Jump to content

Guajajara: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,318,191 edits
Removed proxy/dead URL that duplicated identifier. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Corvus florensis | #UCB_webform 2020/3500
No edit summary
 
(9 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 14: Line 14:


== History ==
== History ==
In 1901, the Guajajara fought [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin missionaries]] in what is regarded as the last Brazilian "war against the Indians." Chief Cauiré Imana had succeeded in uniting many villages to destroy the Capuchin mission and expel all whites from the region between the cities of [[Barra do Corda]] and [[Grajaú, Maranhão|Grajaú]]. The Guajajara were defeated by a militia made up of army contingents, military police, and Canelas warriors.<ref name="pib" />
In 1901, the Guajajara fought [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin missionaries]] in what is regarded as the last Brazilian "war against the Indians." Chief Cauiré Imana had succeeded in uniting many villages to destroy the Capuchin mission and expel all whites from the region between the cities of [[Barra do Corda]] and [[Grajaú, Maranhão|Grajaú]]. The Guajajara were defeated by a militia made up of army contingents, military police, and [[Canelas]] warriors.<ref name="pib" />


== Guardians of the forest ==
== Guardians of the forest ==
The "guardians of the forest" are a forest protection group primarily composed of Guajajara tribal members living on Arariboia Indigenous Land, a territory in the north-eastern edge of the [[Amazon rainforest]] in [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. They operate with the intent of protecting the rainforest from invasion by [[Illegal logging|loggers]], [[land grabbers]], and [[drug traffickers]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Marcal|first=Carol|date=8 November 2019|title=The Life and Death of the Guajajara|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/26403/the-life-and-death-of-the-guajajara/|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2021|website=Greenpeace International}}</ref> Although the group was officially founded in 2013, the Arariboia Guajajara argue that their mission of guarding the rainforest has been in action for more than five centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Libardi|first=Manuella|date=16 September 2020|title=Amazon heroes who don't give up|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/guardians-of-the-forest-heroes-who-dont-give-up/|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2021|website=Open Democracy}}</ref>
The "guardians of the forest" are a forest protection group primarily composed of Guajajara tribal members living on Arariboia Indigenous Land, a territory in the north-eastern edge of the [[Amazon rainforest]] in [[Maranhão]], [[Brazil]]. They operate with the intent of protecting the rainforest from invasion by [[Illegal logging|loggers]], [[land grabbers]], and [[drug traffickers]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Marcal|first=Carol|date=8 November 2019|title=The Life and Death of the Guajajara|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/26403/the-life-and-death-of-the-guajajara/|access-date=22 October 2021|website=Greenpeace International}}</ref> Although the group was officially founded in 2013, the Arariboia Guajajara argue that their mission of guarding the rainforest has been in action for more than five centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Libardi|first=Manuella|date=16 September 2020|title=Amazon heroes who don't give up|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/guardians-of-the-forest-heroes-who-dont-give-up/|access-date=15 October 2021|website=Open Democracy}}</ref>


=== Origin and mission ===
=== Origin and mission ===
On October 15, 2007, tribal leader Tome Guajajara was killed during an armed invasion by woodcutters in his village, after which talks of formalizing the group began.<ref name=":1" /> Village leaders in nearby communities encouraged young people to mobilize to defend their land. In 2013, the Guardians of the Forest was established.<ref name=":1" /> They are politically independent, volunteer-run, and there is no official record of their existence to protect their members from being targeted.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Gómez-Upegui|first=Salomé|date=1 September 2021|title=The Amazon rainforest's most dogged defenders are in peril|work=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/22641038/indigenous-forest-guardians-brazil-guajajara|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The Guardians track illegal loggers, [[Illegal mining|miners]], and their camps in groups of five or more, by foot or using motorized vehicles to disrupt and deter deforestation.<ref name=":1" />
On October 15, 2007, tribal leader Tome Guajajara was killed during an armed invasion by woodcutters in his village, after which talks of formalizing the group began.<ref name=":1" /> Village leaders in nearby communities encouraged young people to mobilize to defend their land. In 2013, the Guardians of the Forest was established.<ref name=":1" /> They are politically independent, volunteer-run, and there is no official record of their existence to protect their members from being targeted.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Gómez-Upegui|first=Salomé|date=1 September 2021|title=The Amazon rainforest's most dogged defenders are in peril|work=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/22641038/indigenous-forest-guardians-brazil-guajajara|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The Guardians track illegal loggers, [[Illegal mining|miners]], and their camps in groups of five or more, by foot or using motorized vehicles to disrupt and deter deforestation.<ref name=":1" />


The Guardians consist of approximately 120 volunteers who collectively protect 413,000 hectares of land in Arariboia.<ref name=":1" /> The territory is inhabited by 13,100 members of the Guajajara, [[Awa-Guaja people|Awa-Guaja]], and [[Awá (Brazil)|Awá]] Indigenous tribes.<ref name=":1" /> A large portion of the [[Awá (Brazil)|Awá]] tribe are [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted]] and are dependent on the rainforest for subsistence and survival.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Forline|first=Louis|date=2015|title=The Awá-Guajá And Brazil's Expanding Frontier In Amazonia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26384870|journal=Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development|volume=44|issue=3/4|pages=293–329|jstor=26384870|via=JSTOR}}</ref> Loggers and extraction teams negatively impact the ecological longevity and spiritual value of the land, undermining Indigenous peoples' safety and way of life. The Guajajara adopt an Indigenous approach to [[environmental justice]], in which they emphasize a reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Diver|first1=Sybil|last2=Vaughn|first2=Mehana|last3=Baker-Médard|first3=Merrill|last4=Lukacs|first4=Heather|date=2019|title=Recognizing "reciprocal relations" to restore community access to land and water|journal=International Journal of the Commons|volume=13|pages=400–429|doi=10.18352/ijc.881|s2cid=150684636|doi-access=free}}</ref> From their perspective, humans have a responsibility to give back to the environment what they take. The Guardians consider themselves stewards of the forest, emphasizing [[kinship]] and their ancestral obligation to protect their land.<ref name=":3" />
The Guardians consist of approximately 120 volunteers who collectively protect 413,000 hectares of land in Arariboia.<ref name=":1" /> The territory is inhabited by 13,100 members of the Guajajara, [[Awa-Guaja people|Awa-Guaja]], and [[Awá (Brazil)|Awá]] Indigenous tribes.<ref name=":1" /> A large portion of the [[Awá (Brazil)|Awá]] tribe are [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted]] and are dependent on the rainforest for subsistence and survival.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Forline|first=Louis|date=2015|title=The Awá-Guajá And Brazil's Expanding Frontier In Amazonia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26384870|journal=Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development|volume=44|issue=3/4|pages=293–329|jstor=26384870}}</ref> Loggers and extraction teams negatively impact the ecological longevity and spiritual value of the land, undermining Indigenous peoples' safety and way of life. The Guajajara adopt an Indigenous approach to [[environmental justice]], in which they emphasize a reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Diver|first1=Sybil|last2=Vaughn|first2=Mehana|last3=Baker-Médard|first3=Merrill|last4=Lukacs|first4=Heather|date=2019|title=Recognizing "reciprocal relations" to restore community access to land and water|journal=International Journal of the Commons|volume=13|pages=400–429|doi=10.18352/ijc.881|s2cid=150684636|doi-access=free}}</ref> From their perspective, humans have a responsibility to give back to the environment what they take. The Guardians consider themselves stewards of the forest, emphasizing [[kinship]] and their ancestral obligation to protect their land.<ref name=":3" />


=== Response ===
=== Response ===


==== Political response ====
==== Political response ====
The Brazilian government has been a prominent adversary to the Guardians, particularly under the presidency of [[Jair Bolsonaro]]. Bolsonaro has publicly dismissed the Indigenous people’s claim to the Arariboia land throughout his political career.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Carvalho|first=Salo|date=January 2021|title=Politics and Indigenous Victimization: The Case of Brazil|url=https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article/61/1/251/5896392|journal=The British Journal of Criminology|volume=61|pages=251–271|doi=10.1093/bjc/azaa060|doi-access=free}}</ref> The conflict is furthered by the interests of multinational corporations that aim to maximize profits from cheap commodities retrieved through forest extraction.<ref name=":0" /> Bolsonaro, who was elected on a platform heavily supported by the agricultural business sector, sided with the multinational corporations.<ref name=":1" /> The Guardians have accused Bolsonaro of weakening their constitutional rights through his support for deforestation over the needs of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" /> Although the [[1988 Brazilian Constitution]] grants land rights to Indigenous groups, they have been consistently excluded from the procedural process of environmental discussions.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Capability approach|capabilities]] of Indigenous people to achieve cultural, spiritual, and physical wellbeing is ignored through the generalization of human environmental needs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schlosberg|first=David|date=1 November 2010|title=Indigenous Struggles, Environmental Justice, and Community Capabilities|url=https://direct.mit.edu/glep/article/10/4/12/14479/Indigenous-Struggles-Environmental-Justice-and|journal=Global Environmental Politics|volume=10|issue=4|pages=12–35|doi=10.1162/GLEP_a_00029|s2cid=57567645 |via=MIT Press Direct|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to the Guardians, the lack of recognition of their injustice was a motivating factor for the creation of their group.<ref name=":0" />
The Brazilian government has been a prominent adversary to the Guardians, particularly under the presidency of [[Jair Bolsonaro]]. Bolsonaro has publicly dismissed the Indigenous people's claim to the Arariboia land throughout his political career.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Carvalho|first=Salo|date=January 2021|title=Politics and Indigenous Victimization: The Case of Brazil|url=https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article/61/1/251/5896392|journal=The British Journal of Criminology|volume=61|pages=251–271|doi=10.1093/bjc/azaa060|doi-access=free}}</ref> The conflict is furthered by the interests of multinational corporations that aim to maximize profits from cheap commodities retrieved through forest extraction.<ref name=":0" /> Bolsonaro, who was elected on a platform heavily supported by the agricultural business sector, sided with the multinational corporations.<ref name=":1" /> The Guardians have accused Bolsonaro of weakening their constitutional rights through his support for deforestation over the needs of Indigenous communities.<ref name=":2" /> Although the [[1988 Brazilian Constitution]] grants land rights to Indigenous groups, they have been consistently excluded from the procedural process of environmental discussions.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Capability approach|capabilities]] of Indigenous people to achieve cultural, spiritual, and physical wellbeing is ignored through the generalization of human environmental needs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schlosberg|first=David|date=1 November 2010|title=Indigenous Struggles, Environmental Justice, and Community Capabilities|url=https://direct.mit.edu/glep/article/10/4/12/14479/Indigenous-Struggles-Environmental-Justice-and|journal=Global Environmental Politics|volume=10|issue=4|pages=12–35|doi=10.1162/GLEP_a_00029|s2cid=57567645 |via=MIT Press Direct|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to the Guardians, the lack of recognition of their injustice was a motivating factor for the creation of their group.<ref name=":0" />


==== International response ====
==== International response ====
The Guardians have attracted growing international attention due to their opposition to the government and the high-profile murders of several members. In November 2019, [[Sônia Guajajara]], a prominent Indigenous activist and former presidential candidate who ran against Bolsonaro in 2018, urged the [[European Union]] to place global pressure on Brazil for their repression of Indigenous environmental rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taixeira|first=Fabio|date=4 November 2019|title=Indigenous leader pushes EU to block Brazil deal over native community deaths|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-indigenous-guajajara-interview-idUSKBN1XE22V|access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> Organizations including [https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/26403/the-life-and-death-of-the-guajajara/ Greenpeace], [https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/4/paulo_paulino_guajajara_amazon_indigenous_killings Democracy Now!], and major news outlets, including [https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2019/09/photos-forest-guardians-of-brazils-amazon/598645/ The Atlantic], [https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/22641038/indigenous-forest-guardians-brazil-guajajara Vox Media], and the [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52135362 BBC] have raised awareness of the group's activities, with Indigenous activists increasingly advocating for sanctions against the Brazilian government and the need for Indigenous visibility in environmental justice forums.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Democracy Now!|date=4 November 2019|title=Emboldened by Bolsonaro, Illegal Loggers in Amazon Kill Indigenous Leader Paulo Paulino Guajajara|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/4/paulo_paulino_guajajara_amazon_indigenous_killings|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2021|website=Democracy Now!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Alan|date=23 September 2019|title=The 'Forest Guardians' of Brazil's Amazon|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2019/09/photos-forest-guardians-of-brazils-amazon/598645/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2021|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=BBC|date=2 April 2020|title=Brazil: Amazon land defender Zezico Guajajara shot dead|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52135362|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
The Guardians have attracted growing international attention due to their opposition to the government and the high-profile murders of several members. In November 2019, [[Sônia Guajajara]], a prominent Indigenous activist and former presidential candidate who ran against Bolsonaro in 2018, urged the [[European Union]] to place global pressure on Brazil for their repression of Indigenous environmental rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taixeira|first=Fabio|date=4 November 2019|title=Indigenous leader pushes EU to block Brazil deal over native community deaths|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-indigenous-guajajara-interview-idUSKBN1XE22V|access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> Organizations including Greenpeace,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life and Death of the Guajajara |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/26403/the-life-and-death-of-the-guajajara/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Greenpeace International |language=en}}</ref> Democracy Now!,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emboldened by Bolsonaro, Illegal Loggers in Amazon Kill Indigenous Leader Paulo Paulino Guajajara |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/4/paulo_paulino_guajajara_amazon_indigenous_killings |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref> and major news outlets, including The Atlantic,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=Photos: The 'Forest Guardians' of Brazil's Amazon - The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2019/09/photos-forest-guardians-of-brazils-amazon/598645/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.theatlantic.com |language=en}}</ref> Vox Media,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gómez-Upegui |first=Salomé |date=2021-09-01 |title=The Amazon rainforest's most dogged defenders are in peril |url=https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/22641038/indigenous-forest-guardians-brazil-guajajara |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> and the BBC<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-02 |title=Brazil: Amazon land defender Zezico Guajajara shot dead |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52135362 |access-date=2023-09-15}}</ref> have raised awareness of the group's activities, with Indigenous activists increasingly advocating for sanctions against the Brazilian government and the need for Indigenous visibility in environmental justice forums.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Democracy Now!|date=4 November 2019|title=Emboldened by Bolsonaro, Illegal Loggers in Amazon Kill Indigenous Leader Paulo Paulino Guajajara|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/4/paulo_paulino_guajajara_amazon_indigenous_killings|access-date=21 October 2021|website=Democracy Now!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Alan|date=23 September 2019|title=The 'Forest Guardians' of Brazil's Amazon|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2019/09/photos-forest-guardians-of-brazils-amazon/598645/|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=BBC|date=2 April 2020|title=Brazil: Amazon land defender Zezico Guajajara shot dead|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52135362|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>


=== Conflict ===
=== Conflict ===
Between 2000 and 2020, 47 Guardians were killed during confrontations with illegal loggers, miners, and extractions teams.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=CBC Radio|date=6 November 2019|title=Brazilian 'forest guardian' who protected the Amazon from illegal loggers has been killed|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-wednesday-edition-1.5349956/brazilian-forest-guardian-who-protected-the-amazon-from-illegal-loggers-has-been-killed-1.5349962|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> Violence escalated following Bolsonaro’s election in 2018, leading to the [[Environmental Killings|death]] of multiple members, including [[Paulo Paulino Guajajara]] and schoolteacher Zezico Guajajara.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> Guardians are eligible to enrol in a federally implemented Human Rights Defenders Protection Program, which claims to provide physical and financial security to vulnerable community members.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Human Rights Organization Terra de Direitos|date=June 2015|title=Human Rights Defenders in Brazil|url=https://terradedireitos.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Untitled-1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> However, it has been criticized by Guajajara members for its criminalization of protestors and its failure to punish and hold illegal loggers and miners accountable.<ref name=":5" />
Between 2000 and 2020, 47 Guardians were killed during confrontations with illegal loggers, miners, and extractions teams.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=CBC Radio|date=6 November 2019|title=Brazilian 'forest guardian' who protected the Amazon from illegal loggers has been killed|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-wednesday-edition-1.5349956/brazilian-forest-guardian-who-protected-the-amazon-from-illegal-loggers-has-been-killed-1.5349962|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> Violence escalated following Bolsonaro's election in 2018, leading to the [[Environmental Killings|death]] of multiple members, including [[Paulo Paulino Guajajara]] and schoolteacher Zezico Guajajara.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> Guardians are eligible to enrol in a federally implemented Human Rights Defenders Protection Program, which claims to provide physical and financial security to vulnerable community members.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Human Rights Organization Terra de Direitos|date=June 2015|title=Human Rights Defenders in Brazil|url=https://terradedireitos.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Untitled-1.pdf|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> However, it has been criticized by Guajajara members for its criminalization of protestors and its failure to punish and hold illegal loggers and miners accountable.<ref name=":5" />


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 39: Line 39:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=225 Guajajara artworks], National Museum of the American Indian
* [http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=225 Guajajara artworks], National Museum of the American Indian


{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}
{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}

Latest revision as of 14:05, 28 October 2024

Guajajara
Guajajara woman holding a young child
Total population
19,471 (2006)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Brazil Brazil (Maranhão)
Languages
Guajajara (a Tupi–Guarani language)
Religion
traditional tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
Tembé[2]

The Guajajara are an indigenous people in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. They are one of the most numerous indigenous groups in Brazil, with an estimated 13,100 individuals living on indigenous land.[1]

History

[edit]

In 1901, the Guajajara fought Capuchin missionaries in what is regarded as the last Brazilian "war against the Indians." Chief Cauiré Imana had succeeded in uniting many villages to destroy the Capuchin mission and expel all whites from the region between the cities of Barra do Corda and Grajaú. The Guajajara were defeated by a militia made up of army contingents, military police, and Canelas warriors.[1]

Guardians of the forest

[edit]

The "guardians of the forest" are a forest protection group primarily composed of Guajajara tribal members living on Arariboia Indigenous Land, a territory in the north-eastern edge of the Amazon rainforest in Maranhão, Brazil. They operate with the intent of protecting the rainforest from invasion by loggers, land grabbers, and drug traffickers.[3] Although the group was officially founded in 2013, the Arariboia Guajajara argue that their mission of guarding the rainforest has been in action for more than five centuries.[4]

Origin and mission

[edit]

On October 15, 2007, tribal leader Tome Guajajara was killed during an armed invasion by woodcutters in his village, after which talks of formalizing the group began.[4] Village leaders in nearby communities encouraged young people to mobilize to defend their land. In 2013, the Guardians of the Forest was established.[4] They are politically independent, volunteer-run, and there is no official record of their existence to protect their members from being targeted.[5] The Guardians track illegal loggers, miners, and their camps in groups of five or more, by foot or using motorized vehicles to disrupt and deter deforestation.[4]

The Guardians consist of approximately 120 volunteers who collectively protect 413,000 hectares of land in Arariboia.[4] The territory is inhabited by 13,100 members of the Guajajara, Awa-Guaja, and Awá Indigenous tribes.[4] A large portion of the Awá tribe are uncontacted and are dependent on the rainforest for subsistence and survival.[6] Loggers and extraction teams negatively impact the ecological longevity and spiritual value of the land, undermining Indigenous peoples' safety and way of life. The Guajajara adopt an Indigenous approach to environmental justice, in which they emphasize a reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment.[7] From their perspective, humans have a responsibility to give back to the environment what they take. The Guardians consider themselves stewards of the forest, emphasizing kinship and their ancestral obligation to protect their land.[7]

Response

[edit]

Political response

[edit]

The Brazilian government has been a prominent adversary to the Guardians, particularly under the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro. Bolsonaro has publicly dismissed the Indigenous people's claim to the Arariboia land throughout his political career.[8] The conflict is furthered by the interests of multinational corporations that aim to maximize profits from cheap commodities retrieved through forest extraction.[3] Bolsonaro, who was elected on a platform heavily supported by the agricultural business sector, sided with the multinational corporations.[4] The Guardians have accused Bolsonaro of weakening their constitutional rights through his support for deforestation over the needs of Indigenous communities.[5] Although the 1988 Brazilian Constitution grants land rights to Indigenous groups, they have been consistently excluded from the procedural process of environmental discussions.[5] The capabilities of Indigenous people to achieve cultural, spiritual, and physical wellbeing is ignored through the generalization of human environmental needs.[9] According to the Guardians, the lack of recognition of their injustice was a motivating factor for the creation of their group.[3]

International response

[edit]

The Guardians have attracted growing international attention due to their opposition to the government and the high-profile murders of several members. In November 2019, Sônia Guajajara, a prominent Indigenous activist and former presidential candidate who ran against Bolsonaro in 2018, urged the European Union to place global pressure on Brazil for their repression of Indigenous environmental rights.[10] Organizations including Greenpeace,[11] Democracy Now!,[12] and major news outlets, including The Atlantic,[13] Vox Media,[14] and the BBC[15] have raised awareness of the group's activities, with Indigenous activists increasingly advocating for sanctions against the Brazilian government and the need for Indigenous visibility in environmental justice forums.[3][16][17][18]

Conflict

[edit]

Between 2000 and 2020, 47 Guardians were killed during confrontations with illegal loggers, miners, and extractions teams.[5][19] Violence escalated following Bolsonaro's election in 2018, leading to the death of multiple members, including Paulo Paulino Guajajara and schoolteacher Zezico Guajajara.[19][18] Guardians are eligible to enrol in a federally implemented Human Rights Defenders Protection Program, which claims to provide physical and financial security to vulnerable community members.[20] However, it has been criticized by Guajajara members for its criminalization of protestors and its failure to punish and hold illegal loggers and miners accountable.[20]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Guajajara." Povos Indígenas no Brazil. (retrieved 20 Feb 2011)
  2. ^ "Tembé: Name." Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 2 Feb 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d Marcal, Carol (8 November 2019). "The Life and Death of the Guajajara". Greenpeace International. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Libardi, Manuella (16 September 2020). "Amazon heroes who don't give up". Open Democracy. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Gómez-Upegui, Salomé (1 September 2021). "The Amazon rainforest's most dogged defenders are in peril". Vox. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  6. ^ Forline, Louis (2015). "The Awá-Guajá And Brazil's Expanding Frontier In Amazonia". Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development. 44 (3/4): 293–329. JSTOR 26384870.
  7. ^ a b Diver, Sybil; Vaughn, Mehana; Baker-Médard, Merrill; Lukacs, Heather (2019). "Recognizing "reciprocal relations" to restore community access to land and water". International Journal of the Commons. 13: 400–429. doi:10.18352/ijc.881. S2CID 150684636.
  8. ^ de Carvalho, Salo (January 2021). "Politics and Indigenous Victimization: The Case of Brazil". The British Journal of Criminology. 61: 251–271. doi:10.1093/bjc/azaa060.
  9. ^ Schlosberg, David (1 November 2010). "Indigenous Struggles, Environmental Justice, and Community Capabilities". Global Environmental Politics. 10 (4): 12–35. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00029. S2CID 57567645 – via MIT Press Direct.
  10. ^ Taixeira, Fabio (4 November 2019). "Indigenous leader pushes EU to block Brazil deal over native community deaths". Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  11. ^ "The Life and Death of the Guajajara". Greenpeace International. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
  12. ^ "Emboldened by Bolsonaro, Illegal Loggers in Amazon Kill Indigenous Leader Paulo Paulino Guajajara". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
  13. ^ Taylor, Alan. "Photos: The 'Forest Guardians' of Brazil's Amazon - The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
  14. ^ Gómez-Upegui, Salomé (2021-09-01). "The Amazon rainforest's most dogged defenders are in peril". Vox. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
  15. ^ "Brazil: Amazon land defender Zezico Guajajara shot dead". BBC News. 2020-04-02. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
  16. ^ Democracy Now! (4 November 2019). "Emboldened by Bolsonaro, Illegal Loggers in Amazon Kill Indigenous Leader Paulo Paulino Guajajara". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  17. ^ Taylor, Alan (23 September 2019). "The 'Forest Guardians' of Brazil's Amazon". The Atlantic.
  18. ^ a b BBC (2 April 2020). "Brazil: Amazon land defender Zezico Guajajara shot dead". BBC. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  19. ^ a b CBC Radio (6 November 2019). "Brazilian 'forest guardian' who protected the Amazon from illegal loggers has been killed". CBC. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  20. ^ a b Human Rights Organization Terra de Direitos (June 2015). "Human Rights Defenders in Brazil" (PDF). Retrieved 23 October 2021.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guajajara&oldid=1253904582"