of [[3rd Panzer Army|Third Panzer Army]] (Colonel General [[Erhard Raus]])
***[[XXXX Panzer Corps (Germany)|XXXX Panzer Corps]] (General [[Sigfrid Henrici]])
***[[XXXX Panzer Corps (Germany)|XXXX Panzer Corps]] (General [[Sigfrid Henrici]])
***[[IX Army Corps (Germany)|IX Corps]] (General [[Rolf Wuthmann]])
***[[IX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|IX Corps]] (General [[Rolf Wuthmann]])
**Northern flank of [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|Fourth Army]] (General [[Friedrich Hoßbach]])
**Northern flank of [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|Fourth Army]] (General of the Infantry [[Friedrich Hoßbach]])
***[[XXVII Corps (Germany)|XXVII Corps]] (General [[Maximilian Felzmann]])
***[[XXVII Corps (Germany)|XXVII Corps]] (General [[Maximilian Felzmann]])
***[[XXXXI Panzer Corps (Germany)|XXXXI Panzer Corps]] (General [[Helmuth Weidling]])
***[[XXXXI Panzer Corps (Germany)|XXXXI Panzer Corps]] (General [[Helmuth Weidling]])
***[[Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring|Fallschirm-Panzerkorps Hermann Göring]] (Lieutenant-General [[Wilhelm Schmalz]])
***[[Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring|Fallschirm-Panzerkorps Hermann Göring]] (Lieutenant General [[Wilhelm Schmalz]])
***[[VI Corps (Germany)|VI Corps]] (General [[Horst Großmann]])
***[[VI Corps (Germany)|VI Corps]] (General [[Horst Großmann]])


===Red Army===
===Red Army===
*[[3rd Belorussian Front]] (General [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]])
*[[3rd Belorussian Front]] (General [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]])
**[[11th Guards Army]] (Colonel-General [[Kuzma Galitsky]])
**[[11th Guards Army]] (Colonel General [[Kuzma Galitsky]])
**[[5th Army (Soviet Union)|5th Army]] (Colonel-General [[Nikolay Ivanovich Krylov|Nikolay Krylov]])
***[[2nd Guards Tank Corps]] (Major General [[Alexei Burdeinei]])
**[[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th Army]] (Lieutenant-General Luchinsky)
**[[5th Army (Soviet Union)|5th Army]] (Lieutenant General [[Pyotr Shafranov]] for Colonel General [[Nikolay Ivanovich Krylov|Nikolay Krylov]])
**[[39th Army (Soviet Union)|39th Army]]
**[[28th Army (Soviet Union)|28th Army]] (Lieutenant General [[Alexander Luchinsky]])
**[[31st Army (Soviet Union)|31st Army]]
**[[39th Army (Soviet Union)|39th Army]] (Lieutenant General [[Ivan Lyudnikov]])
**[[31st Army (Soviet Union)|31st Army]] (Colonel General [[Vasily Glagolev]])
**[[1st Air Army]] (Colonel General of Aviation [[Timofey Khryukin]])


==The offensive==
==Offensive==
On 16 October, the 5th and 11th Guards Armies went onto the offensive and initially penetrated some 11&nbsp;km into the German defensive belt. The flanking armies commenced operations the next day, when units of the 11th Guards Army had already crossed the East Prussian border.


[[File:Goldap1944.jpg|thumb|left|German troops on the outskirts of Gołdap, retaken on 3 November 1944]]
On 16 October, the 5th and 11th Guards Armies went onto the offensive and initially penetrated some 11&nbsp;km into the German defensive belt. The flanking armies commenced operations the next day, by which time units of the 11th Guards Army had crossed the East Prussian border.
The Soviet troops ran into extremely strong resistance. It took them four days to penetrate the initial tactical defenses, and the second defense line was so strong that Chernyakhovsky was compelled to commit the 2nd Guards Tank Corps to break it. Casualties were extremely heavy.


The Soviet troops ran into extremely strong resistance, however. It took them four days to penetrate the initial tactical defences, while the second defence line was so strong that Chernyakhovsky was compelled to commit the 2nd Guards Tank Corps to break it. Casualties were extremely heavy. On 20 October, the second line was ruptured by the 11th Guards Army and 2nd Guards Tank Corps east of Gumbinnen, defended by the guns of the [[18th Anti-Aircraft Division (Germany)|18th Anti-Aircraft Division]] and the [[Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring|Fallschirm-Panzerkorps Hermann Göring]], which had been redeployed in the area to counter the Soviet advance. On 21 October, the Soviets' reserve, the 28th Army, was committed, but the offensive in the north was fought to a standstill in the region of [[Stalluponen]] thanks to some effective German counter-attacks.
On 20 October, the second line was ruptured by the 11th Guards Army and 2nd Guards Tank Corps east of Gumbinnen, defended by the guns of the [[18. Flak-Division|18th Anti-Aircraft Division]] and the [[1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring|Fallschirm-Panzerdivision Hermann Göring]], which had been redeployed in the area to counter the Soviet advance. On 21 October, the Soviet reserve, the 28th Army, was committed, but the offensive in the north was fought to a standstill in the region of [[Nesterov|Ebenrode]] because of effective German counterattacks.


Gumbinnen was taken by 22 October, but retaken by German forces on the 24 October, after the Germans committed the [[5th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|5th Panzer Division]], and [[German heavy tank battalions|Heavy Panzer Detachment 505]] (equipped with [[Tiger II]]s). Units of 11th Guards Army found themselves cut off in the area of Großwaltersdorf, and were involved in intense fighting. In the meantime, the Germans had pressed more reserves, including the [[102nd Panzer Brigade (Germany)|102nd Panzer]] and [[Führer Grenadier Brigade|Führer Grenadier]] Brigades into counter-attacks at [[Goldap]], on the southern sector of the Soviet penetration. The town was retaken on 25 October.
Gumbinnen was taken by 22 October but was retaken by German forces on 24 October after the Germans had committed the [[5th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|5th Panzer Division]], and [[German heavy tank battalions|Heavy Panzer Detachment 505]] (equipped with [[Tiger II]]s). Also, [[Mayakovskoye|Nemmersdorf]], on the banks of the [[Angrapa River]], was taken by units of the 2nd Guards Tank Corps on 21 October but was retaken by German forces on 23 October.
Units of 11th Guards Army found themselves cut off in the area of Großwaltersdorf and were involved in intense fighting. In the meantime, the Germans had pressed more reserves, including the [[102nd Panzer Brigade|102nd Panzer]] and [[Führer Grenadier Brigade|Führer Grenadier]] Brigades into counterattacks at [[Gołdap|Goldap]], on the southern sector of the Soviet penetration. The town was retaken on 25 October.


The Soviet attacks continued until 27 October, as the flanking armies sought to close up to the 11th Guards Army.
The Soviet attacks continued until 27 October, as the flanking armies sought to close up to the 11th Guards Army.


There was more fighting in the operation's immediate aftermath: on 28 October, the 31st Army retook Goldap in a surprise attack; the town was again taken by the 5th Panzer Division, which was redeployed from the Gumbinnen area, on 3 November.
There was more fighting in the operation's immediate aftermath: on 28 October, the 31st Army retook Gołdap in a surprise attack. The town was again taken by the 5th Panzer Division, which was redeployed from the Gumbinnen area on 3 November.


==See also==
==See also==

*[[East Prussian Offensive]], in which the Front renewed its attack into East Prussia the following January, this time successfully.
*[[East Prussian Offensive]], in which the Front renewed its attack into East Prussia the following January, this time successfully.

==Further reading==

*General Horst Großmann, commander of the German VI Corps, co-authored ''Der Kampf um Ostpreußen'', which deals with the actions in some detail from the German perspective.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
{{more footnotes|date=October 2008}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2008}}
*Dieckert, K. and Großmann, H. ''Der Kampf um Ostpreußen'', Gräfe und Unzer Verlag, München, 1960
*Dieckert, K. and Großmann, H. ''Der Kampf um Ostpreußen'', Gräfe und Unzer Verlag, München, 1960
* {{cite book
*[[David Glantz|Glantz, D.]] ''The Failures of Historiography: Forgotten Battles of the Soviet-German War'', http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/failures.htm
| last1 = Frieser

| first1 = Karl-Heinz
==Footnotes==
| author-link1 = Karl-Heinz Frieser
{{reflist}}
| first2 =Klaus
| last2 = Schmider
| first3 =Klaus
| last3 = Schönherr
| first4 = Gerhard
| last4 = Schreiber
| first5 = Kristián
| last5 = Ungváry
| author-link5 = Krisztián Ungváry
| first6 =Bernd
| last6=Wegner
| work = [[Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg]] [Germany and the Second World War]
| volume = VIII
| title = Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten
| trans-title = The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts
| publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt
| location = München
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-3-421-06235-2
| language = German
}}
*[[David Glantz|Glantz, D.]] ''The Failures of Historiography: Forgotten Battles of the Soviet-German War'', https://web.archive.org/web/20161216063344/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/failures.htm
* {{cite book | last1 = Zeidler | first1 = Manfred | author-link1 = Manfred Zeidler | title = Kriegsende im Osten – Die Rote Armee und die Besetzung Deutschlands östlich von Oder und Neiße 1944/45 | trans-title = End of War in the East - The Red Army and the Occupation of Germany east of Oder and Neisse 1944/45 | publisher = Oldenbourg | location = Munich | year = 1996 | isbn = 3-486-56187-1 | language = German | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xOCdCgAAQBAJ }}


{{coord missing}}
{{coord missing|Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship}}


[[Category:Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:East Prussia]]
[[Category:East Prussia in World War II]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War]]
[[Category:1944 in Germany]]

Latest revision as of 19:28, 23 October 2024

For the battle in the same area during World War I, see Battle of Gumbinnen.

Gumbinnen Operation
Part of Eastern Front of World War II

German Panther tank in Goldap, November 1944
Date16–30 October 1944
Location
East Prussia, Germany
Result German victory
Belligerents
 Germany  Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders
Units involved

Nazi Germany Army Group Centre:

Soviet Union 3rd Belorussian Front:

Strength
318 tanks, assault guns and tank destroyers[1] 377,300 men[2]
Casualties and losses

16,236 men[2]

6,801 killed or missing
9,435 wounded
115 tanks and assault guns destroyed[2]

79,527 men[2]

16,819 killed or missing
62,708 wounded
914 tanks and assault guns destroyed[2]

The Gumbinnen Operation,[3] also known as the Goldap Operation (or Goldap-Gumbinnen Operation, Russian: Гумбиннен-Гольдапская наступательная операция), was a Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front late in 1944, in which forces of the 3rd Belorussian Front attempted to penetrate the borders of East Prussia.

Planning

[edit]

The operation was planned as a result of the success of the Memel Offensive Operation to the north. The troops of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian Fronts had succeeded in pushing the Third Panzer Army back to the East Prussian border, surrounding the city of Memel and reaching the shore of the Curonian Lagoon. Stavka permitted Chernyakhovsky to further exploit this success by attacking along the Gumbinnen – Insterburg – Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) axis deep into East Prussia.

Chernyakhovsky's plan involved using the 11th Guards and 5th Armies to break open the German defensive lines, before pushing through exploitation forces from the 2nd Guards Tank Corps and 28th Army. The 31st and 39th Armies would advance on the flanks of the main force.

The opposing German forces, from the Third Panzer and Fourth Armies, were aided by the presence of substantial fortifications, and had been heavily reinforced.

Deployments

[edit]

Wehrmacht

[edit]

Red Army

[edit]

Offensive

[edit]

On 16 October, the 5th and 11th Guards Armies went onto the offensive and initially penetrated some 11 km into the German defensive belt. The flanking armies commenced operations the next day, when units of the 11th Guards Army had already crossed the East Prussian border.

German troops on the outskirts of Gołdap, retaken on 3 November 1944

The Soviet troops ran into extremely strong resistance. It took them four days to penetrate the initial tactical defenses, and the second defense line was so strong that Chernyakhovsky was compelled to commit the 2nd Guards Tank Corps to break it. Casualties were extremely heavy.

On 20 October, the second line was ruptured by the 11th Guards Army and 2nd Guards Tank Corps east of Gumbinnen, defended by the guns of the 18th Anti-Aircraft Division and the Fallschirm-Panzerdivision Hermann Göring, which had been redeployed in the area to counter the Soviet advance. On 21 October, the Soviet reserve, the 28th Army, was committed, but the offensive in the north was fought to a standstill in the region of Ebenrode because of effective German counterattacks.

Gumbinnen was taken by 22 October but was retaken by German forces on 24 October after the Germans had committed the 5th Panzer Division, and Heavy Panzer Detachment 505 (equipped with Tiger IIs). Also, Nemmersdorf, on the banks of the Angrapa River, was taken by units of the 2nd Guards Tank Corps on 21 October but was retaken by German forces on 23 October.

Units of 11th Guards Army found themselves cut off in the area of Großwaltersdorf and were involved in intense fighting. In the meantime, the Germans had pressed more reserves, including the 102nd Panzer and Führer Grenadier Brigades into counterattacks at Goldap, on the southern sector of the Soviet penetration. The town was retaken on 25 October.

The Soviet attacks continued until 27 October, as the flanking armies sought to close up to the 11th Guards Army.

There was more fighting in the operation's immediate aftermath: on 28 October, the 31st Army retook Gołdap in a surprise attack. The town was again taken by the 5th Panzer Division, which was redeployed from the Gumbinnen area on 3 November.

See also

[edit]
  • East Prussian Offensive, in which the Front renewed its attack into East Prussia the following January, this time successfully.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Frieser et al. 2007, p. 612.
  2. ^ a b c d e Frieser et al. 2007, p. 616.
  3. ^ Glantz, Failures of Historiography

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Dieckert, K. and Großmann, H. Der Kampf um Ostpreußen, Gräfe und Unzer Verlag, München, 1960
  • Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts] (in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Glantz, D. The Failures of Historiography: Forgotten Battles of the Soviet-German War, https://web.archive.org/web/20161216063344/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/failures.htm
  • Zeidler, Manfred (1996). Kriegsende im Osten – Die Rote Armee und die Besetzung Deutschlands östlich von Oder und Neiße 1944/45 [End of War in the East - The Red Army and the Occupation of Germany east of Oder and Neisse 1944/45] (in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. ISBN 3-486-56187-1.

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