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An electoral alliance (also known as a bipartisan electoral agreement, electoral pact, electoral agreement, electoral coalition or electoral bloc) is an association of political parties or individuals that exists solely to stand in elections.

Each of the parties within the alliance has its own policies but chooses temporarily to put aside differences in favour of common goals and ideology in order to pool their voters' support and get elected. On occasion, an electoral alliance may be formed by parties with very different policy goals, which agree to pool resources in order to stop a particular candidate or party from gaining power.

Unlike a coalition formed after an election, the partners in an electoral alliance usually do not run candidates against one another but encourage their supporters to vote for candidates from the other members of the alliance. In some agreements with a larger party enjoying a higher degree of success at the polls, the smaller party fields candidates under the banner of the larger party, with the elected members of the smaller party sitting with the elected members of the larger party in the cabinet or legislature. They usually aim to continue co-operation after the election, for example by campaigning together on issues on which they have common views. If the alliance endures beyond elections, the association is a parliamentary group.

By offering to endorse or nominate a major party's candidate, minor parties may be in position to influence the candidate's platform.

By country

Argentina

The Frente de Todos (Everybody's Front or Front for All)^[1]^[2]) was a coalition of Peronist^[3] and Kirchnerist^[4] political parties and associations in Argentina formed in 2019 to support the candidacy of Alberto Fernández and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in the 2019 Argentine general election.

Juntos por el Cambio (Together for Change) is an Argentine big tent^[5]^[6] political coalition. It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos (Let's Change), and renamed in 2019.^[7] It is composed of Republican Proposal (PRO), the Radical Civic Union (UCR), the Civic Coalition (CC-ARI) and sectors of Federal Peronism since the arrival of Miguel Ángel Pichetto to the national coalition.

Armenia

Prior to the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election, the Republic Party formed an electoral alliance known as the We Alliance with the Free Democrats. Both parties campaigned on a similar Pro-European platform and sought to challenge a competing electoral alliance known as the My Step Alliance.^[8]

Barbados

The Alliance Party for Progress (APP) is a Christian and social democratic electoral alliance in Barbados. It was formed on 30 December 2021 by the United Progressive Party (UPP) and the People's Party for Democracy and Development (PdP) to contest the 2022 Barbadian general election. It is headed by the leader of the PdP, Bishop Joseph Atherley, with the leader of the UPP Lynette Eastmond becoming deputy head.^[9]

Belgium

In Belgium, the Dutch term for an electoral alliance is kartel. Current kartels include the following:

Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats, composed of the parties Flemish Liberals and Democrats, Vivant, and Liberal Appeal
Mouvement Réformateur, composed of the Liberal Reformist Party, the Citizens' Movement for Change, and the Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt
Vlaams Belang and VLOTT

Previous kartels include the following:

Denmark

The Red-Green Alliance was formed as an electoral alliance between the Communist Party (DKP), the Left Socialists (VS), and the Socialist Workers Party (SAP) in 1989. It reformed itself as a unified party in 1991, but the participating parties continue on their own in some ways (for example by having their own separate party newspapers).

Greece

The Syriza Party started out as an electoral alliance but then united into a single party.

Italy

Since 1994, Italian politics has been divided into two main blocs, the centre-right and the centre-left coalitions; which under various forms alternatively led the country for more than two decades.

Center-right coalition

For the 2022 general election the coalition is composed of four parties, the Brothers of Italy, League (Lega), Forza Italia and Us Moderates.

Centre-left coalition

For the 2022 general election the alliance was formed by four parties; Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy, More Europe, Civic Commitment and Greens and Left Alliance.

Netherlands

Combination of lists

Dutch elections from 1973 to 2017 allowed for electoral alliances between two parties where both parties would nominate a combined party list. This practice, called the lijstverbinding, was abolished in June 2017 after being earlier abandoned for Senate elections.^[10]

In the Netherlands, seats in parliament are allocated by the D'Hondt method, a proportional representation method that tends to favor larger parties (see highest averages method). The lijstverbinding or kartel allowed two parties to pool their votes together when calculating representation, effectively treating them as a single, larger party when handing out seats.

Typically, the parties in a coalition are ideologically related. For example, in the 2003 general elections, the Socialist Party and GreenLeft formed a lijstverbinding. In the 2004 European elections the social-democratic PvdA and GreenLeft formed a lijstverbinding. The Orthodox Protestant Reformed Political Party and Christian Union have also formed a lijstverbinding in the past^{[citation needed]}.

Common list

In a common list two or more political parties share a list and often have a common political programme for the election. The participating political parties are identifiable for the voters because the names of these parties are mentioned on the voting paper. It is similar to electoral fusion.

Philippines

Philippine Senate elections since 1987 have been primarily contested by multi-party electoral alliances, with guest candidates if an alliance is not able to complete a 12-person slate. Slates having guest candidates is seen as a weakness of finding candidates within their ranks.^[11] This has been a feature of midterm elections, where there are usually two or three major coalitions, with presidential elections years having major presidential candidates putting up their own senatorial slates.

Turkey

Holy Alliance

An electoral alliance called "holy alliance" was formed by Welfare Party, Nationalist Task Party and Reformist Democracy Party to contest in the 1991 Turkish general election.^[12]

SHP-HEP Alliance

Before the 1991 Turkish general election, social democratic SHP and pro-Kurdish HEP formed an electoral alliance.^[13]

Nation Alliance

The Nation Alliance (Turkish: Millet İttifakı) is an electoral alliance in Turkey made up of some of the major Turkish opposition parties to contest under a common banner in the country's 2018 general-presidential election, later for the 2019 local elections, and presently for the upcoming 2023 presidential and parliamentary elections in June. The alliance consists of Republican People's Party, Good Party, Felicity Party, and Democrat Party.

People's Alliance

The People's Alliance (Turkish: Cumhur İttifakı) is an electoral alliance in Turkey, established in February 2018 between the ruling Justice and Development Party and the formerly opposition Nationalist Movement Party. The alliance was formed to contest the 2018 general election, and brings together the political parties supporting the re-election of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

Labour and Freedom Alliance

The Labour and Freedom Alliance (Turkish: Emek ve Özgürlük İttifakı, Kurdish: Hevkariya Ked û Azadiyê) is formed by Peoples' Democratic Party, Workers' Party of Turkey, Labour Party, Labourist Movement Party, Social Freedom Party and Federation of Socialist Councils to contest the 2023 presidential and parliamentary elections.

Union of Socialist Forces

Made up by the Communist Party of Turkey, Communist Movement of Turkey, Revolution Movement and the Left Party to contest the 2023 presidential and parliamentary elections.

Ancestor Alliance

Made up by Victory Party, Justice Party, Turkey Alliance Party and My Country Party to contest the 2023 presidential and parliamentary elections.^[14]

United Kingdom

Labour and Co-operative

An electoral alliance survives to this day between the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party, which fields Labour Co-operative candidates in general elections in several constituencies, and in some local council elections. They have jointly contested elections since the 1927 Cheltenham Agreement. As of the 2019 general election, there are 38 Labour Co-operative MPs, the fourth-largest political grouping in the Commons (after the Conservative Party, Labour and the Scottish National Party).

SDP–Liberal Alliance

The SDP–Liberal Alliance began in 1981, shortly after the Limehouse Declaration. The Alliance contested the 1983 and 1987 elections, and became defunct in 1988, when the parties merged into the Liberal Democrats. In the first few years of the alliance, Liberals and Social Democrats were very confident it would be a success, David Steel even suggesting that Alliance could form the next government.^[15] Later on, however, the alliance faced difficulty with political and personal clashes between Steel and David Owen, as well as presentation issues (such as contradiction on policy). When the parties merged in 1988, Owen did not join the Liberal Democrats.

TUSC

A socialist coalition comprising RMT, Socialist Party, Solidarity, &c. candidates, the TUSC formed to contest the 2010 general election. The alliance has been consistently electorally unsuccessful, also contesting the 2015 general election, but endorsing Labour in 2017.

Unite to Remain

In the 2019 United Kingdom general election, pro-EU parties formed a pact in English and Welsh seats.

Other examples

United Torah Judaism in Israel
Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, which functioned in Ukraine, 2001-2011
Unitary Democratic Coalition (Unitarian Democratic Coalition) in Portugal
Labour and Co-operative in the United Kingdom
Ulster Conservatives and Unionists in the United Kingdom
Socialist Alliance in England
Tripartite Alliance (including the ANC and SACP) in South Africa
Democratic Unity Roundtable in Venezuela
National Democratic Alliance in India
National Democratic Pole in Armenia
Pakatan Harapan (Alliance of Hope) in Malaysia
Progressive alliance in the United Kingdom
Solidarity–People Before Profit in Ireland
Junts pel Sí in Catalonia, Spain
Unidas Podemos in Spain
UniTeam Alliance in the Philippines

References

^ "If the Peronists win in Argentina, which Fernández will be in charge?". The Economist. October 17, 2019. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ Goñi, Uki (October 28, 2019). "Argentina election: Macri out as Cristina Fernández de Kirchner returns to office as VP". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ "Fernández pidió al Partido Justicialista "no desunirse"". Télam (in Spanish). October 8, 2019. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ Smink, Verónica (October 28, 2019). "Elecciones en Argentina: por qué el peronismo se fortalece cada vez que el país entra en crisis". BBC Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ "El desafío que la nueva alianza opositora debe pasar en Diputados". www.ambito.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
^ Cué, Carlos E. (November 23, 2015). "Macri victory signals shift to the right in Argentina". EL PAÍS English. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
^ "La coalición oficialista tiene nuevo nombre: Juntos por el cambio" [The official coalition has a new name: Juntos por el cambio]. La Nacion (in Spanish). June 12, 2019. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
^ ""Հանրապետությունը" և "Ազատ դեմոկրատները" հուշագիր ստորագրեցին․ արտահերթին կմասնակցեն միասին՝ "Մենք" դաշինքով". news.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ "New APP in town! PdP and UPP merge | Loop Barbados". Loop News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
^ Gijs Herderscheê (June 20, 2017). "Fenomeen politieke lijstverbinding sneuvelt in Eerste Kamer". Volkskrant. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ Quezon, Manuel L. III (May 11, 2013). "The Great Divide: The midterm election of 2013 (Part 1)". Manuel L. Quezon III. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
^ Akgun, Birol (March 2002). "Twins or Enemies: Comparing Nationalist and Islamist Traditions in Turkish Politics" (PDF). Middle East Review of International Affairs. 6 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
^ Watts, Nicole F. (1999). "Allies and Enemies: Pro-Kurdish Parties in Turkish Politics, 1990–94". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 31 (4): 631–656. doi:10.1017/S0020743800057123. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
^ "Ümit Özdağ duyurdu: Ata ittifakı kuruldu". Independent Türkçe (in Turkish). March 10, 2023. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
^ "Conference season's greatest hits". September 10, 2003. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2018.

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 Each of the parties within the alliance has its own [[policy|policies]] but chooses temporarily to put aside differences in favour of common goals and ideology in order to pool their voters' support and get elected. On occasion, an electoral alliance may be formed by parties with very different policy goals, which agree to pool resources in order to stop a particular candidate or party from gaining power.
-Unlike a [[coalition]] formed after an election, the partners in an electoral alliance usually do not run candidates against one another but encourage their supporters to vote for candidates from the other members of the alliance. In some agreements with a larger party enjoying a higher degree of success at the polls, the smaller party fields candidates under the banner of the larger party, with the elected members of the smaller party sitting with the elected members of the larger party in the cabinet or legislature. They usually aim to continue co-operation after the election, for example by campaigning together on issues on which they have common views.
+Unlike a [[coalition]] formed after an election, the partners in an electoral alliance usually do not run candidates against one another but encourage their supporters to vote for candidates from the other members of the alliance. In some agreements with a larger party enjoying a higher degree of success at the polls, the smaller party fields candidates under the banner of the larger party, with the elected members of the smaller party sitting with the elected members of the larger party in the cabinet or legislature. They usually aim to continue co-operation after the election, for example by campaigning together on issues on which they have common views. If the alliance endures beyond elections, the association is a [[parliamentary group]].
 By offering to endorse or nominate a major party's candidate, minor parties may be in position to influence the candidate's platform.
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==By country==
 ===Argentina===
-The [[Frente de Todos (2019 coalition)|Frente de Todos]] (Everybody's Front or Front for All)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/10/17/if-the-peronists-win-in-argentina-which-fernandez-will-be-in-charge|work=[[The Economist]]|title=If the Peronists win in Argentina, which Fernández will be in charge?|date=17 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/28/argentina-election-macri-out-as-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-returns-to-office-as-vp|title= Argentina election: Macri out as Cristina Fernández de Kirchner returns to office as VP|date=28 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|last=Goñi|first=Uki|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>) is a coalition of [[Peronism|peronist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201910/398406-alberto-fernandez-elecciones-2019-sede-partido-justicialista-frente-de-todos.html|work=[[Télam]]|title=Fernández pidió al Partido Justicialista "no desunirse"|date=8 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|language=es}}</ref> and [[Kirchnerism|kirchnerist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50063735|work=[[BBC Mundo]]|title=Elecciones en Argentina: por qué el peronismo se fortalece cada vez que el país entra en crisis|language=es|last=Smink|first=Verónica|date=28 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref> political parties and associations in Argentina formed in 2019 to support the candidacy of [[Alberto Fernández]] and [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] in the [[2019 Argentine general election]].
+The [[Frente de Todos (2019 coalition)|Frente de Todos]] (Everybody's Front or Front for All)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/10/17/if-the-peronists-win-in-argentina-which-fernandez-will-be-in-charge|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|title=If the Peronists win in Argentina, which Fernández will be in charge?|date=17 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=May 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507113839/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/10/17/if-the-peronists-win-in-argentina-which-fernandez-will-be-in-charge|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/28/argentina-election-macri-out-as-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-returns-to-office-as-vp|title=Argentina election: Macri out as Cristina Fernández de Kirchner returns to office as VP|date=28 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|last=Goñi|first=Uki|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=December 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201104708/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/28/argentina-election-macri-out-as-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-returns-to-office-as-vp|url-status=live}}</ref>) was a coalition of [[Peronism|Peronist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201910/398406-alberto-fernandez-elecciones-2019-sede-partido-justicialista-frente-de-todos.html|work=[[Télam]]|title=Fernández pidió al Partido Justicialista "no desunirse"|date=8 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|language=es|archive-date=November 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119143758/https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201910/398406-alberto-fernandez-elecciones-2019-sede-partido-justicialista-frente-de-todos.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kirchnerism|Kirchnerist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50063735|work=[[BBC Mundo]]|title=Elecciones en Argentina: por qué el peronismo se fortalece cada vez que el país entra en crisis|language=es|last=Smink|first=Verónica|date=28 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029082758/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50063735|url-status=live}}</ref> political parties and associations in Argentina formed in 2019 to support the candidacy of [[Alberto Fernández]] and [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] in the [[2019 Argentine general election]].
-[[Juntos por el Cambio]] (Together for Change) is an [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[big tent]]<ref name = "ambito">[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=783720 El desafío que la nueva alianza opositora debe pasar en Diputados]</ref><ref name = "El Pais">[http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/11/23/inenglish/1448284527_381293.html Argentina set to shift to the right as Mauricio Macri wins at the polls]</ref> [[political coalition]]. It was created in 2015 as [[Cambiemos]] (Let's Change), and renamed in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/la-coalicion-oficialista-tiene-nuevo-nombre-juntos-nid2257228|title= La coalición oficialista tiene nuevo nombre: Juntos por el cambio|trans-title= The official coalition has a new name: Juntos por el cambio|language= es|date= June 12, 2019|newspaper= La Nacion|access-date=June 12, 2019}}</ref> It is composed of [[Republican Proposal]] (PRO), the [[Radical Civic Union]] (UCR), the [[Civic Coalition ARI|Civic Coalition]] (CC-ARI) and sectors of [[Federal Peronism]] since the arrival of [[Miguel Ángel Pichetto]] to the national coalition.
+[[Juntos por el Cambio]] (Together for Change) is an [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[big tent]]<ref name="ambito">{{Cite web |title=El desafío que la nueva alianza opositora debe pasar en Diputados |url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/el-desafio-que-la-nueva-alianza-opositora-debe-pasar-diputados-n3883720 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.ambito.com |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927170634/https://www.ambito.com/politica/el-desafio-que-la-nueva-alianza-opositora-debe-pasar-diputados-n3883720 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="El Pais">{{Cite web |last=Cué |first=Carlos E. |date=2015-11-23 |title=Macri victory signals shift to the right in Argentina |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/11/23/inenglish/1448284527_381293.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825090806/https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/11/23/inenglish/1448284527_381293.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[political coalition]]. It was created in 2015 as [[Cambiemos]] (Let's Change), and renamed in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/la-coalicion-oficialista-tiene-nuevo-nombre-juntos-nid2257228|title= La coalición oficialista tiene nuevo nombre: Juntos por el cambio|trans-title= The official coalition has a new name: Juntos por el cambio|language= es|date= June 12, 2019|newspaper= La Nacion|access-date= June 12, 2019|archive-date= June 13, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190613171011/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/la-coalicion-oficialista-tiene-nuevo-nombre-juntos-nid2257228|url-status= live}}</ref> It is composed of [[Republican Proposal]] (PRO), the [[Radical Civic Union]] (UCR), the [[Civic Coalition ARI|Civic Coalition]] (CC-ARI) and sectors of [[Federal Peronism]] since the arrival of [[Miguel Ángel Pichetto]] to the national coalition.
 ===Armenia===
-Prior to the [[2018 Armenian parliamentary election]], the [[Hanrapetutyun Party|Republic Party]] formed an electoral alliance known as the [[We Alliance]] with the [[Free Democrats (Armenia)|Free Democrats]]. Both parties campaigned on a similar [[Pro-European]] platform and sought to challenge a competing electoral alliance known as the [[My Step Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.am/arm/news/480347.html|title="Հանրապետությունը" և "Ազատ դեմոկրատները" հուշագիր ստորագրեցին․ արտահերթին կմասնակցեն միասին՝ "Մենք" դաշինքով|website=news.am|language=hy|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref>
+Prior to the [[2018 Armenian parliamentary election]], the [[Hanrapetutyun Party|Republic Party]] formed an electoral alliance known as the [[We Alliance]] with the [[Free Democrats (Armenia)|Free Democrats]]. Both parties campaigned on a similar [[Pro-European]] platform and sought to challenge a competing electoral alliance known as the [[My Step Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.am/arm/news/480347.html|title="Հանրապետությունը" և "Ազատ դեմոկրատները" հուշագիր ստորագրեցին․ արտահերթին կմասնակցեն միասին՝ "Մենք" դաշինքով|website=news.am|language=hy|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=May 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507023806/https://news.am/arm/news/480347.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Barbados===
-The [[Alliance Party for Progress]] (APP) is a [[Christianity|Christian]] and [[Social democracy|social democratic]] electoral alliance in [[Barbados]]. It was formed on 30 December 2021 by the [[United Progressive Party (Barbados)|United Progressive Party]] (UPP) and the [[People's Party for Democracy and Development]] (PdP) to contest the [[2022 Barbadian general election]]. It is headed by the leader of the PdP, Bishop [[Joseph Atherley]], with the leader of the UPP [[Lynette Eastmond]] becoming deputy head.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New APP in town! PdP and UPP merge {{!}} Loop Barbados|url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/new-app-town-pdp-and-upp-merge|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Loop News|language=en}}</ref>
+The [[Alliance Party for Progress]] (APP) is a [[Christianity|Christian]] and [[Social democracy|social democratic]] electoral alliance in [[Barbados]]. It was formed on 30 December 2021 by the [[United Progressive Party (Barbados)|United Progressive Party]] (UPP) and the [[People's Party for Democracy and Development]] (PdP) to contest the [[2022 Barbadian general election]]. It is headed by the leader of the PdP, Bishop [[Joseph Atherley]], with the leader of the UPP [[Lynette Eastmond]] becoming deputy head.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New APP in town! PdP and UPP merge {{!}} Loop Barbados|url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/new-app-town-pdp-and-upp-merge|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Loop News|language=en|archive-date=September 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928073546/https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/new-app-town-pdp-and-upp-merge|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Belgium===
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ===Italy===
-Since 1994, Italian politics has been divided into two main blocs, the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right]] and the [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|Centre-left coalition]]s; which under various forms alternatively led the country for more than two decades.
+Since 1994, Italian politics has been divided into two main blocs, the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right]] and the [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left coalition]]s; which under various forms alternatively led the country for more than two decades.
 ==== Center-right coalition ====
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 ====Combination of lists====
-The possibility of combination of party lists for elections existed in the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] electoral system between 1973 and June 2017 as a weak form of electoral alliance between two parties. It was abolished in June 2017 after being earlier abandoned for Senate elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/fenomeen-politieke-lijstverbinding-sneuvelt-in-eerste-kamer~a4501654/ | title=Fenomeen politieke lijstverbinding sneuvelt in Eerste Kamer | author=Gijs Herderscheê | date=20 June 2017 | publisher=Volkskrant}}</ref>
+[[Elections in the Netherlands|Dutch elections]] from 1973 to 2017 allowed for electoral alliances between two parties where both parties would nominate a combined [[party list]]. This practice, called the ''lijstverbinding,'' was abolished in June 2017 after being earlier abandoned for Senate elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/fenomeen-politieke-lijstverbinding-sneuvelt-in-eerste-kamer~a4501654/ | title=Fenomeen politieke lijstverbinding sneuvelt in Eerste Kamer | author=Gijs Herderscheê | date=20 June 2017 | publisher=Volkskrant | access-date=June 20, 2017 | archive-date=January 3, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103004552/https://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/fenomeen-politieke-lijstverbinding-sneuvelt-in-eerste-kamer~a4501654/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
-In a system of [[proportional representation]] not all seats are immediately divided, some seats remain undivided [[remainder seats]]. In the Netherlands these are allocated by the [[D'Hondt method]]. This method strongly favours larger parties (often smaller parties get no remainder seats, whereas the three largest parties get two each). But if smaller parties form an alliance their votes are added up for the distribution of seats, so this increases their chances of getting one. With a ''lijstverbinding'' or ''[[Kartel (electoral alliance)|kartel]]'' two parties can pool their votes in order to gain more remainders seats.
+In the Netherlands, seats in parliament are allocated by the [[D'Hondt method]], a [[proportional representation]] method that tends to favor larger parties (see [[highest averages method]]). The ''lijstverbinding'' or ''[[Kartel (electoral alliance)|kartel]]'' allowed two parties to pool their votes together when calculating representation, effectively treating them as a single, larger party when handing out seats.
-Often these two parties are ideologically related, in the [[2003 Dutch general election|2003 general elections]] for example the [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]] and [[GroenLinks|GreenLeft]] formed a ''lijstverbinding''. In the [[2004 European Parliament election|2004 European elections]] the social-democratic [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|PvdA]] and GreenLeft formed a ''lijstverbinding''. The Orthodox Protestant [[Reformed Political Party]] and [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|Christian Union]] also usually form a ''lijstverbinding''.
+Typically, the parties in a coalition are ideologically related. For example, in the [[2003 Dutch general election|2003 general elections]], the [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]] and [[GroenLinks|GreenLeft]] formed a ''lijstverbinding''. In the [[2004 European Parliament election|2004 European elections]] the social-democratic [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|PvdA]] and GreenLeft formed a ''lijstverbinding''. The Orthodox Protestant [[Reformed Political Party]] and [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|Christian Union]] have also formed a ''lijstverbinding'' in the past{{Cn|date=January 2024}}.
 ====Common list====
 In a common list two or more political parties share a list and often have a common political programme for the election. The participating political parties are identifiable for the voters because the names of these parties are mentioned on the voting paper. It is similar to [[electoral fusion]].
+=== Philippines ===
+[[Philippine Senate elections]] since 1987 have been primarily contested by multi-party electoral alliances, with guest candidates if an alliance is not able to complete a 12-person slate. Slates having guest candidates is seen as a weakness of finding candidates within their ranks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quezon |first=Manuel L. III |author-link=Manuel L. Quezon III |date=May 11, 2013 |title=The Great Divide: The midterm election of 2013 (Part 1) |url=http://www.quezon.ph/2013/05/11/the-great-divide-the-midterm-election-of-2013/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Manuel L. Quezon III |language=en-US}}</ref> This has been a feature of midterm elections, where there are usually two or three major coalitions, with presidential elections years having major presidential candidates putting up their own senatorial slates.
 === Turkey ===
 ==== Holy Alliance ====
-An electoral alliance called "holy alliance" was formed by [[Welfare Party]], [[Nationalist Task Party]] and [[Reformist Democracy Party]] to contest in the [[1991 Turkish general election]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akgun |first=Birol |date=March 2002 |title=Twins or Enemies: Comparing Nationalist and Islamist Traditions in Turkish Politics |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/meria/akb02_01.pdf |journal=Middle East Review of International Affairs |volume=6 |issue=1}}</ref>
+An electoral alliance called "holy alliance" was formed by [[Welfare Party]], [[Nationalist Task Party]] and [[Reformist Democracy Party]] to contest in the [[1991 Turkish general election]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akgun |first=Birol |date=March 2002 |title=Twins or Enemies: Comparing Nationalist and Islamist Traditions in Turkish Politics |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/meria/akb02_01.pdf |journal=Middle East Review of International Affairs |volume=6 |issue=1 |access-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117105506/https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/meria/akb02_01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+==== SHP-HEP Alliance ====
+Before the 1991 Turkish general election, social democratic [[Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey)|SHP]] and pro-Kurdish [[People's Labour Party (Turkey)|HEP]] formed an electoral alliance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watts |first=Nicole F. |date=1999 |title=Allies and Enemies: Pro-Kurdish Parties in Turkish Politics, 1990–94 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743800057123/type/journal_article |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=631–656 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800057123 |issn= |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928073551/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/allies-and-enemies-prokurdish-parties-in-turkish-politics-199094/18D8E3E5F80FFFD1D06EE343DE9EC925 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==== Nation Alliance ====
@@ Line 77: / Line 83: @@
 {{Further|topic=|Labour and Freedom Alliance||}}
 The Labour and Freedom Alliance ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Emek ve Özgürlük İttifakı'', [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]: ''Hevkariya Ked û Azadiyê'') is formed by [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]], [[Workers' Party of Turkey (2017)|Workers' Party of Turkey]], [[Labour Party (Turkey)|Labour Party]], [[Labourist Movement Party]], [[Social Freedom Party]] and Federation of Socialist Councils to contest the [[2023 Turkish presidential election|2023 presidential]] and [[2023 Turkish parliamentary election|parliamentary]] elections.
-==== Turkey Alliance ====
-Made up by [[Victory Party (Turkey)|Victory Party]], [[Homeland Party (Turkey, 2021)|Homeland Party (MP)]], [[Justice Party (Turkey)|Justice Party (AP)]], [[True Path Party|True Party (DP)]] to contest the [[2023 Turkish presidential election|2023 presidential]] and [[2023 Turkish parliamentary election|parliamentary]] elections.
 ==== Union of Socialist Forces ====
 {{Further|topic=|Union of Socialist Forces||}}
 Made up by the [[Communist Party of Turkey (modern)|Communist Party of Turkey]], [[Communist Movement of Turkey]], Revolution Movement and the [[Left Party (Turkey)|Left Party]] to contest the [[2023 Turkish presidential election|2023 presidential]] and [[2023 Turkish parliamentary election|parliamentary]] elections.
+==== Ancestor Alliance ====
+{{Further|topic=|Ancestor Alliance||}}
+Made up by [[Victory Party (Turkey)|Victory Party]], [[Justice Party (Turkey, 2015)|Justice Party]], [[Turkey Alliance Party]] and [[My Country Party]] to contest the [[2023 Turkish presidential election|2023 presidential]] and [[2023 Turkish parliamentary election|parliamentary]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=Ümit Özdağ duyurdu: Ata ittifakı kuruldu |url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/616076/siyaset/%C3%BCmit-%C3%B6zda%C4%9F-duyurdu-ata-i%CC%87ttifak%C4%B1-kuruldu |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Independent Türkçe |language=tr |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330232206/https://indyturk.com/node/616076/siyaset/%C3%BCmit-%C3%B6zda%C4%9F-duyurdu-ata-i%CC%87ttifak%C4%B1-kuruldu |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===United Kingdom===
@@ Line 94: / Line 102: @@
 ==== SDP–Liberal Alliance ====
 {{Further|topic=|SDP–Liberal Alliance||}}
-The SDP–Liberal Alliance began in 1981, shortly after the [[Limehouse Declaration]]. The Alliance contested the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]] and [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987]] elections, and became defunct in 1988, when the parties merged into the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]. In the first few years of the alliance, Liberals and Social Democrats were very confident it would be a success, [[David Steel]] even suggesting that Alliance could form the next government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3185313.stm|title=Conference season's greatest hits|date=2003-09-10|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-GB}}</ref> Later on, however, the alliance faced difficulty with political and personal clashes between Steel and [[David Owen]], as well as presentation issues (such as contradiction on policy). When the parties merged in 1988, Owen did not join the Liberal Democrats.
+The SDP–Liberal Alliance began in 1981, shortly after the [[Limehouse Declaration]]. The Alliance contested the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]] and [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987]] elections, and became defunct in 1988, when the parties merged into the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]. In the first few years of the alliance, Liberals and Social Democrats were very confident it would be a success, [[David Steel]] even suggesting that Alliance could form the next government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3185313.stm|title=Conference season's greatest hits|date=2003-09-10|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-GB|archive-date=January 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123112409/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3185313.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Later on, however, the alliance faced difficulty with political and personal clashes between Steel and [[David Owen]], as well as presentation issues (such as contradiction on policy). When the parties merged in 1988, Owen did not join the Liberal Democrats.
 ==== TUSC ====
@@ Line 111: / Line 119: @@
 *[[Labour and Co-operative]] in the United Kingdom
 *[[Ulster Conservatives and Unionists]] in the [[United Kingdom]]
-*[[Socialist Alliance (England)|Socialist Alliance]] in [[England]]
+*Socialist Alliance in [[England]]
 *[[Tripartite Alliance]] (including the [[African National Congress|ANC]] and [[SACP]]) in [[South Africa]]
 *[[Democratic Unity Roundtable]] in [[Venezuela]]

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