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|native_name = Борис Кирилов Христов
|native_name = Борис Кирилов Христов
|native_name_lang = bg
|native_name_lang = bg
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1914|5|18}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1914|5|18}}
|birth_place = [[Plovdiv]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]]
|birth_place = [[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1993|6|28|1914|5|18}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1993|6|28|1914|5|18}}
|death_place = [[Rome]], [[Republic of Italy]]
|death_place = Rome, Italy
|resting place = [[Central Sofia Cemetery]]
|resting place = [[Central Sofia Cemetery]]
|resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|42|42|48.1|N|023|19|58.5|E|type:landmark}}
|resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|42|42|48.1|N|023|19|58.5|E|type:landmark}}
|education = [[Sofia University]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] ([[Juris Doctor|D.JUR.]])
|education = [[Sofia University]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] ([[Juris Doctor|D.JUR.]])
|occupation = Opera singer ([[bass (voice type)|bass]])
|occupation = Opera singer ([[bass (voice type)|bass]])
|citizenship = Bulgarian, Italian
|awards = [[Léonie Sonning Music Prize]]; [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana]]
|awards = [[Léonie Sonning Music Prize]]; [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana]]
|spouse = Franca de Rensis
|spouse = Franca de Rensis
⚫
|relatives = [[Tito Gobbi]] (brother-in-law)
|father = Kyryl Christoff
|website = {{URL|borischristoff.com}}
|mother = Rayna Teodorova
⚫
|relatives = [[Tito Gobi]] (brother-in-law)
}}
}}


'''Boris Christoff''' ({{lang-bg|Борис Кирилов Христов|Boris Kirilov Hristov}}, {{IPA-bg|boˈris ˈkiriɫof ˈxristof|IPA}}; 18 May 1914 &ndash; 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian [[opera]] singer, widely considered one of the greatest [[Bass (voice type)|basses]] of the 20th century.<ref name = "New Grove">{{Cite book |title= New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |year = 2001 |edition =2nd |volume=5 |editor= Sadie, Stanley |editor-link= Stanley Sadie |author1= Rosenthal, Harold |author1-link= Harold Rosenthal |author2= Blyth, Alan |author2-link = Alan Blyth |url= https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0005unse/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access= registration |publisher= Macmillan Publishers Limited |chapter =Christoff, Boris (Kirilov) |page = [https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0005unse/page/812/mode/2up?view=theater 812]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kozinn|first1=Allan|title=Boris Christoff, Bass, Dies at 79; Esteemed for His Boris Godunov|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/29/obituaries/boris-christoff-bass-dies-at-79-esteemed-for-his-boris-godunov.html|work=The New York Times |date=June 29, 1993 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Forbes |first1= Elizabeth|title=Obituary: Boris Christoff|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-boris-christoff-1494547.html|date=29 June 1993 }}</ref><ref name = "Dictionary"/>
'''Boris Christoff''' ({{langx|bg|Борис Кирилов Христов|Boris Kirilov Hristov}}, {{IPA|bg|boˈris ˈkiriɫof ˈxristof|IPA}}; 18 May 1914 &ndash; 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian [[opera]] singer, widely considered one of the greatest [[Bass (voice type)|basses]] of the 20th century.<ref name = "New Grove">{{Cite book |title= New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |year = 2001 |edition =2nd |volume=5 |editor= Sadie, Stanley |editor-link= Stanley Sadie |author1= Rosenthal, Harold |author1-link= Harold Rosenthal |author2= Blyth, Alan |author2-link = Alan Blyth |url= https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0005unse/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access= registration |publisher= Macmillan Publishers Limited |chapter =Christoff, Boris (Kirilov) |page = [https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0005unse/page/812/mode/2up?view=theater 812]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kozinn|first1=Allan|title=Boris Christoff, Bass, Dies at 79; Esteemed for His Boris Godunov|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/29/obituaries/boris-christoff-bass-dies-at-79-esteemed-for-his-boris-godunov.html|work=The New York Times |date=June 29, 1993 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|last1=Forbes |first1= Elizabeth|title=Obituary: Boris Christoff|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-boris-christoff-1494547.html|date=29 June 1993 }}</ref><ref name = "Dictionary"/>


== Training ==
== Early life ==
He was born in [[Plovdiv]] on 18 May 1914 to parents Kyryl Christov and Rayna Teodorova.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=CHRISTOFF, Boris |title= The International Who's Who 1992-1993 |edition=56th |page= [https://archive.org/details/internationalwho1992lond/page/306/mode/2up?view=theater 306] |publisher= Europa Publications Limited |place= London |year= 1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwho1992lond/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |isbn = 0-946653-84-4 |via= [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> His grand-father Hristo Sovichanov had been a famous [[Cantor (Christianity)|cantor]] at [[Bitola]] (then in the [[Ottoman Empire]]). Where he was singing in the [[Bulgarian Exarchate|Bulgarian Exarchist]] church, during the service many other believers (Turks, Jews) gathered in front of the church entrance to listen to him.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Дейкова |first=Олга |title=Борис Христов |publisher=Наука и изкуство |year=1965 |location=София |pages=XV |language=bg |trans-title=Boris Christoff}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Каранджулов |first=Георги |date=2009 |year= |orig-date= |title=Борис Христов и Македония |url=http://www.mni.bg/2016/09/blog-post_26.html#more |journal=Македонски преглед |language=bg |location=Sofia |publisher=Македонски научен институт |volume=XXXII |issue=1 |pages=71-72}}</ref> Being also a Bulgarian revolutionary, as well as his son Kyryl, after the defeat of the [[Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising]], they moved to Bulgaria.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Правчанска-Иванова |first=Ваня |title=Срещи с Борис Христов |last2=Правчански |first2=Николай |publisher=Музика |year=1990 |pages=158 |language=bg |trans-title=Meetings with Boris Christoff}}</ref> All three of Hristo's children were good singers, Kyryl (Boris Christoff's father) was a tenor, sang at secular and church choirs, sang also for Radio Sofia and for the Institute of Music at the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences|BAS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Борис Христов. Семейство, предци |trans-title=Boris Hristoff. Family, ancestors |url=https://boris-christoff.net/index.php/%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE,-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B8 |website=boris-christoff.net}}</ref>
Born in [[Plovdiv]], Christoff demonstrated early his singing talent and sang as a boy at the choir of the [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} His father had been a very popular [[Cantor (Christianity)|cantor]] at [[Resen, North Macedonia|Resen]], attracting the faithful to the [[Bulgarian Exarchate|Bulgarian Exarchist]] church where he was chanting.<ref>*{{cite journal|last=Livanios|first=Dimitris|title=Conquering the souls: nationalism and Greek guerrilla warfare in Ottoman Macedonia, 1904?1908|journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies|volume=23|year=1999|page=197|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/40679BB0857F424291E33DE6F907137A/S0307013100003128a.pdf/conquering_the_souls_nationalism_and_greek_guerrilla_warfare_in_ottoman_macedonia_19041908.pdf|doi=10.1179/byz.1999.23.1.195}}, {{cite book|last=Crampton|first=R. J.|title=Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century-- and After. 2nd edition|year=1997|location=London / New York|publisher=Routledge|page=20}}</ref>


In the late 1930s he graduated in law and started a career as a magistrate.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=CHRISTOFF, Boris |title= The International Who's Who 1979-1980 |edition=43rd |page= [https://archive.org/details/internationalwho0000unse_l8s9/page/230/mode/2up?view=theater 231] |publisher= Europa Publications Limited |place= London |year= 1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwho0000unse_l8s9/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |isbn = 0-905118-36-7|via= [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> He continued singing in his spare time in the Gusla Chorus in Sofia, achieving an enormous success as the chorus soloist in 1940.<ref name = "New Grove"/> Thanks to a government grant, Christoff left in May 1942 for Italy where he was tutored for two years in the core Italian bass repertoire by the great baritone of an earlier generation, [[Riccardo Stracciari]].<ref name = "New Grove"/>
Boris Christoff demonstrated early his singing talent and sang at the choir of the [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia]] and the choir Gusla.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Божков |first=Атанас |title=Борис Христов |publisher=Булвест 2000, Полиграф Пловдив |year=1994 |isbn=954-18-0024-6 |edition=2nd |location=Пловдив, София |pages=26-27 |language=bg |trans-title=Boris Christoff}}</ref> In 1938 he graduated in law and started a career as a magistrate.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=CHRISTOFF, Boris |title= The International Who's Who 1979-1980 |edition=43rd |page= [https://archive.org/details/internationalwho0000unse_l8s9/page/230/mode/2up?view=theater 231] |publisher= Europa Publications Limited |place= London |year= 1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwho0000unse_l8s9/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |isbn = 0-905118-36-7|via= [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> He continued singing in his spare time in the Gusla Chorus in Sofia, achieving an enormous success as the chorus soloist in 1940.<ref name = "New Grove"/> Thanks to a government grant, Christoff left in May 1942 for Italy where he was tutored for two years in the core Italian bass repertoire by the great baritone of an earlier generation, [[Riccardo Stracciari]].<ref name = "New Grove"/>


== Performance career ==
== Performance career ==
After two visits in Bulgaria in 1943, Boris Christoff went to Austria. He took lessons in Wien, Prague and Salzbourg and had several guest appearances and recitals in Wien and Dresden. In 1944 he was arrested and sent to a prison camp near [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]]. He was released from it in May 1945 by the French troops. The commanding colonel, having heard his singing, helped him go to Italy. Later, Boris Hristov made every effort to find this person ("He was my savior!"), but to no avail.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Луканов |first=Нино |title=Борис Христов |pages=22-23 |language=bg}}</ref>
{{references|section|date=March 2021}}
⚫
After several guest appearances and recitals in Austria in 1944 and 1945, Christoff returned to Italy in December 1945. He made his operatic debut as Colline in ''[[La bohème]]'' at [[Reggio Calabria]] on 12 March 1946.<ref name = "New Grove"/> In following years Christoff appeared in a number of roles at [[Milan]]'s [[La Scala]], [[Venice]]'s [[La Fenice]], the Rome Opera, [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] in London, the opera theatres in [[Naples]], [[Barcelona]], [[Lisbon]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], etc.<ref name = "New Grove"/>


⚫
His first concert in Italy was in December 1945 in Rome with the Symphony orchestra of the [[Santa Cecilia Academy of Music]], and was dedicated to Bulgarian and Russian music.<ref name=":1" /> Christoff made his operatic debut as Colline in ''[[La bohème]]'' at [[Reggio Calabria]] on 12 March 1946.<ref name="New Grove" /> In following years Christoff appeared in a number of roles at [[Milan]]'s [[La Scala]], [[Venice]]'s [[La Fenice]], the Rome Opera, [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] in London, the opera theatres in [[Naples]], [[Barcelona]], [[Lisbon]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], etc.<ref name="New Grove" />
⚫
In 1950 he was invited to sing at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in [[New York City]] but was refused entry into the USA as a result of the [[McCarran Immigration Act]], which banned citizens of [[Eastern bloc]] countries from entering the country. The role was instead filled by the young Italian basso, [[Cesare Siepi]]. After the restrictions were loosened, Christoff made an operatic debut in the United States in 1956 at the [[San Francisco Opera]].<ref name = "New Grove"/> He refused any further invitations to the Metropolitan and never appeared there. After a brief absence from the scene due to brain tumour surgery in 1964, Christoff resumed his career in 1965, though at a much slower pace. In 1967 he was allowed to return to Bulgaria for the first time since 1945, for the funeral of his mother.


⚫
In 1950 he was invited to sing at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in [[New York City]] but was refused entry into the USA as a result of the [[McCarran Immigration Act]], which banned citizens of [[Eastern bloc]] countries from entering the country. The role was instead filled by the young Italian basso, [[Cesare Siepi]]. After the restrictions were loosened, Christoff made an operatic debut in the United States in 1956 at the [[San Francisco Opera]].<ref name="New Grove" /> He refused any further invitations to the Metropolitan and never appeared there. After a brief absence from the scene due to brain tumour surgery in 1964, Christoff resumed his career.<ref name=":2" />
⚫
In the 1970s Christoff on-stage performances were became more infrequent. He brought his career to an end with a final concert at the Accademia di Bulgaria in Rome on 22 June 1986. He died in Rome in 1993 and his body was returned to Bulgaria, [[lying in repose | lay in repose]] in [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia | Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]] in Sofia and later was buried in section 46 of [[Sofia Central Cemetery]].

[[File: Boris_Christov.jpg |210px|thumb|Boris Christoff in [[Stara Zagora]], Bulgaria, 1985]]
In the 1970s Christoff on-stage performances became more infrequent. In [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]] in Sofia he recorded bulgarian and russian religious chants, together with the choir of the cathedral and the conductor Angel Popkonstantinov.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boris Christoff. Bulgarian and Russian Religious Chants |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/9252811-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2-Boris-Christoff-%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%98-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%A6%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD |website=discogs.com}}</ref> Boris Christoff took an active part in the very work of creating the record. In 1978, he again recorded in the same cathedral Liturgia Domestica by [[Alexander Gretchaninov|Alexander Grechaninov]], with the participation of the Bulgarian Choir Chapel Svetoslav Obretenov and a small string ensemble from the Symphony Orchestra of the Bulgarian Radio and conductor Georgi Robev. This is the first recording in the world of the Domestic Liturgy, and for the first time an orchestra was included in its performance, albeit a small one.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Луканов |first=Нино |url=https://boris-christoff.net/pdf/bh-nino.pdf |title=Борис Христов |pages=96 |language=bg}}</ref>

⚫
He brought his career to an end with a final concert at the Accademia di Bulgaria in Rome on 22 June 1986. He died in Rome in 1993 and his body was returned to Bulgaria, [[lying in repose | lay in repose]] in St. Alexander Nevski Cathedral<ref name=":4" /> and was buried in section 46 of [[Sofia Central Cemetery]].<ref name=":3" />


== Voice, repertoire, character ==
== Voice, repertoire, character ==
{{references|section|date=March 2021}}
⚫
Christoff had an excellent voice with a distinctive dark tone. Although it was not as large as some other bass voices, he had no trouble making an impact in big spaces like the San Francisco Opera. Owing to his stage presence and dramatic temperament, he was a worthy heir to the grand tradition of Slavonic basses exemplified by [[Fyodor Stravinsky]], [[Lev Sibiriakov]], [[Vladimir Kastorsky]], [[Feodor Chaliapin]], [[Alexander Kipnis]] and [[Mark Reizen]], among others.<ref name = "New Grove"/> He sang mostly in [[Verdi]] and the Russian repertoire, and was also a refined performer of vocal chamber music. Among his most famous roles were those of Tsar Boris ([[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]] - ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]''), [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] (Verdi - ''[[Don Carlo]]''), [[Mephistopheles]] ([[Gounod]] - ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' and [[Arrigo Boito|Boito]] - ''[[Mefistofele]]''), Ivan Susanin ([[Mikhail Glinka|Glinka]] - ''[[A Life for the Tsar]]''), Zaccaria (Verdi - ''[[Nabucco]]''), Tsar Ivan ([[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]] - ''[[The Maid of Pskov|Ivan the Terrible]]''), Dosifei (Mussorgsky - ''[[Khovanshchina]]''), Gomez da Silva (Verdi - ''[[Ernani]]''), Fiesco (Verdi - ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''), [[Attila]] (Verdi - ''[[Attila (opera)|Attila]]''), Padre Guardiano (Verdi - ''[[La forza del destino]]''), Galitzky and Kontchak ([[Alexander Borodin|Borodin]] - ''[[Prince Igor]]'') and others.


⚫
Boris Christoff had an excellent voice with a distinctive dark tone. Although it was not as large as some other bass voices, he had no trouble making an impact in big spaces like the San Francisco Opera. Owing to his stage presence and dramatic temperament, he was a worthy heir to the grand tradition of Slavonic basses exemplified by [[Fyodor Stravinsky]], [[Lev Sibiriakov]], [[Vladimir Kastorsky]], [[Feodor Chaliapin]], [[Alexander Kipnis]] and [[Mark Reizen]], among others.<ref name = "New Grove"/> He sang mostly in [[Verdi]] and the Russian repertoire, and was also a refined performer of vocal chamber music. Among his most famous roles were those of Tsar Boris ([[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]] - ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]''), [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] (Verdi - ''[[Don Carlo]]''), [[Mephistopheles]] ([[Gounod]] - ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' and [[Arrigo Boito|Boito]] - ''[[Mefistofele]]''), Ivan Susanin ([[Mikhail Glinka|Glinka]] - ''[[A Life for the Tsar]]''), Zaccaria (Verdi - ''[[Nabucco]]''), Tsar Ivan ([[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]] - ''[[The Maid of Pskov|Ivan the Terrible]]''), Dosifei (Mussorgsky - ''[[Khovanshchina]]''), Gomez da Silva (Verdi - ''[[Ernani]]''), Fiesco (Verdi - ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''), [[Attila]] (Verdi - ''[[Attila (opera)|Attila]]''), Padre Guardiano (Verdi - ''[[La forza del destino]]''), Galitzky and Kontchak ([[Alexander Borodin|Borodin]] - ''[[Prince Igor]]'') and others.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Дейкова |first=Олга |url=https://boris-christoff.net/pdf/olga.pdf |title=Борис Христов |publisher=Наука и изкуство |year=1965 |isbn= |location=София |pages=26- 29 |language=bg |trans-title=Boris Christoff}}</ref>
⚫
Christoff made studio recordings of eight operas (''Don Carlo'', ''Boris Godunov'' and ''Faust'' twice each) and numerous live recordings (radio or stage performances). He was much admired as song singer and he recorded more than 200 Russian songs by Mussorgsky (he was the first to record all his 63 songs), [[Tchaikovsky]], Rimsky-Korsakov, Glinka, Borodin, [[César Cui|Cui]], [[Mily Balakirev|Balakirev]] as well as traditional songs, mostly with piano accompaniment. He initiated the tradition of making studio recordings of ''Boris Godunov'' with the same basso singing three roles (Boris, Varlaam, Pimen).


⚫
Christoff made studio recordings of eight operas (''Don Carlo'', ''Boris Godunov'' and ''Faust'' twice each)<ref name=":6" /> and numerous live recordings (radio or stage performances). He was much admired as song singer and he recorded more than 200 Russian songs by Mussorgsky (he was the first to record all his 63 songs<ref name=":6" />), [[Tchaikovsky]], Rimsky-Korsakov, Glinka, Borodin, [[César Cui|Cui]], [[Mily Balakirev|Balakirev]] as well as traditional songs, mostly with piano accompaniment.
⚫
While he was a grand performer on stage, Christoff had difficult off-stage relations with fellow singers and producers, which sometimes grew into public scandals.<ref name = "Dictionary">{{cite book |title= The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta |page= [https://archive.org/details/completedictiona00ande/page/114/mode/2up?view=theater 114] |url=https://archive.org/details/completedictiona00ande/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access= registration |first= James |last= Anderson |publisher= Wings Book |year= 1993 |ISBN = 0-517-09156-9}}</ref> In 1955 he fell out with [[Maria Callas]] during the performances of ''[[Médée (Cherubini)|Medea]]'' at the Rome Opera and in 1961 his contract with [[La Scala]] was terminated after an open conflict with fellow Bulgarian [[Nicolai Ghiaurov]] whom Christoff blamed for collaborating with the Bulgarian communist regime. [[Herbert von Karajan]] tried to make him sing the title role in ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' which would have been inappropriate for his range; this prompted him to sever relations with von Karajan.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

He made the tradition of studio recordings of ''Boris Godunov'' with the same basso singing three roles (Boris, Varlaam, Pimen). In 1952, he participated in the widely known recording of this opera in Paris, in which at the suggestion of the conductor [[Issay Dobrowen]] he performed all three bass roles—Boris Godunov, Varlaam and Pimen— three very diverse roles, which he distinguished characteristically and, according to musicologist Marcel Clavery, their only common feature was the beauty of the singer's timbre. The recording brought Boris Hristov his first high award—the grand international prize for a gramophone record (1953).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Божков |first=Атанас |title=Борис Христов |publisher=Булвест 2000, Полиграф Пловдив |year=1994 |isbn=954-18-0024-6 |edition=2nd |location=Пловдив, София |pages=47, 86 |language=bg |trans-title=Boris Christoff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Луканов |first=Нино |url=https://boris-christoff.net/pdf/bh-nino.pdf |title=Борис Христов |pages=138-139 |language=bg}}</ref> In 1963 he was invited for the second time to record ''Boris Godunov'' in Paris, again performing all three bass roles. Нe suggested that the choir of the [[National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria|Sofia Opera]] be invited as well. An EMI representative was sent for an audition in Sofia, who was convinced of Boris Hristov's judgement, and so the choir took part in the recording conducted by [[André Cluytens]], called triumphal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Божков |first=Атанас |title=Борис Христов |publisher=Булвест 2000, Полиграф Пловдив |year=1994 |isbn=954-18-0024-6 |edition=2nd |location=Пловдив, София |pages=92-93 |language=bg |trans-title=Boris Christoff}}</ref><ref>Moussorgski, ''Boris Godounov'' - Boris Christoff, Chœur de l'opéra de Sofia, Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, septembre 1962 - 3CD Emi 7 47993 2 {{OCLC|419982163}}</ref>

⚫
While he was a grand performer on stage, Christoff had difficult off-stage relations with some fellow singers and producers, which sometimes grew into public scandals.<ref name = "Dictionary">{{cite book |title= The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta |page= [https://archive.org/details/completedictiona00ande/page/114/mode/2up?view=theater 114] |url=https://archive.org/details/completedictiona00ande/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access= registration |first= James |last= Anderson |publisher= Wings Book |year= 1993 |ISBN = 0-517-09156-9}}</ref> In 1955 he fell out with [[Maria Callas]] during the performances of ''[[Médée (Cherubini)|Medea]]'' at the Rome Opera.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Луканов |first=Нино |url=https://boris-christoff.net/pdf/bh-nino.pdf |title=Борис Христов |pages=135 |language=bg}}</ref> In 1961 his contract with [[La Scala]] was terminated after an open conflict with fellow Bulgarian [[Nicolai Ghiaurov]]. In fact, Boris Christoff opened the way for the Bulgarian singers Nikolay Ghiaurov and Dimitar Uzunov to La Scala—it is entirely his merit to attract them as his partners in ''Boris Godunov''. The ambitious Ghiaurov, whose brother Kostadin Ghiaurov was a senior functionary of the [[Bulgarian Communist Party]], began to speak out against him and call him a "fascist", and Boris Christoff blamed him for collaborating with the Bulgarian communist regime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Христо |first=Христов |date=3 April 2017 |title=Режимът на БКП отказал на Борис Христов да пусне брат му за лечение в Италия |url=https://desebg.com/vi/3126-2017-04-03-06-07-05 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=desebg.com}}</ref> The communist regime's hatred for Christoff who was not even allowed to go to Bulgaria for his father's funeral pushed Ghiaurov further into rivalry with Christoff.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Тошев |first=Лъчезар |date=2018-05-18 |title=18 май: Борис Христов |url=https://conservative.bg/18-5/ |journal=Консерваторъ |chapter=}}</ref> [[Herbert von Karajan]] tried to make Boris Christoff sing the title role in ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' which would have been inappropriate for his range; this prompted him to sever relations with von Karajan.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}


He was the brother-in-law of the Italian baritone [[Tito Gobbi]].
He was the brother-in-law of the Italian baritone [[Tito Gobbi]].
Line 59: Line 65:


==Awards==
==Awards==
* Commendatore della Repubblica italiana<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=100 години (1914 – 2014) Борис Христов |url=https://mc.government.bg/files/2253_biography_Boris_Hristov.pdf |website=mc.government.bg}}</ref>
* [[Sonning Award]] (1969; Denmark)
* People's artist of Bulgaria<ref name=":5" />
* Doctor honoris causa of the [[Opera de Paris]]<ref name=":5" />
* Comandante dos Cavaleiros dos Santos Apóstolos Pedro e Paulo (Brasil)<ref name=":5" />

Boris Christov is the recipient of numerous music awards, including the Grand Prix du Disque (1953) – the highest international award of the French Academy for Gramophone Recordings,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Дейкова |first=Олга |title=Борис Христов |publisher=Наука и изкуство |year=1965 |location=София |pages=LV |language=bg |trans-title=Boris Christoff}}</ref> Academie du Disque Français (1953, 1957), [[Académie Charles Cros|Academie Charles Cros]] (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958),<ref name=":5" /> [[Edison Award]] (1964),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Дейкова |first=Олга |title=Борис Христов |publisher=Наука и изкуство |year=1965 |location=София |pages=LCVIII |language=bg |trans-title=Boris Christoff}}</ref> [[Sonning Award]] (1969; Denmark) and others.


== Honors ==
== Honors ==


* A rocky cliff forming Aytos Point on the coast of Bransfield Strait, [[Livingston Island|eastern Livingston Island]], Antarctica is named after him.<ref>[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=134548 Christoff Cliff] [https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/ SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica]</ref>
* A rocky cliff forming Aytos Point on the coast of Bransfield Strait, [[Livingston Island|eastern Livingston Island]], Antarctica is named after him.<ref>{{ cite web |url = https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=134548 |title= Christoff Cliff |publisher =SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica}}</ref>


[[File:Boris Christoff's Gravesite.jpg|thumb| 250 px| The Grave of Boris Christoff and his parents at [[Sofia Central Cemetery]] ({{coord|42|42|48.1|N|023|19|58.5|E|type:landmark}})]]
[[File:Boris Christoff's Gravesite.jpg|thumb| 250 px| The Grave of Boris Christoff and his parents at [[Sofia Central Cemetery]] ({{coord|42|42|48.1|N|023|19|58.5|E|type:landmark}})]]


== Notes ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


Line 79: Line 90:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110407/http://bnt.bg/predavanyia/v-kadur/ochakvajte-v-kada-r-18-maj-2014-glasa-t-kojto-moli-boga-za-ba-lgariya The Voice That Prays for Bulgaria] (Film of BNT on 100 Years From His Birth)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110407/http://bnt.bg/predavanyia/v-kadur/ochakvajte-v-kada-r-18-maj-2014-glasa-t-kojto-moli-boga-za-ba-lgariya The Voice That Prays for Bulgaria] (Film of BNT on 100 Years From His Birth)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200221204813/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/opera/OFB/stars/chr01.htm His page on the Stars of Bulgarian Opera site with mp3 audio clips of selected arias]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200221204813/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/opera/OFB/stars/chr01.htm His page on the Stars of Bulgarian Opera site with mp3 audio clips of selected arias]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mx56 BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Boris Christoff, 21 August 1979]
* {{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mx56 |publisher = BBC Radio 4 - |title = Desert Island Discs, Boris Christoff |date = 21 August 1979}}
* {{citation |title=Boris Christoff as Boris Godunov|work= J. Warren Perry Photo Collection, University of Buffalo Digital Collections |publisher= State University of New York at Buffalo. Music Library|url=http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/items/show/8813|date= 1958 }}
* {{citation |title=Boris Christoff as Boris Godunov|work= J. Warren Perry Photo Collection, University of Buffalo Digital Collections |publisher= State University of New York at Buffalo. Music Library|url=http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/items/show/8813|date= 1958 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cgCDHz6G1s "The Song of the Volga Boatman" (YouTube)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cgCDHz6G1s "The Song of the Volga Boatman" (YouTube)]

Latest revision as of 11:22, 29 October 2024

Boris Christoff
Борис Кирилов Христов
Born(1914-05-18)18 May 1914
Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Died28 June 1993(1993-06-28) (aged 79)
Rome, Italy
Resting placeCentral Sofia Cemetery
42°42′48.1″N 023°19′58.5″E / 42.713361°N 23.332917°E / 42.713361; 23.332917
CitizenshipBulgarian, Italian
EducationSofia University, Kingdom of Bulgaria (D.JUR.)
OccupationOpera singer (bass)
SpouseFranca de Rensis
RelativesTito Gobbi (brother-in-law)
AwardsLéonie Sonning Music Prize; Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana
Websiteborischristoff.com

Boris Christoff (Bulgarian: Борис Кирилов Христов, romanized: Boris Kirilov Hristov, IPA: [boˈris ˈkiriɫof ˈxristof]; 18 May 1914 – 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian opera singer, widely considered one of the greatest basses of the 20th century.[1][2][3][4]

Early life

[edit]

He was born in Plovdiv on 18 May 1914 to parents Kyryl Christov and Rayna Teodorova.[5] His grand-father Hristo Sovichanov had been a famous cantor at Bitola (then in the Ottoman Empire). Where he was singing in the Bulgarian Exarchist church, during the service many other believers (Turks, Jews) gathered in front of the church entrance to listen to him.[6][7] Being also a Bulgarian revolutionary, as well as his son Kyryl, after the defeat of the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, they moved to Bulgaria.[7][8] All three of Hristo's children were good singers, Kyryl (Boris Christoff's father) was a tenor, sang at secular and church choirs, sang also for Radio Sofia and for the Institute of Music at the BAS.[9]

Boris Christoff demonstrated early his singing talent and sang at the choir of the St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia and the choir Gusla.[10] In 1938 he graduated in law and started a career as a magistrate.[11] He continued singing in his spare time in the Gusla Chorus in Sofia, achieving an enormous success as the chorus soloist in 1940.[1] Thanks to a government grant, Christoff left in May 1942 for Italy where he was tutored for two years in the core Italian bass repertoire by the great baritone of an earlier generation, Riccardo Stracciari.[1]

Performance career

[edit]

After two visits in Bulgaria in 1943, Boris Christoff went to Austria. He took lessons in Wien, Prague and Salzbourg and had several guest appearances and recitals in Wien and Dresden. In 1944 he was arrested and sent to a prison camp near Feldkirch. He was released from it in May 1945 by the French troops. The commanding colonel, having heard his singing, helped him go to Italy. Later, Boris Hristov made every effort to find this person ("He was my savior!"), but to no avail.[12]

His first concert in Italy was in December 1945 in Rome with the Symphony orchestra of the Santa Cecilia Academy of Music, and was dedicated to Bulgarian and Russian music.[3] Christoff made his operatic debut as Colline in La bohème at Reggio Calabria on 12 March 1946.[1] In following years Christoff appeared in a number of roles at Milan's La Scala, Venice's La Fenice, the Rome Opera, Covent Garden in London, the opera theatres in Naples, Barcelona, Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro, etc.[1]

In 1950 he was invited to sing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City but was refused entry into the USA as a result of the McCarran Immigration Act, which banned citizens of Eastern bloc countries from entering the country. The role was instead filled by the young Italian basso, Cesare Siepi. After the restrictions were loosened, Christoff made an operatic debut in the United States in 1956 at the San Francisco Opera.[1] He refused any further invitations to the Metropolitan and never appeared there. After a brief absence from the scene due to brain tumour surgery in 1964, Christoff resumed his career.[6]

Boris Christoff in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, 1985

In the 1970s Christoff on-stage performances became more infrequent. In St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia he recorded bulgarian and russian religious chants, together with the choir of the cathedral and the conductor Angel Popkonstantinov.[13] Boris Christoff took an active part in the very work of creating the record. In 1978, he again recorded in the same cathedral Liturgia Domestica by Alexander Grechaninov, with the participation of the Bulgarian Choir Chapel Svetoslav Obretenov and a small string ensemble from the Symphony Orchestra of the Bulgarian Radio and conductor Georgi Robev. This is the first recording in the world of the Domestic Liturgy, and for the first time an orchestra was included in its performance, albeit a small one.[14]

He brought his career to an end with a final concert at the Accademia di Bulgaria in Rome on 22 June 1986. He died in Rome in 1993 and his body was returned to Bulgaria, lay in repose in St. Alexander Nevski Cathedral[10] and was buried in section 46 of Sofia Central Cemetery.[8]

Voice, repertoire, character

[edit]

Boris Christoff had an excellent voice with a distinctive dark tone. Although it was not as large as some other bass voices, he had no trouble making an impact in big spaces like the San Francisco Opera. Owing to his stage presence and dramatic temperament, he was a worthy heir to the grand tradition of Slavonic basses exemplified by Fyodor Stravinsky, Lev Sibiriakov, Vladimir Kastorsky, Feodor Chaliapin, Alexander Kipnis and Mark Reizen, among others.[1] He sang mostly in Verdi and the Russian repertoire, and was also a refined performer of vocal chamber music. Among his most famous roles were those of Tsar Boris (Mussorgsky - Boris Godunov), Philip II (Verdi - Don Carlo), Mephistopheles (Gounod - Faust and Boito - Mefistofele), Ivan Susanin (Glinka - A Life for the Tsar), Zaccaria (Verdi - Nabucco), Tsar Ivan (Rimsky-Korsakov - Ivan the Terrible), Dosifei (Mussorgsky - Khovanshchina), Gomez da Silva (Verdi - Ernani), Fiesco (Verdi - Simon Boccanegra), Attila (Verdi - Attila), Padre Guardiano (Verdi - La forza del destino), Galitzky and Kontchak (Borodin - Prince Igor) and others.[15]

Christoff made studio recordings of eight operas (Don Carlo, Boris Godunov and Faust twice each)[15] and numerous live recordings (radio or stage performances). He was much admired as song singer and he recorded more than 200 Russian songs by Mussorgsky (he was the first to record all his 63 songs[15]), Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Glinka, Borodin, Cui, Balakirev as well as traditional songs, mostly with piano accompaniment.

He made the tradition of studio recordings of Boris Godunov with the same basso singing three roles (Boris, Varlaam, Pimen). In 1952, he participated in the widely known recording of this opera in Paris, in which at the suggestion of the conductor Issay Dobrowen he performed all three bass roles—Boris Godunov, Varlaam and Pimen— three very diverse roles, which he distinguished characteristically and, according to musicologist Marcel Clavery, their only common feature was the beauty of the singer's timbre. The recording brought Boris Hristov his first high award—the grand international prize for a gramophone record (1953).[16][17] In 1963 he was invited for the second time to record Boris Godunov in Paris, again performing all three bass roles. Нe suggested that the choir of the Sofia Opera be invited as well. An EMI representative was sent for an audition in Sofia, who was convinced of Boris Hristov's judgement, and so the choir took part in the recording conducted by André Cluytens, called triumphal.[18][19]

While he was a grand performer on stage, Christoff had difficult off-stage relations with some fellow singers and producers, which sometimes grew into public scandals.[4] In 1955 he fell out with Maria Callas during the performances of Medea at the Rome Opera.[20] In 1961 his contract with La Scala was terminated after an open conflict with fellow Bulgarian Nicolai Ghiaurov. In fact, Boris Christoff opened the way for the Bulgarian singers Nikolay Ghiaurov and Dimitar Uzunov to La Scala—it is entirely his merit to attract them as his partners in Boris Godunov. The ambitious Ghiaurov, whose brother Kostadin Ghiaurov was a senior functionary of the Bulgarian Communist Party, began to speak out against him and call him a "fascist", and Boris Christoff blamed him for collaborating with the Bulgarian communist regime.[21] The communist regime's hatred for Christoff who was not even allowed to go to Bulgaria for his father's funeral pushed Ghiaurov further into rivalry with Christoff.[22] Herbert von Karajan tried to make Boris Christoff sing the title role in Don Giovanni which would have been inappropriate for his range; this prompted him to sever relations with von Karajan.[citation needed]

He was the brother-in-law of the Italian baritone Tito Gobbi.

A Monument of Boris Christoff near Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia, Bulgaria

Recordings

[edit]

Many recordings are available. The following list contains just a few.

  • His complete songs by Mussorgsky are available, produced by EMI.
  • He recorded the Verdi Requiem 3 times, once under Tullio Serafin in Rome 1959, once with Herbert von Karajan and once with Bruno Bartoletti.
  • Two recordings of Boris Godunov are available with Christoff singing three roles: Boris, Pimen, and Father Varlaam.
  • Two performances in major Wagner roles are available, both sung in Italian: Gurnemanz in Parsifal conducted in Rome 1950 by Vittorio Gui, and Pogner the goldsmith in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, conducted (studio) by Lovro von Matačić in Torino 1962.
  • Lugano Recital 1976 [DVD]

Awards

[edit]
  • Commendatore della Repubblica italiana[23]
  • People's artist of Bulgaria[23]
  • Doctor honoris causa of the Opera de Paris[23]
  • Comandante dos Cavaleiros dos Santos Apóstolos Pedro e Paulo (Brasil)[23]

Boris Christov is the recipient of numerous music awards, including the Grand Prix du Disque (1953) – the highest international award of the French Academy for Gramophone Recordings,[24] Academie du Disque Français (1953, 1957), Academie Charles Cros (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958),[23] Edison Award (1964),[25] Sonning Award (1969; Denmark) and others.

Honors

[edit]
The Grave of Boris Christoff and his parents at Sofia Central Cemetery (42°42′48.1″N 023°19′58.5″E / 42.713361°N 23.332917°E / 42.713361; 23.332917)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Rosenthal, Harold; Blyth, Alan (2001). "Christoff, Boris (Kirilov)". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Publishers Limited. p. 812.
  2. ^ Kozinn, Allan (June 29, 1993). "Boris Christoff, Bass, Dies at 79; Esteemed for His Boris Godunov". The New York Times.
  3. ^ a b Forbes, Elizabeth (29 June 1993). "Obituary: Boris Christoff". The Independent.
  4. ^ a b Anderson, James (1993). The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta. Wings Book. p. 114. ISBN 0-517-09156-9.
  5. ^ "CHRISTOFF, Boris". The International Who's Who 1992-1993 (56th ed.). London: Europa Publications Limited. 1992. p. 306. ISBN 0-946653-84-4 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ a b Дейкова, Олга (1965). Борис Христов [Boris Christoff] (in Bulgarian). София: Наука и изкуство. pp. XV.
  7. ^ a b Каранджулов, Георги (2009). "Борис Христов и Македония". Македонски преглед (in Bulgarian). XXXII (1). Sofia: Македонски научен институт: 71–72.
  8. ^ a b Правчанска-Иванова, Ваня; Правчански, Николай (1990). Срещи с Борис Христов [Meetings with Boris Christoff] (in Bulgarian). Музика. p. 158.
  9. ^ "Борис Христов. Семейство, предци" [Boris Hristoff. Family, ancestors]. boris-christoff.net.
  10. ^ a b Божков, Атанас (1994). Борис Христов [Boris Christoff] (in Bulgarian) (2nd ed.). Пловдив, София: Булвест 2000, Полиграф Пловдив. pp. 26–27. ISBN 954-18-0024-6.
  11. ^ "CHRISTOFF, Boris". The International Who's Who 1979-1980 (43rd ed.). London: Europa Publications Limited. 1979. p. 231. ISBN 0-905118-36-7 – via Internet Archive.
  12. ^ Луканов, Нино. Борис Христов (in Bulgarian). pp. 22–23.
  13. ^ "Boris Christoff. Bulgarian and Russian Religious Chants". discogs.com.
  14. ^ Луканов, Нино. Борис Христов (PDF) (in Bulgarian). p. 96.
  15. ^ a b c Дейкова, Олга (1965). Борис Христов [Boris Christoff] (PDF) (in Bulgarian). София: Наука и изкуство. pp. 26–29.
  16. ^ Божков, Атанас (1994). Борис Христов [Boris Christoff] (in Bulgarian) (2nd ed.). Пловдив, София: Булвест 2000, Полиграф Пловдив. pp. 47, 86. ISBN 954-18-0024-6.
  17. ^ Луканов, Нино. Борис Христов (PDF) (in Bulgarian). pp. 138–139.
  18. ^ Божков, Атанас (1994). Борис Христов [Boris Christoff] (in Bulgarian) (2nd ed.). Пловдив, София: Булвест 2000, Полиграф Пловдив. pp. 92–93. ISBN 954-18-0024-6.
  19. ^ Moussorgski, Boris Godounov - Boris Christoff, Chœur de l'opéra de Sofia, Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, septembre 1962 - 3CD Emi 7 47993 2 OCLC 419982163
  20. ^ Луканов, Нино. Борис Христов (PDF) (in Bulgarian). p. 135.
  21. ^ Христо, Христов (3 April 2017). "Режимът на БКП отказал на Борис Христов да пусне брат му за лечение в Италия". desebg.com. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  22. ^ Тошев, Лъчезар (2018-05-18). "18 май: Борис Христов". Консерваторъ.
  23. ^ a b c d e "100 години (1914 – 2014) Борис Христов" (PDF). mc.government.bg.
  24. ^ Дейкова, Олга (1965). Борис Христов [Boris Christoff] (in Bulgarian). София: Наука и изкуство. pp. LV.
  25. ^ Дейкова, Олга (1965). Борис Христов [Boris Christoff] (in Bulgarian). София: Наука и изкуство. pp. LCVIII.
  26. ^ "Christoff Cliff". SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.
[edit]
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